Damage identification in composite materials using ultrasonic based Lamb wave method

The paper presents an ultrasonic based Lamb waves propagation method for identifying and measuring the damage location in a material for SHM. The present work determines the experimental and analytical effects of various parameters on the sensitivity of damage detection and a methodology is proposed for estimating and measuring the location of damage in the test specimens. An experimental setup is used for generating A_o Lamb waves by calibrating ultrasonic pulse generation for optimal value of the parameters. The experiment is performed on two carbon fiber reinforced plastic bars in both undamaged and damaged state, where the two damaged states are (1) having a cut partway through the bar, perpendicular to the long axis of the bar and (2) having a circular hole. The Lamb wave propagation parameters are calibrated using the ultrasonic pulse generator test setup and the method was compared with direct measured values of ultrasonic instrument.     

Dynamic characteristics and model updating of damaged slab from ambient vibration measurements

This paper reports a field investigation using ambient vibration testing on a damaged floor slab of a reinforced concrete frame building. Due to unexpected heavy rainfall, the hill slope at the rear of building failed triggering a major landslide and causing major damage to the perimeter beams and parts of the slab on the first floor. The modal parameters namely natural frequencies and mode shapes were acquired using output only identification technique and the results obtained from the undamaged and damaged floor slabs were compared. It was observed that there was a 25–53% drop in natural frequencies of the damaged slab compared to the undamaged slab, with a much bigger drop for the lower modes. The irregularities in mode shapes identified correlates with the location of the cracks as revealed from visual examination on the damaged slab. Two finite element models of the slab were created using a finite element software package. The damaged slab was updated manually so as to match the modal parameters obtained experimentally. The results from this study further highlight the possibility and feasibility of using non-destructive vibration testing for condition monitoring of structures over more conventional testing techniques.     

运用波传播和子结构技术检测结构损伤

提出了一种基于波传播和子结构技术来检测大型周期结构损伤的方法,分析了存在单一扰乱单元的有限周期结构的自由波传播,讨论了单元柔度变化对结构自振频率变化的敏感性。通过求解敏感性方程,用测得的自振频率的变化检测了大型周期结构的损伤位置和程度,并通过与子结构方法的结合,进一步提高了大型周期结构损伤检测的准确性和计算效率。对周期弹簧－质量结构损伤识别的数值结果说明,该方法不仅对结构损伤的位置和大小能够作出良好地预测,而且不需要知识未损伤结构的原始信息,只需要测得结构损伤前后的少数几个自振频率的变化,这对于实际的工程运用具有一定的吸引力。     

Vibration analysis of multi-supported curved panel using the periodic structure approach

This papers deals with the radial vibration of a row of cylindrical panels of finite length using the concept of wave propagation in periodic structures. For this study, the structure is considered as an assemblage of a number of identical cylindrically curved panels each of which will be referred to as a periodic element. For a given geometry dispersion curves of the propagation constant versus (non-dimensional) natural frequency have been drawn corresponding to the circumferential wave propagation. New conclusions that have emerged from this study are as follows. It is shown that by a proper choice of the periodic element the bounding frequencies and the corresponding modes in all the propagation bands can be determined. These have been shown to correspond to a single curved panel with all its edges simply supported. It is noted that there are no attenuation gaps in the entire frequency spectrum beyond the lowest bounding frequency. This is a unique feature of circumferential wave propagation around circular cylindrical shells and panels, as opposed to the wave propagation of periodically supported beams and rectangular panels without curvature. The natural frequency corresponding to every circumferential mode of the complete shell has been identified on the propagation constant curve. It has been observed that the natural frequencies of a cylindrically curved panel of a given curvature and length but of different circumferential arc length (corresponding to different angles subtended at the centre of any circular cross-section) may also be identified on the same propagation constant curve. Finally, it is shown that the same propagation constant curve may also be used to determine all the natural frequencies of a finite row of curved panels with the extreme edges simply supported. Wherever possible the numerical results have been compared with those obtained independently from finite element analysis and/or results available in the literature. Flutter analysis of multi-span curved panels using a wave approach is the ultimate objective of this work.     

板中Lamb波激励响应计算方法

采用基于半解析有限元的激励响应计算方法来求解薄板中Lamb波的激励响应结果,替代常规的实验方法,实现对薄板中Lamb波传播特性的仿真分析。与三维有限元仿真方法相比,采用激励响应计算方法仿真导波在波导介质中的传播过程可以节省计算量,提高效率。通过求解薄板中Lamb波的一般均质方程,基于频谱叠加原理,可以计算薄板中Lamb波激励响应结果。分别提取激励响应计算结果和实验测量数据,通过小波分析计算两种数据的Lamb波群速度。经验证,激励响应仿真计算结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,通过群速度频散曲线对比两种方法获取的数据,模态分析结论一致。激励响应计算方法还可以仿真计算任意截面波导介质中导波的传播过程,具有较好的通用性。     

Simulation of time reversibility of Lamb wave in symmetric composite laminate

In this paper, a computationally efficient scheme to simulate Lamb wave propagation in symmetric laminated composite is presented and used to study time reversibility of Lamb wave. The technique proposed is a modified version of the wavelet spectral finite element (WSFE) which has been earlier developed for one- and two-dimensional wave propagation. The method follows a finite element procedure in the transformed frequency-wavenumber domain. The transformations are done using Daubechies scaling function approximation in time and one spatial dimension. Here, the modified WSFE method is used to simulate time domain Lamb wave response in doubly bounded, symmetric composite laminates. The results have been validated by comparing the wave velocities derived from these simulations with those obtained from experiments. The technique has also been used to emphasize and analyze the time reversibility phenomenon of Lamb wave. Finally, the constraint of the simulation in terms of wrap-around problem is explained with numerical examples.     

Lamb wave propagation modeling for structure health monitoring

This study aims to model the propagation of Lamb waves used in structure health monitoring. A number of different numerical computational techniques have been developed for wave propagation studies. The local interaction simulation approach, used for modeling sharp interfaces and discontinuities in complex media (LISA/SIM theory), has been effectively applied to numerical simulations of elastic wave interaction. This modeling is based on the local interaction simulation approach theory and is finally accomplished through the finite elements software Ansys11. In this paper, the Lamb waves propagating characteristics and the LISA/SIM theory are introduced. The finite difference equations describing wave propagation used in the LISA/SIM theory are obtained. Then, an anisotropic metallic plate model is modeled and a simulating Lamb waves signal is loaded on. Finally, the Lamb waves propagation modeling is implemented.     

相速度近似匹配情况下的 Lamb 波非线性特征研究

基频Lamb波模式的选择和激发条件的确定对非线性Lamb波技术起重要作用。利用积累距离定义二次谐波激发窗口,讨论谐波产生对基频Lamb波激发条件严苛性的要求。利用二次谐波表面位移振幅评价谐波激发效率,讨论相速度近似匹配对谐波激发效率的影响及不同模式Lamb波间二次谐波激发效率的大小。理论结果表明,在积累距离内,传播距离的增加,会提高二次谐波激发效率,却使谐波产生条件更为严苛;一定程度的相速度近似匹配,会使二次谐波的激发效率提高;激发模式不同,其谐波激发效率及对谐波产生条件的严苛性均不同。实验测量并比较了纵波型S₂/S₄模式对在90、150 mm传播距离下以及纵波型S₁/S₂、S₂/S₄模式对在150 mm传播距离时的激发窗口与相对非线性系数大小,测量结果与理论分析结论一致。本文对于相速度近似匹配情况下Lamb波非线性效应的讨论,为Lamb波实际应用提供了分析方法与依据。     

基于单激发端多接收端压电阵列的板内损伤检测

基于超声导波技术研究了板状结构的损伤检测。理论分析了平板中Lamb波的传播特点;利用有限元耦合场模拟方法模拟了平板中Lamb波的传播及裂纹对Lamb波的影响;根据有限元模拟结果,分析了裂纹尺寸对Lamb波传播的影响;为检测损伤的位置,建立了单激发端多接收端的压电阵列;结合概率成像算法,建立了损伤分布场,该分布场的成像结果直观地反映了损伤的位置和严重程度。     

基于电磁超声换能器阵列的管道螺旋导波传播规律研究

螺旋导波因在管道超声导波层析成像中的巨大应用价值,近年来受到研究者们的重视。阐述管道螺旋导波的激发/接收条件、传播路径和波前形状等规律。建立FE模型,研究由圆环波前S₀模态兰姆波在管道上形成螺旋导波的过程。组建了双环24阵元的电磁超声换能器阵列及试验系统,170 kHz下激发圆环波前S₀模态兰姆波在管道中产生螺旋导波,试验研究了激励源所在圆周及管段上的波动场信号特征。仿真和试验结果表明,管道螺旋导波实质上是兰姆波在曲面上的传播形态,可由管道某处点源激发兰姆波产生,主要存在于波动场的近场。由于管道结构的封闭性,兰姆波的波前在管道上反复交叉前行,形成了螺旋传播路径。从波源到管道上任意一点的螺旋导波传播路径有无数条,各阶螺旋角不连续。利用螺旋导波进行管段检测提供了缺陷的多角度入射信息,对缺陷高分辨率检测具有重要意义。     

厚梁结构中的超声导波传播与损伤识别

基于导波的结构健康监测技术研究中,结构厚度与不同损伤形式对导波传播特性的影响是该技术在工程应用中对实际结构进行损伤识别的关键。通过导波在厚梁结构中传播时所表现出的特性,分析并试验研究损伤对导波传播的影响。通过在结构中引入切槽损伤,理论分析与试验研究导波在有损结构中的传播特性。以此为基础,重点研究疲劳裂纹损伤。试验得出导波在厚梁结构中的实际传播速度,并由此分析损伤反射波中的波包成分,研究并总结损伤大小对导波幅值、相位和到达时间的影响规律。分别对结构中的对称和非对称损伤进行研究,验证具有非对称损伤结构中模式转换波包的存在,分析模式转换波包的形成与传播机理,研究不同的非对称损伤对模式转换波包形式的影响。此外,还介绍了试验试件和疲劳裂纹的加工过程。总结了切槽损伤与疲劳裂纹损伤对导波传播的不同影响。     

方波无刷直流电机定子振动的有限元分析

方波无刷直流电机(BLDCM)定子固有频率的研究对降低电机的噪声和优化控制策略具有重要意义.采用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了BLDCM的二维和三维定子振动的有限元分析模型,研究了BLDCM定子结构和参数对其振动模态和固有频率的影响.     

A Stoneley wave method to detect interlaminar damage of metal layer composite pipe

The interlaminar defect is a major form of damage in metal layer composite pipes which are widely used in petroleum and chemical industry. In this paper, a Stoneley wave method is presented to detect interlaminar damage in laminated pipe structure. Stoneley wave possesses some good characteristics, such as high energy and large displacement at the interface and non-dispersive in the high-frequency, so the sensitivity of detecting interlaminar damage can be improved and the higher frequency can be used in damage detection compared with Lamb waves. Additionally, as the frequency increases, the wavelength of the Stoneley wave reduces. Thus, its ability to detect small defects at the interface is enhanced. Finite element model of metal layer composite pipe with interlaminar damage is used to simulate wave propagation of Lamb waves and Stoneley wave, respectively. The damage location is calculated by using the Stoneley wave signal obtained from finite element model, and then the results are compared with the actual damage locations. The simulation examples demonstrate that the Stoneley wave method can better identify the interlaminar damage in laminated pipe structure compared with Lamb waves.     

DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING CHANGES OF EIGENFREQUENCIES AND MODE SHAPES

In the present paper, we describe an approach to identify the location and the extent of the damage introduced into the steel frame, using a two-step procedure. In the first step, the measured dynamic response of the original undamaged structure was used to generate a reference finite element (FE) model of the structure. The selected parameters were identified by means of a mathematical optimisation algorithm (‘updating procedure'), minimising an objective function containing the test/analyses differences of eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. The uncertain model parameters had to be chosen with care in order to retain the physical significance of the updated model. In the next step, the experimental modal data of the damaged structure were used to identify the extent of the damages. This was based on comparing the changes of stiffness parameters identified from the undamaged and the damaged structure. With the identified parameters, the FE model was able to reproduce the experimental data as close as possible and allowed the identification of the extent of the damage.     

点焊接头疲劳损伤过程中的固有频率变化特性研究

利用有限元模拟和动态响应实验对单点点焊接头的疲劳过程中固有频率变化的特性进行研究.结果表明,三维有限元模拟与实验结果相吻合,能较好地模拟点焊接头在两种疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的过程中频率的变化情况.并利用所模拟的裂纹长度和固有频率的关系,总结出最适宜对疲劳损伤进行研究的模态阶数.     

Lamb波在搭接板中传播规律的数值仿真研究

对储罐底板的搭接结构进行建模仿真,利用加载波结构的原理在板中激励出单一的Lamb 波模态,得到了各模态在搭接板中的传播规律与信号特征;利用能量系数对不同频率激励情况下的各模态信号进行了分析,得到了A0模态和S0模态能量分布和损失的规律,对比了各自穿透焊缝的特性,同时,研究了搭接长度对信号的影响。研究表明,低频Lamb波...     

特种车辆发动机支架模态分析

利用有限元理论以及大型通用有限元分析软件MSC.Nastran(前、后置处理软件采用MSC.Patran)对发动机支架进行了自由模态的有限元分析,得出该发动机支架的前十阶模态参数(固有频率和模态振型),计算结果对特种车辆采取减振降噪措施具有一定的参考价值。     

Vibration response and harmonic wave propagation of ultrasonic arc drivers

A piezoelectric curvilinear arc driver designed for an ultrasonic curvilinear motor is evaluated in this study. A design of piezoelectric curvilinear arc driver is proposed and its governing equations, vibration behaviour and wave propagation are investigated. Then, analysis of forced vibration response or driving characteristics to harmonic excitations in the modal domain is conducted. Finite element modelling and analysis of the arc driver are also discussed. Analytical results of free vibration characteristics are compared favourably with the finite element results. Harmonic analyses of the three finite element models reveal changes of dynamic behaviours of three models and also imply operating frequencies with a significant travelling wave component. Parametric study of mathematical and finite element simulation results suggests that stable travelling waves can be generated to drive a rotor on the proposed curvilinear arc motor system.     

Structural safety assessment of bowstring type RC arch bridges using ambient vibration testing and finite element model calibration

The structural safety evaluation of a bowstring type reinforced concrete (RC) arch bridge was investigated by ambient vibration testing and finite element model calibration in this study. The bridge named as Ali Çetinkaya Bridge in Samsun, Turkey, was selected for this investigation. The bridge constructed in 1937 consists of the seven discrete arches and its total length is approximately 250 m. The bridge damaged by environmental effects and it was closed to the traffic loads. The presented study consists of four main parts: ambient vibration test, initial finite element modeling, finite element model calibration and structural analysis of the calibrated finite element model. The ambient vibration tests were performed using Operational Modal Analysis Method under the wind, human and water flow loads to identify the actual natural dynamic parameters, such as the natural frequencies and mode shapes, modal damping ratios. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods were used to extract the experimental dynamic characteristics. The initial finite element model was developed by including the soil effects in SAP2000 program to obtain the analytical dynamic characteristics. In the initial finite element model, the beam, plane and solid elements were used. After that, the initial finite element model was calibrated according to the ambient vibration test results considering the material properties and boundary sections as variable parameters. The calibrated model assumed to reflect the current state of the bowstring bridge was analyzed under dead, moving, traffic, water and earthquake loads. The maximum displacements, tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress were attained each case and compared with each other.     

低翅片管振动特性的有限元分析及实验研究

应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对低翅片管进行振动特性分析,考虑翅片形状、翅根处过渡圆角、管子长径比三种主要影响因素,建立低翅片管有限元计算模型.模拟低翅片管在换热器中的工作状态,得到低翅片管在四种约束模态下固有频率的有限元计算值.采用共振法对低翅片管在上述四种约束模态下的固有频率进行实验测试.对有限元计算值与实测值进行比较,四种约束模态下一阶固有频率有限元计算值的误差均小于15%,符合工程许可范围.表明该有限元模型可用于工程设计时对低翅片管振动特性进行数值分析,也可为其他形状翅片管的振动特性分析提供参考.