活性炭的双氧水表面改性及其吸附二氧化硫性能研究

目的 制备武器装备贮存微环境用单组分的二氧化硫吸附材料。方法 采用双氧水对椰壳活性炭进行表面改性,研究改性活性炭孔隙结构、表面化学性质的变化及其对二氧化硫吸附性能的影响。结果 活性炭存在微孔和中孔,改性后活性炭比表面积略有增加,平均孔径减小。双氧水与活性炭反应起到刻蚀作用,在活性炭表面产生了纳米尺度的网孔结构,降低了活性炭表面碳微晶有序程度,同时双氧水与活性炭反应时起到了氧化作用,提升了活性炭表面氧元素和含氧官能团含量。体积分数为20%的双氧水改性活性炭的吸附容量最高,达到154.15 mg/g,约为改性前的5倍。结论 双氧水对活性炭经表面改性后,产生了纳米尺度的孔隙,并提升了活性炭表面含氧官能团,在两者协同作用下显著提升活性炭对SO₂吸附性能,具有良好的装备应用前景。     

氨水改性活性炭及其吸附性能的实验研究

针对煤层气提纯分离所用活性炭进行氨水改性研究,探讨氨水浓度和改性时间对活性炭吸附CH4和N2的等温线、分离因子以及其表面化学结构的影响。结果表明:氨水改性后活性炭对甲烷吸附量提高了2.08%,并且分离系数由原始的5.02提高到5.38,其中吸附量的决定性因素在于活性炭样品的孔径大小,另外改性后在表面引入了碱性基团,改变了样品的极性,其中12 h,10%浓度氨水改性活性炭效果最佳。     

金属离子改性活性炭对二氯甲烷/三氯甲烷吸附性能的影响

主要研究了不同金属改性活性炭对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷吸附性能的影响.采用浸渍法将4种不同金属离子负载改性活性炭,测定了三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷在改性活性炭上的吸附透过曲线,应用软硬酸碱理论分析和讨论了活性炭表面负载不同金属离子对二氯甲烷吸附性能的影响.结果表明,不同金属负载活性炭对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力依次为:Fe(Ⅲ)-AC＞Mg(Ⅱ)-AC＞Cu(Ⅱ)-AC＞AC＞Ag(I)-AC,根据软硬酸碱理论分类,三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷属于硬碱,当活性炭表面负载硬酸类金属离子Fe~(3+)、Mg~(2+),增大了活性炭表面的硬酸性,对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力加强,Ag~+属于软酸,它的负载局部增强了活性炭表面的软酸性,降低了其对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力.     

改性活性炭吸附甲苯废气的研究进展

甲苯是一种有毒的挥发性有机物,会对环境造成严重危害。活性炭吸附法是处理甲苯的经典工艺,但普通活性炭通常存在灰分高、吸附选择性差、孔径分布不均匀及表面官能团限制等问题。为了更高效、更有针对性地吸附目标物质,需要对活性炭进行改性处理。研究人员从选择合适的改性物质、处理工艺、操作条件及改性物剂量等方面不断尝试来确定最佳改性方法。目前活性炭的改性方法主要有酸碱改性法、负载杂原子和化合物改性法、低温等离子体改性法、微波改性法等。酸碱改性法通过去除活性炭中酸碱可溶性物质来降低灰分含量,从而扩大其比表面积和孔道容积。相较酸改性,碱改性可提高活性炭表面碱性官能团数量,增强其表面π-π色散力,使活性炭整体的非极性提升,有利于其吸附弱极性的甲苯。负载杂原子和化合物改性法是利用负载的杂原子和化合物与甲苯之间的络合作用来提高活性炭的吸附性能,但引入的杂原子和化合物含量过高时易堵塞孔道,降低活性炭对甲苯的吸附容量。低温等离子改性法具有能耗低、使用范围广和效率高等优点,是一项去除污染物的环保新技术,不仅可改变活性炭表面的化学性质,也会对其界面物性产生影响,在活性炭表面处理方面显示出广阔的应用前景。微波改性法利用微波能量在活性炭表面产生更多的活性位点,配合通入的还原性气体还能分解活性炭表面的酸性官能团,增强其碱性。微波加热可以去除活性炭孔道内部的杂质,但随着温度的升高,会造成炭骨架收缩,不利于吸附的进行。其中微波辐照功率、改性物的浓度及辐照时间是微波改性法中需要控制的关键因素。本文综述了活性炭及各种改性活性炭吸附甲苯的研究进展,通过吸附等温模型对比分析了不同改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能及吸附机理。研究表明,活性炭的比表面积、孔道结构及表面化学性质等是影响吸附性能的主要原因。本文还探讨了不同改性方法对活性炭理化性质的影响,对于提高活性炭的吸附效率具有重要意义,也为研制高效吸附甲苯的改性活性炭奠定了理论基础。最后,提出了活性炭研究中亟待解决的问题与其今后的发展方向,为后续研究和工业生产应用提供参考。     

炭表面改性对负载型TiO_2/活性炭复合光催化剂性能的影响

采用HNO3、H2O2和O3对商品活性炭进行表面改性处理,考察了改性处理对活性炭表面基团、负载TiO2以及所形成的TiO2/活性炭复合光催化剂性能的影响。利用傅里叶红外光谱(IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及氮气吸附等手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,3种改性方法均可有效提高活性炭载体表面的含氧官能团数量,但是对活性炭的比表面积和孔容影响不大;H2O2和O3对活性炭载体改性后可以提高对钛前驱体的吸附性能,HNO3改性有利于TiO2颗粒在活性炭表面的分散。使用改性后的活性炭作为载体制备的TiO2/活性炭光催化降解甲基橙的性能均高于未改性的TiO2/活性炭催化剂,其中以HNO3改性后的TiO2/活性炭活性最高。     

接枝内酯基活性炭增强苯乙烯吸附性能研究

活性炭以其丰富的孔道结构和高比表面积而在吸附苯乙烯废气上具有巨大的应用潜力,然而含氧官能团对弱极性苯乙烯的吸附作用机理尚未明晰。本研究通过酸浸渍法制备改性活性炭AC-S和AC-N,探究改性活性炭孔径结构、比表面积和含氧官能团的演变规律及其对苯乙烯吸附性能的影响。结果表明,酸改性可以明显提高活性炭对苯乙烯的吸附量。通过吸附动力学、吸附等温拟合发现,活性炭改性前后均受物理吸附与化学吸附的复合作用影响,改性后活性炭更倾向于单层吸附。HNO₃改性活性炭(AC-N)的孔隙结构在苯乙烯有效吸附孔径范围内没有显著改变,表面含氧官能团含量增加提高了AC-N对苯乙烯的吸附性能。表面含氧官能团分析表明,内酯基是提高改性活性炭对苯乙烯吸附量的关键因素。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明, AC-N上的内酯基官能团与苯乙烯的乙烯基产生强相互作用,增强了苯乙烯在改性活性炭上的吸附。     

还原和氧化改性活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响

分别采用NaOH、NH3.H2O、H2O2以及不同浓度的HNO3溶液对微孔颗粒活性炭浸渍改性,通过静态试验研究了改型活性炭对水溶液中亚甲基蓝吸附特性的研究,并从动力学角度探讨吸附机理。实验结果表明,硝酸改性后表面的羧基含量增加,酚羟基含量减少;氢氧化钠和氨水改性后,碱性基团含量显著增加;硝酸改性后活性炭的吸附量略有增加,碱液改性和硫酸镁改性后活性炭吸附量略有减少。改性后活性炭材料对亚甲基蓝吸附均更符合伪二级吸附模型,R2>0.99。     

氨水改性活性炭纤维吸附苯乙烯的性能

主要研究采用氨水对活性炭纤维ACF表面进行改性,制备了3种不同的改性ACF,测定ACF孔结构和表面酸碱基团,并测定了苯乙烯在改性ACF床层的吸附透过曲线,讨论了改性ACF的孔结构和表面酸碱基团对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,与原始ACF相比,经氨水改性后的活性炭纤维ACF其表面碱性基团含量、孔容及其比表面积增加,从而明显提高了对苯乙烯的吸附容量;用浓度为6mol/L的氨水改性的ACF2其微孔孔容及其比表面积最大,其对苯乙烯的吸附容量也最大.     

改性海泡石对电镀废水中Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸咐

用盐酸溶液对海泡石处理后在450℃下灼烧，制备出改性海泡石。在动态条件下，研究了改性海泡石对重金属离子Pb^2 、Cu^2 、Cd^2 的吸咐效果及条件。探讨了改性海泡石对重金属离子Pb^2 、Cu^2 、Cd^2 的吸咐机理。含Pb^2 、Cu^2 、Cd^2 的电镀废水经改性海泡石吸附后，重金属离子含量显著低于国家排放标准。     

竹基活性炭表面改性及电化学性能研究

通过磷酸-二氧化碳活化法将毛竹废料制备成活性炭,再以HNO3、HCl、H2SO4为改性剂,对自制活性炭进行表面改性,并在CO2气氛中进行二次扩孔,制成以KOH为电解液的双电层电容器炭电极。采用低温N2吸附法和X射线光电子能谱仪对样品孔结构和表面性质进行表征,结果表明:经酸改性处理后的活性炭样品孔径分布总体差异不大,但比表面积和总孔容下降,活性炭表面性质发生较大变化。采用恒流充放电、循环伏安法和交流阻抗法考察了活性炭电极的电化学性能。结果表明,改性后活性炭电极比电容增大,其中以硝酸改性效果为最佳。酸改性后内阻均有所下降,说明改性后的活性炭亲水性提高,从而降低离子扩散阻力。     

Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of CO2 and CH4 on activated carbon modified by acetic acid

In order to improve the properties of activated carbons in the separation of carbon dioxide/methane mixture, organic acid, namely acetic acid, is used to modify the commercial coconut shell activated carbons. The modified sample 15H-AC shows greater adsorption capacity than the raw material. To further explore the adsorption mechanism of carbon dioxide and methane on 15H-AC, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics are studied and compared with that on R-AC. According to the results of adsorption kinetic study, it can be observed that the diffusion of both carbon dioxide and methane on 15H-AC is faster than that on the raw material. The findings obtained in the adsorption thermodynamics indicate that the interaction of both carbon dioxide and methane with the modified sample is stronger and the spontaneity degree is higher. The physical adsorption of carbon dioxide on 15H-AC indicates that the regeneration of the adsorbents is easy. The modified activated carbon, which possesses higher adsorption capacity, faster adsorption rate and good reproducing property, is promising in the separation of carbon dioxide / methane gas mixtures industrially.     

Experimental and modelling studies of carbon dioxide adsorption by porous biomass derived activated carbon

The goal of the study was to produce a low-cost activated carbon from agricultural residues via single stage carbon dioxide (CO₂) activation and to investigate its applicability in capturing CO₂ flue gas. The performance of the activated carbon was characterized in terms of the chemical composition, surface morphology as well as textural characteristics. The adsorption capacity was investigated at three temperatures of 25, 50 and 100 °C for different types of adsorbate, such as purified carbon dioxide and binary mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The purified CO₂ adsorption study showed that the greatest adsorption capacity of the optimized activated carbon of 1.79 mmol g^?1 was obtained at the lowest operating temperature. In addition, the adsorption study proved that the adsorption capacity for binary mixtures was lower due to the reduction in partial pressure. The experimental values of the purified CO₂ adsorption were modelled by the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, and intra-particle diffusion model. Based on the analysis, it inferred that the adsorption of CO₂ followed the pseudo-second-order model with regression coefficient value higher than 0.995. In addition, the adsorption study was governed by both film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. The activation energy that was lesser than 25 kJ mol^?1 implied that physical adsorption (physisorption) occurred.     

活性炭硝酸表面改性对催化剂分散度的影响

无论是活性炭作为催化剂载体还是在活性炭本身的催化制备过程中,催化剂在活性炭或活性炭前体上的高度分散都是至关重要的。通过X射线能谱(EDX)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术直接观察、研究了活性炭表面经硝酸氧化改性对硝酸铜在煤基活性炭中分散度的影响。此外,将经硝酸表面改性的商品活性炭采用浸渍法负载上硝酸铜催化剂,再经水蒸气二次活化制备了一种新的活性炭。结果表明,硝酸处理造成活性炭吸附性能的下降,并且硝酸处理的强度越高,活性炭吸附性能的下降程度越大。然而,对硝酸处理的活性炭经简单的水洗可恢复其吸附性能。研究结果还表明,活性炭经硝酸氧化提高了炭表面含氧官能团的数量,使催化剂在活性炭的内外表面均能均匀分布,提高了催化剂的分散度和抗烧结能力。活性炭经硝酸改性后再负载硝酸铜进行二次活化制备高性能活性炭,可使硝酸铜的催化性能得到进一步的提升。     

活性炭改性及其对噻吩吸附性能的研究

吸附是一种极具应用前景的汽油深度脱硫分离技术。采用硝酸氧化、焙烧、负载金属等方法对活性炭进行改性,利用静态实验研究了改性活性炭对模拟汽油中噻吩的吸附脱除性能。结果表明硝酸氧化可以增加活性炭表面酸性基团的量,提高脱硫性能;N2气氛下焙烧后吸附剂脱硫效果明显优于未处理活性炭;活性炭表面负载Fe、Zn、Cu、Ni金属离子改性中,Fe离子改性活性炭脱硫效果最好。根据上述实验结果,进行了活性炭复合改性实验,得出68%硝酸氧化后再进行Fe离子负载,吸附剂脱硫率最高,噻吩的脱硫率可达到85%。     

污泥制备活性炭对 Pb(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附和回收利用

在静态条件下研究了用污泥制备的活性炭吸附剂去除水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的效果,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的初始浓度对去除率的影响.结果表明,污泥制备的活性炭吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)具有较强的吸附性能,pH值是影响吸附的主要因素;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式;在试验条件下,其对Pb(Ⅱ)具有更高的去除能力.还探讨了吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)后回收铅和镍的可行性.     

CO2和H2O在活性炭上的吸附平衡和吸附动力学研究

活性炭是应用在变压吸附分离CO₂工艺中的常用吸附剂, 而工业废气中一般都含有一定量的饱和水蒸气. 通过吸附等温线和穿透曲线分别研究了单/双组份的CO₂和H₂O在活性炭上的吸附平衡和吸附动力学. 结果表明, 活性炭对二氧化碳具有较高的吸附量, 并具有较好的CO₂/N₂吸附选择性. 由于吸水官能团的存在, 活性炭在较高分压下表现出较大的水蒸气吸附量. 不过由于吸附机理不同, 水蒸气在活性炭上的吸附几乎不会影响活性炭对CO₂的吸附. 动力学研究表明, CO₂在活性炭上的吸附速率远大于H₂O的吸附速率.     

The determination of some heavy metals in food samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after their separation-preconcentration on bis salicyl aldehyde, 1,3 propan diimine (BSPDI) loaded on activated carbon

A sensitive and simple method for the simultaneous preconcentration of Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ in real samples has been reported. The method is based on the adsorption of analytes on bis salicyl aldehyde, 1,3 propan diimine (BSPDI) loaded on activated carbon. The adsorbed metals on modified activated carbon were eluted using 8 mL of 2 mol L(-1) nitric acid in acetone or 10 mL of 4 mol L(-1) HNO3. The influences of the analytical parameters including pH and sample volume were investigated. The effects of matrix ions on the retentions of the analytes were also examined. The recoveries of analytes were generally quantitative. The method has been successfully applied for these metals content evaluation in some food samples.     

Adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide and methane on carbonaceous adsorbents

Adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide and methane on different carbonaceous adsorbents were analyzed and compared. Coconut shell-based activated carbon has the highest adsorption capacity for two gases. Sips model describes the adsorption isotherms best. The separation factor on coconut shell-based activated carbon is the highest under various conditions, reaching about 3.8. The adsorption capacity of the two gases is closely related to the specific surface area and micropore volume of the adsorbent. The adsorbed amount of each component in the mixture is less than that of the pure component under the same condition, indicating that there is a competition in the adsorption process. The total adsorbed amount of the two gases decreases as the proportion of carbon dioxide decreases, implying that the adsorption process is dominated by carbon dioxide adsorption. Additionally, the separation factor decreases with increasing temperature. Understanding the adsorption behaviors of pure and binary carbon dioxide and methane is important in treating biomass gas using carbonaceous adsorbents.     

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper adsorption by activated carbon

Copper adsorption by granular activated carbon is reported in this paper. The experimental section includes titrations of activated carbon, as well as equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper adsorption. The potentiometric titration results show that the point of zero charge is 9.5, and that the surface charge increases with decreasing pH. The adsorption of copper strongly depends on solution pH and increases from 10 to 95% at pH ranging from 2.3 to 8. A dramatic increase in pH and emission of small gas bubbles are observed during the experiments, which may result from adsorption of hydrogen ion and/or reduction-oxidation reactions. The two-pK triple-layer model is employed to describe copper adsorption. KINEQL, an adsorption kinetics algorithm, is used to represent the experimental data, and it is found that the model can describe reasonably well the experimental measurements of surface charge, adsorption equilibrium, and adsorption kinetics. Calculations show that formation of the surface-metal complexes SO⁻Cu²⁺ and SO⁻CuOH⁺ (a hydrolysis product of SO⁻Cu ²⁺) in the outer layer around the surface of carbon results in removal of copper ion. It is also found that mass transfer controls the adsorption rate, and that adsorption occurs in the micropore region where both external mass transfer and diffusion are important.