提高纯钨微小孔电火花加工深径比的方法

在航空、航天等一些尖端行业的核心零件中,微小孔的应用日趋广泛。电火花加工技术是微小孔加工的主要工艺之一,但对于大深径比微孔加工,现有的电火花加工工艺能力仍无法满足加工需求。针对纯钨材料微小孔电火花加工中的深径比难以提升的问题,分析了电蚀产物在孔底累积对放电过程造成的不利影响,找到了制约微孔电火花加工深径比提升的关键因素,即需有效排出孔底电蚀产物,确保放电过程处于"干净"环境。在此基础上,提出了在电火花加工中引入电化学作用,利用电化学作用产生的气泡驱动电蚀产物排出,确保大深径比孔底放电过程不受电蚀产物积聚的影响进而提高加工深径比的方法。通过实验对该方法的可行性和加工特征进行了验证,获得了直径约为0.2mm,深度48mm的加工结果。     

复合PAAS工作液与工件半浸液的深小孔电火花加工工艺

现有电火花小孔机床在加工大深径比小孔时存在加工稳定性差、小孔质量差、相对电极损耗率大等技术难点。深入分析D703F电火花小孔加工机床的原理及特点,实验证明使用一定浓度分散剂聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)作为工作液可大幅提高小孔加工速度、降低相对电极损耗,但随着加工小孔深径比变大,孔内加工环境变差、散热困难,PAAS工作液会产生碳化现象反而阻碍了正常加工。用PAAS工作液和工件半浸液复合的方法,使工件在加工时能良好散热,减缓PAAS工作液的碳化现象,正常发挥分散作用,从而达到高速加工大深径比小孔的目的。     

大深径比钨小孔的复合电加工工艺探索

文中针对高熔点、大深径比的钨小孔加工,结合电火花/电化学复合加工的特点,采用多项工艺措施,实现了大深径比钨小孔的低电极损耗加工,并给出了小孔加工深度与直径的变化趋势,还对电极的表面成分进行了分析,发现其表面附有的钨含量明显增加,证实了电极表面材料在弱电解质溶液中的动态变化,即电极低损耗的原因。     

大深径比微小深孔超声电火花加工工艺研究

针对难加工材料的大深径比微小深孔加工这一工艺难题,设计并制造了基于工件振动的超声电火花复合加工装置。该装置包括一个已优化的压电振子和一台普通电火花机床。为提高加工效率,对压电振子进行了优化分析,使压电振子具有合适的纵振模态、固有频率和较大的振幅,压电振子中陶瓷片具有合理地安装位置。选择模具钢作为加工材料进行大深径比微小深孔的加工实验,比较研究了超声电火花复合加工装置和普通电火花机床加工大深径比微小深孔的加工效率。实验表明,超声电火花复合加工装置的加工效率更高。研究了超声激励电压、脉冲电流、脉冲宽度以及脉冲间隙等参数对大深径比微小深孔加工效率的影响,得出各参数较优的设置值。根据实验结果可以看出,超声电火花复合加工装置可以有效地加工出直径为0.5mm、深径比为60的微小深孔,适用于难加工材料的大深径比微小深孔加工。     

大深径比微小孔快速电火花加工系统研究

电火花加工因具有宏观作用力小、可控性好等优点,被广泛应用于微小孔加工领域,但对于快速加工大深径比微小孔仍存在散热困难、排屑不畅、电极损耗大及加工过程不易控制等技术难点。为此,在分析电火花加工机理及加工特点的基础上,研发了一台用于快速加工大深径比微小孔的电火花机床。该设备通过采用立式布局,应用电极旋转、工件振动的旋振式机构,实现在加工过程中快速散热和排屑;通过采取工业控制计算机搭载数据采集卡和运动控制器的方式,实现了加工过程的检测控制功能一体化。针对电火花加工过程中放电信号严重畸变以及放电状态不稳定导致加工状态难检测的问题,提出了两级模糊逐级映射放电状态检测方法,同时为了实现机床的快速响应和精确控制,设计了双闭环加工控制系统。实验表明,该机床适合于大深径比微小孔的快速加工,且性能稳定,可靠性高。     

深小孔加工装置

深小孔加工装置一种深小孔高速电火花加工装置，最近由南京航空航天大学研制成功，从而解决了对难加工材料进行深小孔加工的技术难题。这种装置是一种通用电加工机床附件，在机床、电源不变的情况下，装上该附件，便可进行深小孔高速电火花加工，实现一机多能。可加工淬火...     

纵扭超声振动电火花微小孔加工研究

针对传统电火花机床加工微小孔时效率较低、深径比较小等问题,提出了将纵扭超声振动与传统电火花加工技术相结合的微小孔加工方案,设计了纵扭超声振动系统,进行了无超声振动铜块微小孔极限深度加工、纵扭超声振动铜块和铝合金块微小孔极限深度加工实验。结果表明:纵扭超声振动的引入提高了微小孔加工的深径比,同时也提高了加工速度,减少毛刺的产生。     

PAAS在电火花小孔加工中的作用机理和实验分析

从宏观和微观两个方面,深入分析了以分散剂聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)水溶液作为电火花小孔加工工作液时,对加工碎屑颗粒、工作液电导率和体系总能量产生的影响,达到利于排屑目的,从而提高电火花小孔加工材料去除率、增加最大深径比、降低相对电极损耗。在理论分析基础上进行实验并对实验数据进行分析,结果表明与原有自来水工作液相比,使用新的工作液可使电火花小孔加工的材料去除率和最大深径大幅度提高、相对电极损耗明显降低。对于不同的加工要求应对应选用最佳的工作液配比,对分散剂PAAS在电火花小孔加工的应用有一定的参考。     

微细深孔的高速电火花加工

介绍了以高压纯水为介质的微细深孔高速电火花加工的原理、工艺以及必备条件。通过实例说明这种方法加工深细孔的长径比可大于１００，生产率比一般的电火花小孔加工提高１５０倍以上。     

分散剂在TC4上进行电火花小孔加工的性能

针对在TC4上进行电火花小孔加工时工件材料去除速度低、相对电极损耗大的问题,为使加工高效低耗,尝试将一定浓度的分散剂聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS）作为电火花小孔工作液,从加工碎屑状态、工作液表面张力等方面进行研究,并应用FLUENT软件对间隙工作液流速进行模拟,分析流场对碎屑的影响。在此基础上进行加工和稳定性实验,得到在TC4上进行电火花小孔加工的最佳工作液配比,改进后材料去除速度最大提高97.56%,加工深径比最大提高了56.94%,研究结果为电火花加工配制合适的工作液提供了参考。     

Optimization of EDM process for multiple performance characteristics using Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most extensively used non-conventional material removal processes. The Taguchi method has been utilized to determine the optimal EDM conditions in several industrial fields. The method, however, was designed to optimize only a single performance characteristic. To remove that limitation, the Grey relational analysis theory has been used to resolve the complicated interrelationships among the multiple performance characteristics. In the present study, we attempted to find the optimal machining conditions under which the micro-hole can be formed to a minimum diameter and a maximum aspect ratio. The Taguchi method was used to determine the relations between machining parameters and process characteristics. It was found that electrode wear and the entrance and exit clearances had a significant effect on the diameter of the micro-hole when the diameter of the electrode was identical. Grey relational analysis was used to determine the optimal machining parameters, among which the input voltage and the capacitance were found to be the most significant. The obtained optimal machining conditions were an input voltage of 60V, a capacitance of 680pF, a resistance of 500Ω, the feed rate of 1.5μm/s and a spindle speed of 1500rpm. Under these conditions, a micro-hole of 40μm average diameter and 10 aspect ratio could be machined.     

Experimental study on micro EDM-drilling of Ti6Al4V using helical electrode

There is a growing interest in the machining of micro-holes with high aspect-ratio in difficult-to-machine alloys for the aerospace industry. Processes based on electro discharge machining (EDM) and developed for the manufacture of both micro-electrode and micro-hole are actually used, but most of them involve micro-EDM machines. In this work, the influence of EDM parameters on material removal rate, electrode wear, machining time and micro-hole quality when machining Ti6Al4V is studied. Due to an inefficient removal of debris when increasing hole depth, a new strategy based on the use of helical-shaped electrodes has been proposed. The influence of helix angle and flute depth with respect to process performance has been addressed. Main results include 37% reduction in machining times (hole diameter 800 μm) when using electrode helix angle of 45° and flute-depth of 50 μm, and an additional 19% with flute-depth of 150 μm. Holes of 661 μm diameter and as much as 6.81 mm depth, which yields in aspect ratio of 10:1, have successfully been machined in Ti6Al4V.     

振动钻削技术的新发展——电热振动复合钻削

介绍了振动钻削技术的加工原理,综述了振动钻削加工微小孔的国内外研究现状,分析了振动钻削技术的应用前景及存在的问题。为了解决微小孔钻削时刀具磨损严重、加工精度低、表面质量差的问题,提出了一种电热振动复合钻削技术方案,从而提高了微小孔的加工质量和加工效率。     

Research on ECM process of micro holes with internal features

Micro holes with internal features are widely used as spray holes and cooling holes nowadays, which are usually required to be with high aspect ratio and shape accuracy, as well as good surface quality. An electrochemical machining (ECM) process is presented to machine these micro holes with diameter <200 μm. A quantitative relation between micro-hole diameter and machining parameters including voltage, duty ratio and feedrate is obtained through orthogonal experiments. According to the designed shape of internal features, change rules of machining parameters for varied diameters in different depth are obtained, and then micro holes with internal features are shaped precisely. Taking reverse tapered hole as an example, ECM experiments by varying parameters of voltage, duty ratio and feedrate (called varying voltage machining, varying duty ratio machining and varying feedrate machining, respectively) are carried out. Micro holes with inlet diameter of 178 μm and taper angle of 1.05° are shaped on a 1.0 mm-thick workpiece of 18CrNi8. The deviation of inlet is <3 μm and the taper-angle error is <0.1° in varying voltage machining. The corresponding dimensional accuracy of taper angle is improved by 51% than that of varying duty ratio machining under the same efficiency. The machining efficiency of varying voltage machining is increased by 36% compared to the efficiency in varying feedrate machining. In addition, the micro holes with complex features of funnel shape and bamboo shape are machined.     

Preparation of array micro-holes with large aspect ratio in ZL102

In the past research work, a new preparation of array micro-holes on pure aluminum was proposed. However, in the practical application, most of them are alloys. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the feasibility of the method in the application of alloys. In the process, in order to protect shape of micro-hole, metal wires coated with graphite paint are selected as the hole cores. Aiming at demonstrating the quality of array micro-holes, the aspect ratio, roughness and roundness of array micro-holes are researched. The results show that the casting process of micro-holes is suitable for ZL102 alloy, and the roughness and the shape factor of micro-hole is 6.85 μm and 0.98. The silicon element in the alloy is ability of reducing viscosity and surface tension of melt molten, which is improving filling ability of melt molten. So, parameters of micro-hole, including aspect ratio, roughness and roundness, are better than that of pure aluminum.

     

Research of micro EDM/ECM method in same electrolyte with running wire tool electrode

A micro rod machining method which can switch between electrical discharge machining (EDM) and electrochemical machining (ECM) by attaching/detaching a diode to/from a bipolar pulse generator in parallel to the working gap was newly developed using a wire electrode made of tungsten. The problem of the wire electrode wear was eliminated by the use of the wire electrochemical turning (WECT) method in which the tungsten wire electrode is continuously running. The ultra-short bipolar pulse current was generated by the electrostatic induction feeding method where a pulse voltage is coupled to the working gap through a feeding capacitance. The machining characteristics of three types of wire guide; disk-shaped WC guide, laminated wire guide and cylindrical acrylic guide, were studied. The experimental results showed that the cylindrical acrylic guide has the best machining characteristics without the influence of guide wear and with less stray current flowing through the working gap. Using the cylindrical acrylic guide, the influences of the feeding capacitance C₁, and the total amplitude of the pulse voltage on the machining characteristics were studied. Finally, a stainless steel SUS 304 micro-rod with a high aspect ratio of 14 was fabricated efficiently by using the EDM and ECM modes for rough and finish machining in sequence with the same setup, pulse generator, and neutral electrolyte.     

Micro-hole Maching of Copper Using the Electro-discharge Machining Process with a Tungsten Carbide Electrode Compared with a Copper Electrode

This paper describes micro-hole machining of a copper plate using the electro-discharge machining (EDM) process. Tungsten carbide was selected as the material for the electrode and compared with a copper-electrode. A precision centreless grinding process was employed to grind the electrode down to the desired diameter. A series of experiments were performed on a traditional EDM machine to investigate the effects of electrode material polarity setting and of a rotating electrode. Results have shown that electrode wear and hole enlargement are both smaller when positive polarity machining is selected; whereas electrode wear is larger and machining speed is higher when negative polarity machining is selected. High-quality micro-hole machining in copper can be achieved by the proposed method.     

一种微小孔电火花加工模糊控制策略研究

针对微小孔电火花加工(EDM)放电环境恶劣、放电间隙状态复杂多变,以及采用传统的PID控制策略难于达到预期效果等问题,提出了一种基于多层压电陶瓷叠加驱动下的控制策略,并对其进行了控制算法研究,设计了一种微小孔电加工微进给模糊PID自适应控制系统,并进行了仿真试验来验证其控制效果。研究结果表明,采用模糊自适应控制策略能加快微进给系统的响应速度,具有稳定性好、精度高等优点,并得到了良好的控制效果,为微小孔电加工机床的实际应用打下了良好的理论基础。     

Investigation of electro-discharge micro-machining of titanium super alloy

Being a difficult-to-cut material, titanium alloy suffers poor machinability for most cutting processes, especially the drilling of micro-holes using traditional machining methods. Although electrical discharge machining (EDM) is suitable for machining titanium alloys, selection of machining parameters for higher machining rate and accuracy is a challenging task in machining micro-holes. The present research attempts to optimize micro-EDM process parameters for machining Ti-6Al-4V super alloy. To verify the optimal micro-EDM process parameters settings, metal removal rate (MRR), tool-wear rate (TWR), over cut (OC) and taper were chosen as observed performance criteria. In addition, four independent parameters such as peak current, pulse-on time, flushing pressure, and duty ratio were adopted for evaluation by the Taguchi method. From the ANOVA and S/N ratio graph, the significant process parameters and the optimal combination level of machining parameters were obtained. It is seen that machining performances are affected mostly by the peak current and pulse-on time during micro-electro-discharge machining of titanium alloy. Mathematical models have been developed to establish the relationship between various significant process parameters and micro-EDM performance criteria. In-depth studies have also been made to examine the influence of various process parameters on the white layer and surface topography through SEM micrographs of machined micro-hole.     

An experimental investigation into the micro-electrodischarge machining behavior of p-type silicon

The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of micro-structuring in p-type silicon, using conventional die-sinking electrodischarge machining (EDM). The EDM behavior of the silicon material is studied in terms of the effect of major operating parameters on the performance characteristics during the micro-hole machining. In addition, microelectrodes are fabricated successfully on the conventional EDM machine for machining different micro-structures in silicon. Three different types of micro-structures??micro-hole, blind slots, and through slots??are fabricated in p-type silicon successfully by using optimum parameters setting. It has been observed that p-type silicon is machinable by EDM using both the polarities. Moreover, like other electrodischarge machinable materials, the selection of optimum operating parameters is very important for improved performance, as those parameters are found to influence the EDM performance of silicon significantly. Finally, it has been concluded that p-type silicon is machinable into different forms of micro-structures by understanding its electrodischarge machining behavior and by careful selection of optimum parameters.