汽油醇混合燃料发动机冷起动排放特性研究

随着国Ⅲ及以上排放法规的实施,对发动机冷起动过程排放的控制显得越来越重要.在一台3缸进气道喷射汽油机上开展了不同环境温度下醇类汽油混合燃料对冷机起动及其后怠速暖机过程排放特性的研究.研究中设计了一种新颖的排放采样系统,测量了冷起动和暖机过程的HC和CO排放.甲醇汽油与乙醇汽油混合燃料排放对比发现:甲醇汽油具有更加优良的冷起动排放性能.分别在环境温度为5℃、15℃和25℃时进行了甲醇汽油对冷机起动及怠速暖机过程排放特性影响的研究.研究表明:在相同的环境温度下,HC和CO排放随着试验燃油中甲醇添加比例的增加明显降低;甲醇汽油对发动机冷机起动及暖机阶段HC和CO排放的改善在温度较低时表现的更为明显,环境温度为5℃,发动机燃用M30时,HC排放可降低40%,CO可降低70%.     

喷油自学习策略在发动机怠速控制中的应用

为降低车辆冷起动暖机阶段怠速波动,设计基于转速波动的喷油自学习控制策略,在传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential, PID)控制中增加基于转速波动的喷油调节环节,监测转速波动形态,对喷油脉宽进行修正。进行实车试验,研究相同环境边界的怠速稳定一致性,并对比分析执行喷油自学习策略前、后的转速波动及转速波动概率分布。结果表明：执行喷油自学习策略前,怠速转速一致性较差,怠速控制无法收敛,转速波动大于±50 r/min;执行喷油自学习策略后,怠速转速稳定且一致性较好,转速波动小于±15 r/min,满足工业化生产目标控制要求。     

发动机有害气体排放的RSM模型

在发动机试验台上,对测量系统进行分析,在此基础上,以发动机转速v和点火提前角θ为因子,以发动机有害气体HC,CO和NO的排放量为试验指标进行了试验研究,建立单因子的二次回归模型,依据响应面理论(RSM),建立了排放指标HC,CO和NO相对于因子v和θ的二次响应面模型,并进行了分析,主要结论:HC在发动机转速为4 000 r/min,点火提前角为4°时的排放量最小;CO在发动机转速为4 000 r/min,点火提前角为16°时的排放量最小;NO在发动机转速为1 000 r/min,点火提前角为4°时的排放量最小。     

减少柴油机暖机阶段HC排放的控制策略研究

柴油机在起动后的暖机过程中排出大量含有未燃碳氢(HC)的蓝烟，给人类健康和社会环境都带来极大的危害。本研究提出降低柴油机暖机阶段未燃HC排放的控制策略，并在试验基础上对不同转速与负荷时柴油机的HC排放浓度和HC排放总量进行了比较与分析，找到一种HC排放浓度和HC排放总量都较小的工况作为柴油机的暖机工况，证实了优化控制的可行性。     

天然气发动机怠速控制的研究

本文采用步进电机式怠速控制阀对一台天然气发动机进行怠速控制,采用THB6128芯片控制步进电机,设计了怠速及过渡过程的控制策略。实验结果表明:通过对步进电机开环控制可使发动机从暖机工况快速平滑地过渡到怠速工况;通过闭环控制可使怠速转速最低稳定在550～600r/min;急减速时发动机可以平滑进入怠速工况。     

天然气发动机怠速控制的研究

本文采用步进电机式怠速控制阀对一台天然气发动机进行怠速控制,采用THB6128芯片控制步进电机,设计了怠速及过渡过程的控制策略。实验结果表明：通过对步进电机开环控制可使发动机从暖机工况快速平滑地过渡到怠速工况;通过闭环控制可使怠速转速最低稳定在550～600r/min;急减速时发动机可以平滑进入怠速工况。     

甲醇汽油双燃料发动机的怠速性能试验

在一台加装了甲醇喷射系统的汽油机上,对不同比例甲醇汽油作用下的发动机怠速特性进行了试验.试验过程中将发动机转速及水温分别控制在800,r/min和90,℃左右,调整甲醇和汽油的喷射脉宽使甲醇比例从0%逐渐增加至100%,同时保证混合气的浓度被控制在理论空燃比附近.结果表明:随着甲醇比例的增加,燃烧效率和指示热效率有所上升;缸内混合气的燃烧速度加快,燃烧持续期明显缩短;平均指示压力的循环变动系数逐渐降低;反映缸间差异的曲轴自由端0.5谐次角位移振动幅值降低.HC、CO和NOx排放的平均值也随甲醇比例的增大而明显降低.     

乙醇与柴油混合燃料燃烧特性及排放特性的试验研究

在一台YC4112ZLQ增压柴油机上进行了不加任何助溶剂和着火改进剂的情况下,无水乙醇与柴油混合对柴油机燃烧过程影响的研究。试验结果表明,随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的提高,滞燃期延长,放热峰值增大,缸内最大爆发压力和最大压力升高率升高。与柴油相比,E10和E20有效热效率与原机相当,E30在高速大负荷工况热效率降低,NOx和碳烟排放明显降低;但HC和CO排放随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的增大,发动机转速为1500 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均降低,发动机转速为2300 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均有所升高。     

供油提前角对柴油/乙醇发动机经济性和排放特性的影响

在YTR3105试验机上,在最大扭矩转速1 500 r/min(扭矩192 N.m)和标定转速2 400 r/min(扭矩164N.m)两个工况下进行了不同供油提前角和不同配比柴油/乙醇混合燃料发动机的经济性与排放特性试验。结果表明:柴油/乙醇发动机的有效燃油消耗率较柴油机的有所升高,但能量消耗率有所下降;随着供油提前角增大,碳烟排放明显降低,但NOx排放明显升高,CO和THC排放均降低;随着乙醇含量的加大,在转速1 500 r/min时,CO排放增大,在转速2 400 r/min时,CO排放降低,而THC排放在两个工况下均有所增大。     

二甲醚发动机碳氢排放特性试验研究

以226B压燃式二甲醚发动机为研究对象,通过对比试验分析了二甲醚喷油器启喷压力、喷孔直径、喷油提前角和发动机功率对HC排放性的影响。试验结果表明:在外特性的整个转速范围内,随发动机转速的增加HC排放呈先增加后减小的趋势,随喷油器启喷压力的升高HC排放呈降低趋势;外特性在1 000~1 300r/min低速情况下,喷孔直径0.38mm的喷油器HC排放低,转速在1 500~2 300r/min范围内,喷孔直径0.36mm的喷油器HC排放较低;静态供油提前角由曲轴转角13°推迟到8°,外特性HC排放呈先降低后升高的趋势;随着二甲醚发动机负荷率的升高,其HC排放呈降低趋势。     

小型 LPG 发动机匹配三效催化器的起燃特性研究

对小型点燃式电控LPG发动机匹配三效催化器的冷起动过程进行了试验研究,测量了冷起动过程排气管不同位置的排温变化,对比了催化器不同安装位置、不同点火提前角下的起燃特性。通过优化催化器安装位置,调整发动机起动后的怠速转速和点火提前角来改变排气温度,从而使催化器快速起燃,降低了冷起动过程HC和CO的排放。     

Study of spark ignition engine fueled with methanol/gasoline fuel blends

A 3-cylinder port fuel injection engine was adopted to study engine power, torque, fuel economy, emissions including regulated and non-regulated pollutants and cold start performance with the fuel of low fraction methanol in gasoline. Without any retrofit of the engine, experiments show that the engine power and torque will decrease with the increase fraction of methanol in the fuel blends under wide open throttle (WOT) conditions. However, if spark ignition timing is advanced, the engine power and torque can be improved under WOT operating conditions. Engine thermal efficiency is thus improved in almost all operating conditions. Engine combustion analyses show that the fast burning phase becomes shorter, however, the flame development phase is a little delay.When methanol/gasoline fuel blends being used, the engine emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) decrease, nitrogen oxides (NO_x) changes little prior to three-way catalytic converter (TWC). After TWC, the conversion efficiencies of HC, CO and NO_x are better. The non-regulated emissions, unburned methanol and formaldehyde, increase with the fraction of methanol, engine speed and load, and generally the maximum concentrations are less than 200 ppm. Experimental tests further prove that methanol and formaldehyde can be oxidized effectively by TWC. During the cold start and warming-up process at 5 °C, with methanol addition into gasoline, HC and CO emissions decrease obviously. HC emission reduces more than 50% in the first few seconds (cold start period) and nearly 30% in the following warming-up period, CO reduces nearly 25% when the engine is fueled with M30. Meanwhile, the temperature of exhaust increases, which is good to activate TWC.     

电控喷射LPG发动机冷起动失火特性

为加强冷起动阶段的排放控制,在一台125 cm3单缸电控喷射LPG点燃式发动机上进行了冷起动失火特性的试验研究.通过程序设计,以电控断点火方式造成发动机在所设定循环的完全失火,研究了冷起动过程不同循环在单循环失火、连续两循环失火和连续三循环失火的起动转速和HC排放,并对冷起动前120循环在不同失火率时的HC排放进行了研究.通过试验找到了影响LPG发动机冷起动过程起动转速和HC排放的关键着火循环,即理想的首次着火循环及其次循环.发动机理想的首次着火循环失火对起动时的HC排放和转速影响最大.在首次着火循环的下一循环失火对起动HC排放影响次之,而其余循环的失火对起动HC排放影响基本相同.提高起动初期发动机转速有利于后续循环的稳定运行.HC排放与失火率呈一定比例关系.失火率增加1倍时,HC排放升高约1倍.当失火率超过500/时,HC排放总量急剧升高.     

LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧试验研究

基于循环控制,详细研究了LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环进气富氧的燃烧及排放特性。试验在一台电控LPG进气喷射单缸风冷四冲程125 mL发动机上进行,采用膜式富氧方法实现富氧进气燃烧。研究表明:当过量空气系数大于0．7时,富氧进气燃烧缸压峰值与空气相比增加不显著,此后随混合气加浓,富氧进气燃烧缸压峰值开始明显大于常规空气进气燃烧;过量空气系数在0．4～0．876时,富氧进气燃烧与常规空气进气燃烧相比,HC排放没有较大降低,在此范围之外,富氧显著降低HC排放;过量空气系数在0．4～0．7,富氧与空气相比CO显著降低;富氧进气燃烧,使得首循环NO排放大幅增加;计算放热率发现,富氧燃烧速度比常规空气进气燃烧更快,放热更集中。     

Effects of intake air temperature on SI engine emissions during a cold start

This paper presents the concept of preheating the intake air to reduce cold-start emissions from gasoline engines. The effects of intake air temperature on emissions from a gasoline engine were studied by using an air heater based on spark ignition. A light-duty vehicle test of cold-start emissions was carried out at an ambient temperature of?7°C according to New European Driving Cycle for Euro 3 and Euro 4 exhaust emission legislations. The results showed that preheating the intake air could effectively reduce both hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and improve fuel economy during a cold start. During idling conditions, the key phase of the HC and CO emissions was the first 40 s. With the aid of the air heater, cold-start HC and CO emissions from the vehicle were lower than the limit values in the Euro 3 and Euro 4 regulations.     

汽油机怠速工况下HC和CO排放机理的实验研究

本文系统地研究了汽油机怠速工况下排气中ＨＣ和ＣＯ生成的基本规律，重点探讨了燃烧过程与ＨＣ、ＣＯ排放的内在关系。燃烧过程所考虑的因素主要有燃烧完善程度（用累积放热百分比表示），燃烧速率和着火时刻。试验发现燃烧速率对排放的影响较小。在空燃比较高（大于１３）的情况下，采用适当的废气再循环可显著降低排气中ＨＣ的生成量，这为改善现代汽油机怠速工况下的排放水平提供了有效的途径。     

冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性试验研究

从循环控制的角度,详细研究了LPG点燃式发动机冷起动首循环瞬态HC排放特性。试验在一台电控LPG进气道喷射单缸风冷四冲程、125mL发动机上进行。通过高速采集系统记录发动机首循环瞬态HC排放、瞬时缸压和转速,分析了瞬态HC排放与其他参数之间的关系。研究表明：随着过量空气系数的变化,首循环瞬态HC排放在一个较宽的混合气浓度变化范围内平缓变化,并稳定在较低的水平。首循环瞬态HC排放的最小值出现在缸内燃烧最好的燃空当量比附近。当首循环混合气浓度过浓或者是过稀时,瞬态HC排放迅速增加。首循环瞬态HC排放随点火角度的推迟,其变化规律为先增加再减少,随点火角度不断推迟,在膨胀行程中氧化的燃料不断增加,当点火角度推迟到一定限值,缸内燃烧不能进行,瞬态HC排放急剧增加。     

点火提前角对LPG电喷发动机排放影响的试验研究

在1台四冲程、水冷、125mL、电喷火花点燃式摩托车发动机进行燃用LPG燃料的试验,分析空燃比和点火提前角对LPG电喷发动机排放HC、CO和NOx的影响。试验结果表明,在浓混合气条件下,点火提前角对LPG发动机排放的影响较小;但在稀混合气条件下,点火提前角对LPG发动机的排放影响较大。     

Performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a spark‐ignition engine with simultaneous injection of n‐butanol and gasoline in comparison to blended butanol and gasoline

Simultaneous injection of n‐butanol and gasoline through a new system of two injectors directing the sprays towards the back of the intake valve in a spark‐ignition engine was tried in lieu of injecting a blend of these fuels through a single injector. This system avoids the problem of phase separation, which is generally faced during the use of alcohol‐gasoline blends. Experiments were conducted on a spark‐ignition engine with this dual injection system using a fuel ratio of 1:1 (B50S) on the mass basis. High‐speed photographs indicated that the sprays from the injectors did not interfere till they reached the intake valve. Comparisons were made with pre‐blended butanol‐gasoline (B50) and neat (100%) gasoline at the best spark timing. All injection and spark parameters were controlled using a real time engine controller. Neat n‐butanol (B100) was superior only near full throttle with improved efficiency of the engine of about 1.2% (absolute). Heat release rates were observed to be higher and more advanced with B100 at wide open throttle. However, a reverse of this trend was observed at the throttle position of 15%. NO emission was also lower by 30% with B100 at wide open throttle as compared with gasoline. However, a small increase in carbon monoxide (CO) levels was observed because of lower post combustion temperatures as compared with gasoline and B50S. Simultaneous injection reduced hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 13% to 50% as compared with B50 (blended fuel). HC emissions with gasoline and B50S were similar. Nitric oxide (NO) emission was lower with B50S as compared with gasoline; however it was higher than B50 because of better combustion. On the whole, the developed dual injection system was superior to the conventional method of blending in terms of performance, emissions and ability to change the fuel ratio as needed. B50S is suitable at all throttle positions, whereas B100 shows benefits at full throttle conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.