层流小火焰模型在柴油机湍流燃烧中的应用

将湍流燃烧的层流小火焰模型应用于典型的柴油机扩散燃烧过程.以混合分数为自变量,以标量耗散率为参数,建立相空间中的层流小火焰数据库.应用KIVA-3程序模拟内燃机缸内多维湍流流场,并补充求解混合分数的时均值和脉动均方值的湍流输运方程.将两部分结果通过Beta概率密度函数进行耦合积分,便可得到组分质量分数和温度等参数在柴油机工作过程中的时间、空间分布.对一台直喷式柴油机的湍流燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,所得结果符合实际.     

甲烷/空气湍流扩散燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流扩散燃烧为基础,对通用的反应标量方程在火焰面上进行坐标变换,建立二维稳态湍流扩散火焰的小火焰模型。利用湍流流动模型、甲烷/空气半详细化学反应机理和小火焰模型耦合求解,分别计算出过量空气系数为1.2和1.4的速度在燃烧室内的分布状况以及混合分数、温度和组分的径向分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理。     

稳态湍流非预混燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流非预混燃烧为对象,建立二维稳态湍流非预混火焰的小火焰模型.利用湍流流动模型和小火焰模型耦合求解,计算出速度、混合分数、温度以及反应标量的摩尔分数在燃烧室内的分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理.     

直喷式柴油发动机主要污染物的仿真及实验

为计算直喷式柴油机的主要污染物——碳烟和氮氧化物，提出了RIF计算模型。此小火焰计算模型是通过引入理想混和比分数空间坐标系，将通常坐标系下的组元方程转化到混和比分数空间坐标系下，得出新的组元扩散方程。同时将小火焰计算模型与对流体动力学程序（KIVA-3V）相结合，增加并修改原有计算模块，将湍流喷雾运动和湍流燃烧运动有机分开，计算出直喷式柴油机湍流燃烧后生成的碳烟和氮氧化物，最后通过实验检验了该计算模型。     

湍流扩散火焰中对基于混合分数的湍流燃烧模型的数值研究

根据条件矩模型(CMC)和小火焰面模型在模型构建上的相似,针对具有不同大小雷诺数和湍流-化学相互作用特性的非预混湍流射流火焰,对这两种模型进行了数值研究和比较.湍流燃烧模型采用Lagrangian型非稳态小火焰模型(LFM)和径向加权积分的CMC模型,而在H2/N2火焰的数值研究中还考虑了稳态小火焰模型的数值模拟结果....     

湿度对HAT循环燃烧室旋流扩散燃烧特性的影响

为研究湿度对燃烧特性的影响,采用湍流雷诺应力模型和层流小火焰模型,对湿空气透平(HAT)循环燃气轮机带有旋流器的燃烧室内甲烷扩散燃烧过程进行了数值模拟对比了在4种不同空气含湿量(0、100、200、300g／kg(DA))情况下的燃烧室内部温度场、速度场以及NO组分分布的情况,分析了湿度对HAT循环燃烧室扩散燃烧特性的影响结果表明,加湿降低了整个燃烧室的温度,并使其内部温度分布更加均匀;加湿使燃烧室的NO浓度大大降低;加湿减小了回流区长度。     

钝体燃烧的数值模拟

钝体燃烧模拟考虑湍流和燃烧相互耦合。在标准κ-ε两方程模型下分别采用非预混燃烧模型中化学平衡、稳态小火焰和瞬态小火焰模型,研究不同燃烧模型对组分、温度场以及流场分布的影响。数值模拟结果表明,上述燃烧模型模拟的结果与前人研究成果存在不同程度的差异,稳态小火焰模型优于其它模型,但模拟该燃烧器的燃烧模型尚需进一步完善。     

在定容燃烧弹中湍流特征参数对预混燃烧的影响

:给出在定容燃烧弹中火花点燃 CH4-空气充量进行湍流预混合燃烧的试验结果并进行了分析 ,得到一些有价值的结论 :如在火核起始发展期中存在一个最小火焰传播速度 ,此时的火核半径与湍流积分长度标尺大致相等 ,增加湍流强度 (u <1 .8m/s) ,瞬时燃烧率增加 ,燃烧持续期缩短 ,相对缓燃期增加 ,相对主燃期缩短 ,这是组织湍流可以提高火花点火发动机热效率的主要原因。此外本文还给出不同间隙的失火率并指出减少火核向电极传热是减少失火率的主要措施     

基于反扩散火焰的低NOx旋流燃烧器数值模拟

采用非预混稳态小火焰模型（Steady Flamelet Model,SFM）耦合110步甲烷燃烧简化机理和Realizable k-ε模型对反扩散-旋流低氮燃烧器进行模拟,对比分析了不同旋流角度（30°,45°和60°）及过量空气系数（1.05,110,115和1.20）下燃烧时燃烧室内各截面轴向速度分布、中心截面温度及NOx质量浓度分布。详细研究了燃烧室内天然气与空气的燃烧特性及NOx的排放规律。模拟结果表明：随着旋流叶片角度逐渐增大,燃烧室内回流作用逐渐增强,导致火焰长度变短、燃烧室内最高温度及出口NO质量浓度逐渐降低;在旋流叶片角度为60°时,出口NO质量浓度仅为114 mg/m3;随着过量空气系数逐渐增大,火焰末端温度逐渐提高,导致燃烧室出口NO排放量逐渐增大;在过量空气系数为1.2时,出口NO质量浓度达到294 mg/m3,相比于过量空气系数为1.05时,其NO排放量增加153%。     

基于动态增厚火焰模型三维全可压缩非预混燃烧的大涡摸拟

利用动态增厚火焰模型对斯坦福大学甲烷/空气燃烧器非预混火焰进行了三维全可压缩大涡模拟,其中湍流亚网格模型采用Smagorinsky-WALE 模型,反应机理采用甲烷四步简化机理.将计算结果与层流小火焰模型及实验值进行比较发现:在进口附近的区域,动态增厚火焰模型的预测结果与实验非常吻合,但在远离进口区域,预测的混合作用大于实验值;动态增厚火焰模型的预测效果与层流小火焰模型相当.     

采用考虑详细化学反应机理的火焰面模型模拟湍流扩散火焰

采用详细的甲烷氧化化学反应动力学机理(GRI-Mech3．0)对不同拉伸率条件下的拉伸层流扩散火焰面结构进行了数值计算，建立了一个包含一系列拉伸层流火焰面结构的火焰面数据库．将这些层流火焰面结构和美国Sandia国家实验室测得的湍流扩散火焰(FlameD)的平均火焰结构进行了对比，发现层流火焰面所覆盖的范围基本包含了所考虑的湍流火焰中不同位置的平均火焰结构，这表明火焰面模型是合理的．然后，采用火焰面模型对该湍流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟并和实验数据进行了比较，考察了火焰面模型的精确程度和模拟深度.     

Evaluation of the laminar diffusion flamelet model in the calculation of an axisymmetric coflow laminar ethylene-air diffusion flame

A numerical study of an axisymmetric coflow laminar ethylene-air diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure was conducted using detailed chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties and two different methodologies: (1) the direct simulation method of solving the two-dimensional axisymmetric elliptic governing equations, and (2) the steady-state stretched diffusion flamelet model. Soot formation and radiative heat transfer were not taken into account in these calculations, both for simplicity and to avoid the complications associated with the issues of how to incorporate these chemical and physical processes into the flamelet model. The same reaction mechanism and thermal and transport properties were used in the 2D direct simulation and the generation of the flamelet library. The flamelet library was generated from the solutions of counterflow ethylene-air diffusion flames at a series of stretch rates. Results of the 2D direct simulation and the flamelet model are compared in physical space. Although the overall results of the flamelet model are qualitatively similar to those of the direct simulation, significant differences exist between the results of the two methods even for temperature and major species. The direct simulation method predicts that the peak concentrations of CO₂ and H₂O occur in different regions in the flame, while the flamelet model results show that the peak concentrations of CO₂ and H₂O occur in the same region. The flamelet model predicts an overly rapid approach to the equilibrium structure in the downstream region, leading to significantly higher flame temperatures. The main reason for the failure of the flamelet model in the downstream region is due to the neglect of the effects of multidimensional convection and diffusion and the fundamental difference in the chemical structure between a coflow diffusion flame and a counterflow diffusion flame. The findings of this paper are highly relevant to understanding the flamelet model results in the calculations of multidimensional turbulent diffusion flames.     

Capabilities and limitations of multi-regime flamelet combustion models

Flamelet combustion models typically assume that burning occurs in either a fully premixed or a fully non-premixed mode. These assumptions tend to limit the applicability of the models to single-regime combustors. Efforts aimed at reducing this limitation have introduced multi-regime approaches that account for different types of mixing and chemistry interactions. In this study a multi-regime model is applied to two laminar n-heptane flames in an effort to characterize the capabilities and limitations of the approach. Both a 2-D laminar triple flame and a 2-D laminar counter-flow diffusion flame are numerically simulated using the multi-regime model. Data for comparison is generated by additionally simulating the flames using finite rate chemistry, a purely premixed flamelet model, and a purely non-premixed flamelet model. Simulations demonstrate that the multi-regime approach functions as desired, and tends to access flamelets from the appropriate regime under both non-premixed and premixed conditions. Some important differences between the flamelet solutions and finite rate solution are observed, however. These differences are caused by the finite rate solution deviating away from the assumed flamelet manifolds, rather than by inadequate regime predictions. In the analyses of these simulations, an emphasis is placed on understanding the formation of the pollutant species NO. It is shown that even when the local combustion regime is correctly predicted, small deviations from an assumed flamelet manifold can lead to changes in the NO production rate. The simulation results confirm that multi-regime flamelet models are applicable to a wide variety of reacting flows, but the results also help to characterize the limitations of these models.     

Modelling of hydrogen-blended dual-fuel combustion using flamelet-generated manifold and preferential diffusion effects

In the present study, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations together with a novel flamelet generated manifold (FGM) hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects is utilised for the investigation of a hydrogen-blended diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine combustion process with high hydrogen energy share. The FGM hybrid combustion model was developed by coupling laminar flamelet databases obtained from diffusion flamelets and premixed flamelets. The model employed three control variables, namely, mixture fraction, reaction progress variable and enthalpy. The preferential diffusion effects were included in the laminar flamelet calculations and in the diffusion terms in the transport equations of the control variables. The resulting model is then validated against an experimental diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion engine. The results show that the FGM hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations yields better predictions with good accuracy for the in-cylinder characteristics. The inclusion of preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations was found to predict well several characteristics of the diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion process: 1) ignition delay, 2) start and end of combustion, 3) faster flame propagation and quicker burning rate of hydrogen, 4) high temperature combustion due to highly reactive nature of hydrogen radicals, 5) peak values of the heat release rate due to high temperature combustion of the partially premixed pilot fuel spray with entrained hydrogen/air and then background hydrogen-air premixed mixture. The comparison between diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion and diesel only combustion shows early start of combustion, longer ignition delay time, higher flame temperature and NOx emissions for dual-fuel combustion compared to diesel only combustion.     

Flamelet mathematical models for non-premixed laminar combustion

Detailed numerical calculations based on the solution of the full transport equations have been compared with flamelet calculations in order to analyse the flamelet concept for laminar diffusion flames. The goal of this work is to study the interactive (Lagrangian Flamelet Model and Interactive Steady Flamelet Model), and non-interactive (Steady Flamelet Model and Enthalpy Defect Flamelet Model) flamelet models considering both differential diffusion and non-differential diffusion situations, and adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Moreover, a new procedure has been employed to obtain enthalpy defects in the flamelet library, the application of which has been found to be encouraging. The effect of using in-situ, local or stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate conditions, and also the effect of using local or stoichiometric conditions to evaluate the flamelet-like time has been analysed. To improve slow species predictions using the non-interactive models, their transport equations are solved with the reaction terms calculated from the flamelet library, also considering local or stoichiometric conditions in the so-called Extended Flamelet Models.     

Modeling curvature effects in diffusion flames using a laminar flamelet model

The goal of this paper is to investigate the effects of curvature of mixture fraction iso-surfaces on the transport of species in diffusion flames. A general flamelet formulation is derived mathematically considering both curvature effects and differential diffusion effects. These theoretical results suggest that curvature does not play a role in the transport process irrespective of the flame curvature if species transport is described with a unity Lewis number. On the other hand, a curvature-induced term becomes explicit when differential diffusion effects are considered, and it acts as a convective term in mixture fraction space. It is found that this term needs to be taken into account when the radius of curvature is comparable or smaller than the local flame thickness. For the proper integration of the flamelet equations, the scalar dissipation rate and curvature dependences on mixture fraction are modeled by considering two basic curved one-dimensional flame configurations. The flamelet equations accounting for curvature effects are solved with various prescribed curvature values. Results indicate that the mass fraction profiles of species with very small or large Lewis numbers are shifted significantly in mixture fraction space by the inclusion of curvature. Differential diffusion effects are enhanced by negative curvature values and suppressed by positive curvature values. In cases where flame curvature is not uniform, the curvature-induced convective term generates gradients along mixture fraction iso-surfaces, which enhance tangential diffusion effects. Budget analysis is performed on an axisymmetric laminar coflow diffusion flame to highlight the importance of the curvature-induced convective term compared to other terms in the full flamelet equation. A comparison is made between full chemistry simulation results and those obtained using planar and curved flamelet-based chemistry tabulation methods.     

Influence of evaporation on spray flamelet structures

The structure of laminar spray flames considerably differs from their gaseous counterpart. However, most often flamelet models employed in the simulation of turbulent spray combustion are based on laminar gas flame structures neglecting the influence of spray evaporation in the laminar spray flamelets. In this work, a combined theoretical and numerical study of the impact of spray evaporation on the structure of laminar spray flames is presented. Spray flamelet equations are derived, which explicitly take into account evaporation effects – the classical gas flamelet equations are recovered for non-evaporating conditions. Two new terms accounting for evaporation and for combined mixing and evaporation, respectively, are identified, and their relative importance is evaluated by means of numerical simulations of an axisymmetric laminar mono-disperse ethanol/air counterflow spray flame. The results show that the distribution of the spray evaporation rate plays a key role in the characterization of the spray flame structure. The new source terms overweigh the dissipation term of the gas phase in most situations even for non-evaporating species. Therefore, spray evaporation should always be considered. The relevance of the present formulation for turbulent spray modeling is evaluated and discussed, and a novel spray flamelet formulation is suggested.