High-yield production of hydrogen by Enterobacter aerogenes mutants with decreased alpha-acetolactate synthase activity

To enhance hydrogen (H2) production from glucose by Enterobacter aerogenes HU-101, two mutants, strains VP-1 and VP-2, with decreased alpha-acetolactate synthase activity, were isolated using the Voges-Proskauer (VP) test. In pH-uncontrolled batch culture, both mutants showed a lower 2,3-butanediol yield for the glucose consumed than that shown by the wild-type strain, although glucose remained in the medium after 12 h of culture. In the same cultures, compared to the H2 yield of 0.80 mol/mol-glucose of the wild-type strain, strain VP-1 showed a high H2 yield of 1.8 mol/mol-glucose with decreased lactate and increased succinate yields, while strain VP-2 showed an H2 yield of 1.0 mol/mol-glucose with an increased lactate yield. Increasing the phosphate buffer concentration, which contributes to maintaining the pH in the medium, increased the glucose consumption by both strains. However, in a pH-controlled batch culture at neutral pH, the H2 yield of strain VP-1 was decreased to 1.2 mol/mol-glucose due to the accumulation of formate, an intermediate of the H2-producing pathway, with the yield of H2 plus formate being 1.7 mol/mol-glucose.     

Conversion of chitinous wastes to hydrogen gas by Clostridium paraputrificum M-21

The chitinolytic bacterium Clostridium paraputrificum strain M-21 produced 2.2 and 1.5 mol hydrogen gas from 1 mol N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and ball-milled chitin equivalent to 1 mol of GlcNAc, respectively, at pH 6.0. In addition, strain M-21 efficiently degraded and fermented ball-milled raw shrimp and lobster shells to produce hydrogen gas: 11.4 mmol H2 from 2.6 g of the former and 7.8 mmol H2 from 1.5 g of the latter. Hydrogen evolution from these shell wastes were enhanced two fold by employing acid and alkali pretreatment. Waste from the starch industry was also converted to hydrogen. When C. paraputrificum M-21 was cultivated on ball-milled chitin and ball-milled shrimp shells for 14 and 12 h, respectively, chitinases ChiA and/or ChiB were detected as the major chitinase species in the supernatant of the cultures, suggesting that the play a critical role in the degradation of chitinous materials.     

紫薯花青素提取条件优化及淀粉等产物的制备

以‘紫罗兰’紫薯为原料,研究同步提取紫薯花青素以及制备紫薯淀粉、纤维素和紫薯蛋白的工艺及参数。紫薯与酸乙醇（pH 2）混合破碎、过滤、沉淀分离淀粉;将滤渣和分离淀粉后上清液混合,用微波辅助法提取花青素并优化提取条件;花青素提取液沉淀分离紫薯蛋白;提取花青素的滤渣制备紫薯纤维素。结果表明：微波辅助提取紫薯中花青素的最佳工艺条件为微波时间4 min、微波温度52 ℃、料液比1∶22.40（g/mL）、乙醇体积分数62%（pH 2）,在此条件下紫薯花青素的提取率（93.64±0.69）%、粗提物中花青素含量（9.58±0.20） mg/g。制备的紫薯淀粉质量分数（95.77±0.41）%、得率（占总淀粉质量分数）（73.06±1.03）%;滤渣粉中纤维素含量（117.11±2.69） mg/g;制备的紫薯蛋白中蛋白质含量（524.78±24.84） mg/g。该制备方法能够提高紫薯的利用率,降低生产成本。     

Moisture Sorption Hysteresis in Kudzu Starch and Sweet Potato Starch

Moisture sorption hysteresis loops of kudzu starch and sweet potato starch were investigated to help understand the nature of the adsorption-desorption process. The second adsorption isotherms were above the first adsorption isotherms for kudzu starch and sweet potato starch preheated to 110°C. This was explained as an increase in the number of hydrophilic sites due to rupturing of hydrogen bonds. The hysteresis loop for kudzu starch was greater than that for sweet potato starch. This was interpreted as a difference in mesopore volume.     

甘薯残渣纤维素酶解工艺研究

研究纤维素酶对甘薯残渣中纤维素降解工艺。以去除淀粉及提取果胶后的甘薯残渣为原料,采用单因素和正交试验方法对甘薯残渣的纤维素酶解工艺进行优化。结果表明,甘薯残渣纤维素酶解最佳工艺为,甘薯残渣固液比1∶25(g/m L),醪液pH 5.0,纤维素酶加入量50 U/g甘薯渣。在50℃下恒温培养16 h。此条件下,甘薯渣中纤维素的转化率可达(4.52±0.14)%。     

淀粉质原料在普鲁兰多糖生物合成中的作用及生理机制

为了考察不同淀粉质原料对出芽短梗霉生物合成普鲁兰多糖的影响,本文分别选用来源于木薯、玉米、马铃薯、红薯和小麦等作物的淀粉作为碳源发酵生产普鲁兰多糖。结果发现,木薯淀粉有利于普鲁兰多糖的生物合成,最高产量达到23.96 g/L;红薯淀粉则不利于普鲁兰多糖的合成,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的产量和分子量。进一步地,对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵动力学参数和生理学指标进行分析比较,发现木薯淀粉提高了普鲁兰多糖合成关键酶活性和胞内前体物质尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖的含量,进而提高了普鲁兰多糖的合成能力和产量;而红薯淀粉则提高了普鲁兰多糖降解酶活性,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的分子量。对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵碳源成本进行估算,发现利用木薯淀粉合成普鲁兰多糖的碳源成本只有葡萄糖对照组的56.6%。该研究结果为普鲁兰多糖的廉价高效生产提供了可行的技术参考。     

几株产氢微生物的产氢能力及协同作用

采用分批培养分别对丁酸梭菌ClostridiumbutylicumD2 ,产气肠杆菌EnterobacteraerogenesC3和麦芽糖假丝酵母CandidamaltosaM 4三株菌的产氢能力进行了研究。结果表明 ,C3的产氢能力较D2和M 4强 ,发酵 48h的产氢量为 19 1mL ,平均产氢速率为 13 2 6mL/ (h·L)。通过对纯菌的产氢能力及其协同作用的观察 ,菌种在 3 6℃混合培养 48h的产氢量为 2 2 2mL ,平均产氢速率为 15 42mL/ (h·L)。结果表明 ,3菌株具有协同产氢效应     

压热法制备甘薯抗性淀粉的工艺优化

利用压热法结合响应面分析法,优化甘薯抗性淀粉的制备工艺。以甘薯全粉为原料,研究全粉乳质量分数、pH、压热温度、压热时间、冷藏时间对甘薯抗性淀粉得率的影响。结果表明,响应面分析法得到甘薯抗性淀粉的最佳制备工艺条件为:全粉乳质量分数25.50%、pH7.30、压热温度120 ℃、压热时间31.20 min、冷藏时间24 h。在此条件下,甘薯抗性淀粉的得率为9.41%,与理论值较为接近,响应面模型与实际情况拟合良好,为获得甘薯抗性淀粉的工业化生产提供了参考。     

Fat Mimicking Properties of Citric Acid Treated Sweet Potato Starch

Fat mimicking properties of citric acid treated sweet potato starch were investigated in this present study. Citric acid treated sweet potato starch was prepared by treating the native sweet potato starch with 3% citric acid for 6 h at a temperature of 45°C. Dextrose equivalent value of citric acid treated sweet potato starch was 2.05%. A significant increase in amylose content was noticed in citric acid treated sweet potato starch possibly due to the lyses of amylopectin fractions. The melting temperature of citric acid treated sweet potato starch was 51.44°C, which was close to the melting point of fat. Citric acid treated sweet potato starch exhibited superior water holding capacity and in vitro digestibility. Gel strength and enthalpy (?H) of citric acid treated sweet potato starch were comparatively lower than native sweet potato starch; correspondingly, citric acid treated sweet potato starch confirmed a low pasting profile. Native sweet potato starch and citric acid treated sweet potato starch exhibited a shear-thinning behavior. Acid treatment did not alter the granule size of native sweet potato starch (≈8 µm). Hence, this study concluded that citric acid treated sweet potato starch would be used as a potential fat replacer in food preparations due to its fat mimicking properties.     

甘薯渣多糖的提取工艺优化、结构鉴定及其功能活性研究

本研究采用超声波辅助热水浸提法提取甘薯渣粗多糖,经单因素实验和响应面优化提取工艺参数,并通过酶法脱蛋白、H2O2法脱色和Superose 1210/300 GL凝胶柱对多糖进行分离纯化,得到甘薯渣多糖.采用紫外光谱法、红外光谱法和高效液相色谱法对甘薯渣多糖进行结构鉴定,在此基础上进一步对甘薯渣多糖进行抗氧化活性测定以及...     

响应面法优化甘薯淀粉酶解工艺及动力学模型研究

研究甘薯淀粉的α-淀粉酶酶解工艺及动力学。以葡萄糖释放率为考察指标,研究酶解时间、酶量、淀粉浓度、p H值及酶解温度对α-淀粉酶酶解甘薯淀粉的影响,利用单因素和响应面法优化酶解工艺。通过Lineweaver-Burk和Wilkinson统计法求解米氏常数(Km)和最大反应速度(Vm),建立相应动力学模型。结果表明:α-淀粉酶酶解甘薯淀粉最优参数为:时间40 min,温度60℃,p H 5.0,酶量0.6 U/m L和淀粉质量浓度5 mg/m L,在此条件下,验证值为(50.676±0.294)%,n=5,RSD=0.519%。在p H 6.0,50℃条件下,活化能(Ea)=31.986 k J/mo L,Km=0.988 mg/m L,Vm=0.107 mg/(m L·min)。     

副干酪乳杆菌对甘薯浆液中淀粉絮凝机理研究

为探讨酸浆法分离甘薯淀粉传统工艺中的淀粉沉降分离机理,进一步制备高效生物絮凝剂。本实验采用Zeta 电位测定、粒度分析及离子键检测研究副干酪乳杆菌对甘薯淀粉絮凝沉淀的作用。结果表明：絮凝过程基于“架桥”机理,淀粉颗粒与菌体间靠离子键结合,絮凝作用使悬浊液中淀粉平均粒径减小,密度增大,导致淀粉颗粒凝聚沉降;通过热处理和酶处理实验分析菌体起絮凝作用的活性成分组成,表明副干酪乳杆菌活性成分为蛋白类物质。     

Substituent distribution within cross-linked and hydroxypropylated sweet potato starch and potato starch

Revealing the substituents distribution within starch can help to understand the changes of starch properties after modification. The distribution of substituents over cross-linked and hydroxypropylated sweet potato starch was investigated and compared with modified potato starch. The starches were cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate and/or hydroxypropylated with propylene oxide. The native and modified starches were gelatinized and hydrolysed by pullulanase, β-amylase, α-amylase and a combination of pullulanase, α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. The hydrolysates were analysed by HPSEC, HPAEC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Cross-linking had only a slight effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis, where hydroxypropylation evidently limited the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results obtained suggest that the hydroxypropyl substituents are not distributed regularly over the starch chains. Although the average substitution was around 2 hydroxypropyl groups per 10 glucose units, in the enzyme digests of hydroxypropylated starches, oligomer fragments of 10–15 glucose units, carrying 5–8 hydroxypropyl groups, were identified. It is hypothesised that higher levels of substituents are present in the amorphous regions and periphery of clusters of starch granules. This is the first time that the location of hydroxypropyl groups within sweet potato starch has been examined in this detail. Despite significant differences in granule architecture between starches from potato and sweet potato, similar patterns of hydroxypropylation have been found.     

甘薯浓缩汁加工过程中液化和糖化的工艺研究

立足国内丰富的甘薯资源,解决了甘薯浓缩汁中因淀粉引起的沉淀问题,同时把甘薯淀粉转化为葡萄糖。以新型耐高温α-淀粉酶为液化酶和高转化率糖化酶,研究了影响甘薯淀粉液化、糖化的因素,同时优化了甘薯淀粉液化、糖化的工艺参数。     

Chemical Composition of Cell Wall Material from Sweet Potato Starch Residue

Cell wall material was isolated from the residue obtained after the extraction of sweet potato starch by treatment with the α-amylase. The wall material was fractionated by successive extraction with various reagents. The pectic substance was mainly composed of uronic acid (47.1%) residues and contained galactose as the predominant neutral sugar residues. The hemicellulosic fraction was further fractionated by precipitation with iodine in the presence of calcium chloride to give two fractions, a iodine precipitatable-iodine complex (HC-IP) and a supernatant solution (HC-IS). The HC-IS fraction had a higher glucose content (53.4%), whereas the HC-IP fraction had a high content of xylose residues (35.1%). The HC-IP fraction consisted mainly of xylan, as judged by the degradation with purified xylanase.     

红薯膳食纤维饮品的生产

红薯渣为红薯淀粉加工过程中的副产物。利用食用菌生物降解与转化红薯渣形成发酵液,以此发酵液为主要原料,经过均质、调配等工艺,制成浅黄白色、黏度适中、状态均匀的膳食纤维饮品,可以作为日常膳食纤维的补充。     

不同加工处理时β-淀粉酶对紫甘薯淀粉及还原糖含量影响

根据林–贝双倒数作图法求得紫甘薯β–淀粉酶米氏常数为2.25×10–5mol/L,说明其具有较强水解淀粉能力。通过比较烘干法、晒干法、蒸煮法、烘烤法、微波加热法、油炸法六种不同加工方法对紫甘薯淀粉和还原糖含量影响可知,加工后淀粉含量下降1.02%~9.98%,还原糖含量增加2.60%~31.07%。对于紫甘薯不同加工方法,烘干处理比晒干更易于糖化,蒸煮与烘烤相近,但其糖化强度都不及烘晒处理;紫甘薯加工处理后,淀粉和还原糖含量变化幅度有较大差异,与其所含β–淀粉酶活性作用发挥呈有直接关系。     

甘薯浓缩汁中淀粉的酶转化工艺研究

该研究立足国内丰富甘薯资源,解决甘薯浓缩汁中因淀粉引起沉淀问题,同时将甘薯淀粉转化为葡萄糖。以新型耐高温α–淀粉酶为液化酶和高转化率糖化酶糖化,研究影响甘薯淀粉液化、糖化因素,优化甘薯淀粉液化、糖化工艺参数。     

Post-Harvest Processing and Utilization of Sweet Potato: A Review

ABSTRACT

Sweet potato is a major root crop utilized widely for diverse food applications. Processing enables the usability of sweet potato in various forms for longer durations. Post-harvest processing of sweet potato involves grading and sorting, cleaning, peeling, drying or secondary processing and storage. Commercial utility of sweet potato is comprised of conventional and composite ingredient-based foods, starch, and industrial products. This review outlines the post-harvest processing practices and utilization of sweet potato. The present status of the sweet potato industry, processes, products, and machines, have been featured. In addition, challenging issues in the small-scale processing of sweet potato are discussed.

Abbreviations: %: percentage, °C: degree Celsius, cm: centimeter, cv: Cultivar, e.g: example, g: gram, h: hour, Hg: Mercury, Hz: hertz, kg: kilogram, kGy: kilo gray, kPa: kilopascal, kV: kilovolt, L: liter, LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein Cholesterol, m: meter, MAP: Modified Atmosphere Package, MHz: Megahertz, min: minute, mm: millimeter, mol: mole, MPa: Mega Pascal, MW: Megawatt, NaOH: Sodium hydroxide, nm: nanometer, Pa: Pascal, RH: Relative Humidity, rpm: revolutions per minute, s: second, sp: Species, t: metric ton, USA: United States of America, USDA: United States Department of Agriculture, v: volume, w: weight     

亚麻多糖对木薯淀粉和红薯淀粉糊物理性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、质构分析法、离心法、冻融循环法,研究了自然条件下及在NaCl、蔗糖、葡萄糖或酸碱环境中,亚麻多糖对木薯淀粉、红薯淀粉糊化温度、峰值黏度、末值黏度、衰减值、凝胶硬度、凝胶析水率等物理性质的影响。结果表明:自然条件下,亚麻多糖能增强木薯淀粉、红薯淀粉的膨胀力,降低热稳定性、凝胶硬度、冻融稳定性。在盐、糖环境中,亚麻多糖均能增强木薯淀粉、红薯淀粉的膨胀力和冻融稳定性,降低热稳定性。在低pH条件下,亚麻多糖能降低红薯淀粉的冻融稳定性和热稳定性;高pH条件下提高木薯淀粉的冻融稳定性和膨胀力。