奥氏体化温度对TRIP钢连续冷却过程中组织转变的影响

采用热膨胀实验测定实验钢不同奥氏体化温度下的CCT曲线,针对CCT曲线图中铁素体和贝氏体相变区域的变化,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察研究奥氏体化温度对试样室温下显微组织的影响。结果表明:奥氏体化温度越低,晶粒越细小;随奥氏体化温度的降低,铁素体和贝氏体相变受激发形核作用的影响其相变区间逐步扩大并左移;珠光体相变和马氏体相变驱动力只受合金元素在初始奥氏体内富集程度的影响,其开始转变点温度随奥氏体化温度的降低而降低。     

奥氏体晶粒度对AISI 4340钢贝氏体相变动力学的影响

对AISI 4340钢在950-1150℃进行奥氏体化,以获得不同奥氏体晶粒度（AGS）,研究了连续冷却时贝氏体转变动力学特征.AGS对贝氏体相变动力学有很大的影响,AGS越大,贝氏体相变起始温度Bs越高.对试样进行了透射电镜（TEM）分析,结果表明AlN、TiC等粒子在晶界的析出对贝氏体起始反应起到促进作用.而AGS对贝氏体反应结束温度Bf的影响就很小.转变速率随AGS变化的规律是,AGS越大,转变速率反而减小.所有试样的转变速率随贝氏体体积分数ξ变化明显,大致可分成快速增加、缓慢减小和快速减小三个阶段.     

Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢连续冷却转变的原位观察

采用原位观察法研究不同奥氏体化温度1250、950 ℃及不同相变冷速0.8、1.5 ℃/s对Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢连续冷却转变的影响。结果表明,贝氏体板条形核长大在晶界处以有序同时或不同时生长、晶粒内部无序不同时生长的特点;晶界、晶粒内形核的贝氏体板条都以近似相等的恒定速率生长,不同位向板条遇晶界或预先形成的贝氏体板条停止生长而形成“交叉”板条组织。板条生长速率主要受相变驱动力控制,而奥氏体晶粒大小及强度是影响最终贝氏体板条长度的主要因素。降低奥氏体化温度、加快相变冷速,可加快板条生长并缩短相变时间,减少贝氏体转变量,并获得细小均匀稳定的贝氏体板条组织。Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢中贝氏体板条平均生长速率为4.053 μm/s,支持贝氏体扩散控制相变机制。     

奥氏体化温度对无碳化物高强贝氏体钢相变组织和性能的影响

对含碳量0.35wt%的无碳化物高强贝氏体钢进行等温贝氏体相变试验,并通过膨胀法、显微组织观察、XRD和拉伸试验等方法研究奥氏体化温度(860～1260℃)对该贝氏体钢相变和组织性能的影响。结果表明,860℃奥氏体化时,贝氏体转变量略高于其它温度,残余奥氏体含量较高,继续升高奥氏体化温度,贝氏体转变量和残奥含量变化不大。此外,随着奥氏体化温度的升高,贝氏体相变动力学加快,这是原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸增加,贝氏体生长空间增大引起的。当奥氏体化温度较低时,虽然贝氏体相变速率较慢,但由于原始奥氏体晶粒细化,残奥含量较多等原因,钢的抗拉强度和伸长率均较高。因此,从提高钢性能角度出发,应降低无碳化物高强贝氏体钢热处理时的奥氏体化温度。     

奥氏体化温度对贝氏体钢等温转变及力学性能的影响

采用热膨胀仪和热模拟试验机在880~1050 ℃奥氏体化后进行300 ℃等温转变试验,研究了不同奥氏体化温度对中碳贝氏体钢等温相变动力学以及组织形貌、力学性能的影响。结果表明,奥氏体化温度升高导致晶粒尺寸增加,Ms点下降,贝氏体等温相变的孕育期延长;降低奥氏体化温度,可明显缩短贝氏体转变速率峰值出现的时间,说明较低的奥氏体化温度有利于加速贝氏体的转变。在本试验温度范围内,880 ℃奥氏体化处理试样的综合力学性能优异,抗拉强度为1671 MPa, 伸长率为13.3%。     

奥氏体化时间对AISI 4340钢贝氏体连续转变动力学的影响

利用AISI 4340钢热膨胀实验,研究了奥氏体化时间对贝氏体连续转变动力学的影响.将热膨胀试样加热到950℃,经10-120min奥氏体化,在20s内迅速冷却到550℃,在随后的120min缓慢冷却到350℃,然后以100℃/s迅速冷却至室温.贝氏体连续冷却转变起始温度（Bs）和50%转变温度（Bm）随奥氏体化时间而显著增加,贝氏体相变结束温度（Bf）几乎不变.Bs可能与AlN等碳、氮化合物粒子在原奥氏体晶界的析出及合金元素的作用有关.贝氏体连续冷却转变速率随贝氏体体积分数的变化可以分成三个阶段：快速增长阶段、缓慢减小阶段和快速减小阶段.产生这种现象的原因可能是由于在连续转变过程中温度的降低、碳的扩散及合金元素的作用等造成的.     

高强度桥梁钢Q690q的连续冷却转变行为

利用MMS-200热模拟试验机、Imager M2m光学显微镜、JSM-6490LV扫描电镜和FV-ARS9000全自动维氏硬度计,对高强度桥梁钢Q690q在细晶奥氏体(晶粒度10级)、粗晶奥氏体(晶粒度6.5级)和细晶形变奥氏体(晶粒度10.5级、压缩变形30%)3种奥氏体状态下的连续冷却转变行为进行了比较研究。结果表明,冷却速率相同时,细晶奥氏体使相变开始温度、转变速率峰值温度和相变结束温度升高,而粗晶奥氏体有助于板条贝氏体和板条马氏体等中低温组织生成,而且生成的板条变得更为细长,但组织中原奥氏体晶界更清晰可见,其硬度明显提高;细晶奥氏体变形后,相变开始温度和转变速率峰值温度更高,从而使铁素体变得粗大,但能减少珠光体转变、促使无碳贝氏体生成,其硬度在冷却速率较低时比细晶奥氏体时要大,冷却速率较高时二者的硬度相差不大。     

高铝TRIP钢的连续冷却转变及热变形对其相变的影响

通过热膨胀及热压缩变形模拟连续冷却试验,绘制了高铝TRIP钢的CCT曲线,研究了连续冷却相变规律及热变形对相变的影响,并定性地分析了相变驱动力。结果表明,试验钢的CCT曲线主要分为3个区域,随着冷却速率的增大,铁素体和珠光体减少,贝氏体和马氏体增多,贝氏体从粒状逐渐转变为羽毛状和板条状。热变形使得高温奥氏体发生动态再结晶,原始奥氏体晶粒明显被细化,较高冷速下形成一些针状铁素体。热变形能提供更多的形核点,增大γ→α相变驱动力,缩短了贝氏体相变的孕育期,进而细化了室温组织。     

30MnNiCuMoB-RE铸钢的连续冷却相变动力学研究

采用淬火相变热膨胀仪测定了30MnNiCuMoB-RE铸钢890℃完全奥氏体化后以不同速度连续冷却时的膨胀曲线。通过金相检验和硬度测定研究了30MnNiCuMoB-RE铸钢在连续冷却过程中的相变动力学。结果表明：30MnNiCuMoB-RE铸钢在890℃完全奥氏体化后以0.01～100℃/s的速率冷却时，随着冷却速率的增大，奥氏体依次转变为铁素体、贝氏体和马氏体，铁素体转变温度区间为717～611℃,贝氏体转变温度区间为590～323℃,马氏体转变温度区间为313～168℃;从获得的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线可知，随着冷却速率的降低，发生贝氏体相变的临界冷速为50℃/s,发生铁素体转变的临界冷速为0.5℃/s;由于钢中存在一定程度的偏析，以0.01～0.2℃/s的速率冷却时，奥氏体依次转变为铁素体和贝氏体，钢的组织不均匀；随着冷却速率的提高，钢的硬度从200 HV10提高至500 HV10。     

钛微合金化高强钢的连续冷却相变规律

为了研究钛微合金化高强钢在连续冷却条件下的相变规律,通过热膨胀法及金相分析研究了低碳钢(C-Mn钢)和钛微合金钢(Ti钢)在连续冷却过程中的组织变化及过冷奥氏体的相变规律,分析了钛元素和变形对试验钢相变规律的影响,并讨论了连续冷却转变(CCT)与等温转变(TTT)曲线的关系。结果表明：随着冷速的增加,试验钢的主要相变组织由铁素体向贝氏体转变。在C-Mn钢中加入钛元素提高了过冷奥氏体的稳定性,抑制了铁素体和珠光体转变,促进了贝氏体转变;在奥氏体未再结晶区进行变形使试验钢的CCT曲线整体向左上方移动,提高了相变开始温度;变形提高了铁素体的形核率,促进了铁素体相变,铁素体组织得到细化;变形促进了贝氏体相变,使板条贝氏体变短,细化贝氏体组织。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。