An experimental study on the ultrasonic machining characteristics of engineering ceramics

Engineering ceramics have many unique characteristics both in mechanical and physical properties such as high temperature hardness, high thermal, chemical and electrical resistance. However, its machinability is very poor in conventional machining due to its high hardness and severe tool wear. In the current experimental study, alumina (Al₂O₃) was ultrasonically machined using SiC abrasives under various machining conditions to investigate the material removal rate and surface quality of the machined samples. Under the applied amplitude of 0.02 mm, 27 kHz frequency, three slurry ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 with different tool shapes and applied static pressure levels, the machining was conducted. Using the mesh number of 240 abrasive, slurry ratio of 1:1 and static pressure of 2.5 kg/cm², maximum material removal rate of 18.97 mm³/min was achieved. With mesh number of 600 SiC abrasives and static pressure of 3.0 kg/cm², best surface roughness of 0.76 pm Ra was obtained.     

激光辅助加热切削氧化铝工程陶瓷的刀具磨损试验研究

氧化铝工程陶瓷具有较高的强度、硬度和较好的耐磨性,是典型的难加工材料,激光辅助加热切削是加工这种高硬度材料的有效方法之一。通过对氧化铝工程陶瓷在激光辅助加热切削时立方氮化硼(CBN)刀具的磨损试验,研究了激光功率、主轴转速和进给速率等不同工艺参数对刀具磨损所产生的影响。结果发现,CBN刀具的磨损形态主要表现为前刀面和后刀面磨损,造成刀具磨损的主要原因是磨料磨损和粘结磨损;同时还发现,与普通切削相比,采用辅助加热切削可以明显减小刀具的磨损。     

Photoresist for photochemical machining of alumina ceramic

The applicability of a cyclized polybutadiene rubber as a resist material for photoetching of alumina ceramic in phosphoric acid was studied. Stencil breakdown, change in the stencil thickness during etching, and etch factor were measured. It was found that this material post-baked at temperatures as high as 300°C for 30 min provided good resistance to severe attack by the acid at temperatures of up to 300°C. The effects of post-bake temperature, of etching temperature, of etching time, and of original slot width on etch factor are discussed.     

HRV3控制对于提高加工精度的研究

阐述了伺服系统HRV控制方式的原理及其对改善加工性能方面的特性,并介绍HRV3控制方式的设定方法,利用实验的方式验证了该控制方式对试件加工精度的提高及加工速度的改善。     

A study on the prediction of machining accuracy

The machining accuracy prediction has been widely studied in many manufacturing processes to achieve efficient control for production process. In this paper, a dynamic analysis model is proposed to develop the prediction model of machining accuracy. The dynamic analysis model has the advantage of high predictable power of the GM(1,1) model while at the same time utilizing the prediction power of the Markov chain model from stochastic process theory. Furthermore, Taylor approximation method is employed to enhance the prediction accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated with a real case.     

复频超声加工中的非线性特征研究

在复频超声加工过程中,自由质量块由于多次随机碰撞会产生复杂的非线性运动,针对这一问题,在分析了自由质量块运动特性的前提下,建立了其振动系统的时域离散动态映射状态矩阵,求得了振动过程的吸引子或吸引盆.根据初始状态参数和动力学参数,采用面向集合的数值计算方法(GAIO),求出了自由质量块的位移函数曲线和速度函数曲线;分别取...     

工程陶瓷材料激光加工原理及应用研究进展

工程陶瓷材料具有优良的综合性能。激光在工程陶瓷材料加工方面体现出强大的发展潜力。介绍陶瓷材料对激光能量的吸收、反射和热传导过程,重点描述了温度升高对陶瓷材料产生的影响,综述了激光打孔、切割、车削和铣削等应用方向的研究进展。     

Rotary ultrasonic machining: effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a hybrid machining process that combines the material removal mechanisms of grinding and ultrasonic machining. RUM has been applied to hole-making for a wide range of materials. It is known that ultrasonic vibration amplitude has significant effects on cutting force, torque, and surface finish in RUM. One experimental observation that has been reported in the literature multiple times states that different tools show different vibration amplitudes on the same ultrasonic power level. However, no analyses can be found in the literature to explain this observation. The existence of this knowledge gap makes it difficult to explain some experimentally obtained trends or to conduct more realistic physics-based modeling work. The objectives of this research are to understand the effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude in RUM, to provide an explanation to the observation and verification of measurement methods, and also to guide tool design and selection in RUM. Ultrasonic vibration amplitudes of tools are measured by three methods and compared. It is found that tool natural frequency significantly affects ultrasonic vibration amplitude. The tool with its natural frequency closest to that of the ultrasonic power supply (20?kHz) generates the highest ultrasonic vibration amplitude on every ultrasonic power level tested.     

Chemical aspects of wear of alumina ceramics

In our investigation, the effects of the tribochemically-induced dissolution of alumina ceramics and modulation of near-surface forces (surface charge) within the tribocontact were studied. The wear and friction behaviors of alumina were investigated using a reciprocating sliding test in different chemical environments. The samples for the tests were hemispherical pins and plates of polished alumina, both prepared by a near-net-shaping method.

The sliding tests were conducted in water-based liquids with different pH values or with the addition of a polyelectrolyte to control the surface charge at solid surfaces. The coefficient of friction was continuously recorded during the tests and the wear-loss was subsequently determined for all samples. The results show a significant effect of the chemical agents on the coefficient of friction as well as on the material-removal rate in different aqueous media. The results are discussed in terms of the chemical and electrochemical properties of the materials in the tribocontact.     

Inverse analysis of ultrasonic signals of ceramics based on ultrasonic self-compensating technique

An ultrasonic self-calibrating technique for the characterization of a ceramic which was fabricated by change pressing time during the HIP process has been applied by using the ratio of the reflection and transmission coefficients of normal incidence longitudinal waves. The ratio is self-compensated, in that it is independent of the characteristics for transmission and reception of ultrasound by the transducer and the condition of the couplant. The insensitive direction in parameter space is defined as the direction in which the variation of the ratio to changes of two parameters vanishes. For inverse problem the distribution of minima in an error surface is investigated.     

Free abrasive wire saw machining of ceramics

Currently, many kinds of ceramics are used in advanced industrial fields due to their superior mechanical properties, such as thermal, wear, corrosion resistance, and lightweight features. Wire saw machining ceramic (Al₂O₃) was investigated by ultrasonic vibration in this study. Taguchi approach is a powerful design tool for high-quality systems. Material removal rate, wafer surface roughness, steel wire wear, kerf width, and flatness during machining ceramic were selected as quality character factors to optimize the machining parameters (swinging angle, concentration, mixed grain and direction of ultrasonic vibration) to get the larger-the-better (material removal rate) and the smaller-the-better (wafer surface roughness, steel wire wear, kerf width and flatness) machining characteristics by Taguchi method. The results indicated that wire swinging produces a higher material removal rate and good wafer surface roughness. Ultrasonic vibration improved material removal rate, without affecting the flatness under different machining conditions. Experimental results show that the optimal wire saw machining parameters based on grey relational analysis can be determined effectively and material removal rate increases from 2.972 to 3.324 mm²/min, wafer surface roughness decreases from 0.37 to 0.34 μm, steel wire wear decreases from 0.78 to 0.77 μm, kerf width decreases from 0.352 to 0.350 mm, and flatness decreases from 7.51 to 7.22 μm are observed.     

Cutter profile of a mill for machining screw channels

A method is proposed for determining the cutter profile of a mill.     

Wear behaviour of alumina based ceramic cutting tools on machining steels

The advanced ceramic cutting tools have very good wear resistance, high refractoriness, good mechanical strength and hot hardness. Alumina based ceramic cutting tools have very high abrasion resistance and hot hardness. Chemically they are more stable than high-speed steels and carbides, thus having less tendency to adhere to metals during machining and less tendency to form built-up edge. This results in good surface finish and dimensional accuracy in machining steels. In this paper wear behaviour of alumina based ceramic cutting tools is investigated. The machining tests were conducted using SiC whisker reinforced alumina ceramic cutting tool and Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool on martensitic stainless steel-grade 410 and EN 24 steel work pieces. Flank wear in Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool is lower than that of the SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool. SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool exhibits poor crater wear resistance while machining. Notch wear in SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool is lower than that of the Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool. The flank wear, crater wear and notch wear are higher on machining martensitic stainless steel than on machining hardened steel. In summary Ti[C,N] mixed alumina cutting tool performs better than SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool on machining martensitic stainless steel.     

Parametric analysis on electrochemical discharge machining of silicon nitride ceramics

The electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) process has a potential in the machining of silicon nitride ceramics. This paper describes the development of a second order, non-linear mathematical model for establishing the relationship among machining parameters, such as applied voltage, electrolyte concentration and inter-electrode gap, with the dominant machining process criteria, namely material removal rate (MRR), radial overcut (ROC) and thickness of heat affected zone (HAZ), during an ECDM operation on silicon nitride. The model is developed based on response surface methodology (RSM) using the relevant experimental data, which are obtained during an ECDM micro-drilling operation on silicon nitride ceramics. We also offer an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a confirmation test to verify the fit and adequacy of the developed mathematical models. From the parametric analyses based on mathematical modelling, it can be recommended that applied voltage has more significant effects on MRR, ROC and HAZ thickness during ECDM micro-drilling operation as compared to other machining parameters such as electrolyte concentration and inter-electrode gap.     

Parametric analysis on electrochemical discharge machining of silicon nitride ceramics

The electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) process has a potential in the machining of silicon nitride ceramics. This paper describes the development of a second order, non-linear mathematical model for establishing the relationship among machining parameters, such as applied voltage, electrolyte concentration and inter-electrode gap, with the dominant machining process criteria, namely material removal rate (MRR), radial overcut (ROC) and thickness of heat affected zone (HAZ), during an ECDM operation on silicon nitride. The model is developed based on response surface methodology (RSM) using the relevant experimental data, which are obtained during an ECDM micro-drilling operation on silicon nitride ceramics. We also offer an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a confirmation test to verify the fit and adequacy of the developed mathematical models. From the parametric analyses based on mathematical modelling, it can be recommended that applied voltage has more significant effects on MRR, ROC and HAZ thickness during ECDM micro-drilling operation as compared to other machining parameters such as electrolyte concentration and inter-electrode gap.     

旋转超声电解复合加工小孔的仿真加工

为研究旋转超声电解复合加工小孔的成型过程,进行了旋转超声电解复合加工小孔试验,得到了不同加工时间孔的截面,并根据试验参数,进行了基于ANSYS的二维仿真加工和三维仿真加工。对小孔的入口直径、底面直径和加工深度进行了对比分析,结果表明由于三维仿真加工中采用了管电极,并考虑了电解加工中阴极超声高频振动对电解液电导率的影响,故其仿真结果更加接近试验值,间接证明了旋转超声电解复合加工小孔三维仿真加工的可靠性,展示了不同时刻的三维加工型腔,为旋转超声电解复合加工的成型过程和成型规律的研究提供了参考。     

影响数控超声加工效率的相关因素分析

数控超声加工是利用类似数控铣削的方式实现三维加工的超声加工方法。探讨二维数控超声加工中工具移动速度、磨料粒度、静压力对超声加工效率的影响,运用灰色系统理论对这三个因素进行了灰关联分析,找出影响加工效率的主要影响因素和次要影响因素,为超声加工中参数的设置提供了依据。     

超声加工及其在齿轮制造中的应用与展望

对超声加工的原理、发展历史、应用现状做了介绍,并对其应用前景与在齿轮制造业中应用的可能性进行了分析与展望。为拓展超声加工应用领域与技术发展提供借鉴。