海藻酸钠/SiO2共价交联杂化水凝胶的制备与性能表征

利用海藻酸钠水凝胶上的羧基与硅烷偶联剂γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷上的氨基在常温下反应生成酰胺键而交联,同时硅烷中的乙氧基发生水解缩聚反应得到了有机高分子和无机材料之间以共价键结合的杂化水凝胶;用FTIR、SEM对产物进行了表征,并探讨了杂化水凝胶的溶胀率、剪切模量、网链平均分子量与其结构之间的关系.结果表明,杂化材料中有机无机两相相容性良好,杂化材料的密度、溶涨率及其力学性能可以通过控制无机有机的比例加以控制.     

PBMA-SiO2杂化纤维的制备及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(PBMA)为前躯体,乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(VTEOS)为偶联剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2纤维和PBMA/SiO2杂化纤维,并使用IR、SEM、TGA等进行了结构与性能表征,研究了溶胶的杂化反应机理、成纤性能.结果表明:硅烷偶联剂的引入使得PBMA-SiO2杂化纤维均匀性较好,纤维中有机相与无机相之间通过化学键连接,实现了有机-无机组分的充分贯穿;其耐热性能优于纯PBMA.     

二氧化硅基有机-无机防腐蚀杂化膜的制备及性能

传统的钢铁表面覆膜技术如磷化、铬酸盐钝化等污染严重,硅烷化和有机-无机杂化涂层用于金属预处理则具有耐温、耐腐蚀等优点,又利于环保.以正硅酸乙酯、γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为原料,采用溶胶.凝胶法制备了SiO2基有机-无机杂化材料.通过红外光谱对不同温度处理的杂化材料进行了分析,以差示扫描量热法研究了杂化材料在不同温度下的吸放热反应,结合对杂化溶胶涂覆于钢铁基体表面形成涂层的塔菲尔曲线分析,对杂化膜的保护性能进行了研究.结果表明:涂层试样在N2气氛下300℃热处理,可以保证涂层中Si-O-Si键等最大程度地键合,并有效保留了有机组分,从而有利于保证杂化材料涂层的完整性,较大地提高了基体钢铁的耐腐蚀性能,可作为金属表面涂装处理工序中良好的中间过渡层.     

聚(二乙炔基苯-硅烷-硼烷)树脂的合成及性能

从分子结构设计出发,采用二乙炔基苯、苯基二氯硼烷和甲基氢二氯硅烷为主要原料,采用格氏试剂法合成了一种耐高温硼硅炔有机-无机杂化树脂聚(二乙炔基苯-硅烷-硼烷)(PASB)。采用FT-IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和GPC对其结构进行了表征,利用DSC和TGA研究了聚合物的固化反应行为和耐热性能,讨论了结构中不同硅硼含量与产物性能之间的依赖关系。结果表明,PASB树脂常温下黏度适中,可以在较低的温度下发生固化交联反应,具有良好的加工性能。其固化物具有良好的耐热性,在N2气氛下失重5%时的温度(Td5)均高于600℃,1000℃的质量保留率大于85%。     

聚[1-(4-三甲基硅基)苯基-2-苯乙炔]/碳纳米管杂化膜的渗透汽化性能

采用聚[1-(4-三甲基硅基)苯基-2-苯乙炔](PTMSDPA)为膜材料,与碳纳米管(CNT)杂化制备PTMSDPA/CNTs杂化膜,研究了碳纳米管含量对杂化膜的气体分离、渗透汽化性能的影响.结果表明,PTMSDPA与碳纳米管间π-π相互作用使得碳纳米管在聚合物基体中实现均匀分散.当碳纳米管质量分数为15％时,PTM...     

有机-无机杂化复合材料的合成、表征和热学性质

丙烯酸乙酯(EA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、苯乙烯(St)、及丙烯酸丁酯(BA)分别和含烷氧基硅烷单体甲基丙烯酰氧基三甲氧丙基硅烷以一定比例通过自由基共聚反应制得共聚物前驱体,将TEOS在HCl催化剂作用下水解、缩合形成SiO2,然后由共聚物和SiO2通过溶胶-凝胶法合成杂化复合材料,制得的复合材料膜有较好的光学透明性,其透光率在79%以上.利用傅立红外光谱分析了杂化材料的化学结构.溶胶抽取结果表明,在杂化材料中凝胶的含量较高,对它们的形貌特性和研究结果表明:在聚合物基体中SiO2具有较好的分散性,有机-无机相相互贯穿.     

新型低含量羟基有机-无机杂化材料的合成

采用二苯基二羟基硅烷分别和两种不同的硅烷偶联剂γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷作为先驱体,用无水溶胶-凝胶法合成出有机-无机杂化材料,将其旋涂在硅基片和石英玻璃片上得到杂化光学薄膜.用Fourier红外光谱仪和Raman光谱仪测试了薄膜的红外吸收光谱和Raman散射光谱,用Abbe折...     

环氧基倍半硅氧烷杂化膜的摩擦性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将不同含量的正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)与r-缩水甘油醚基丙基三甲基硅烷(GPMS)共水解缩合,所得终产物为有机-无机纳米杂化材料,用浸渍法使其在玻璃基体上成膜,并利用扫描探针电镜(SPM)对膜的形貌进行了表征.通过MTS Nano Indenter XP纳米压痕仪研究了TEOS的含量对杂化体系摩擦性能的影响.结果表明,环氧基倍半硅氧烷杂化膜在TEOS含量为5%时表面粗糙度最小、弹性恢复能力最大,TEOS含量为10%时摩擦系数最小.     

室温自交联杂化硅丙乳液的制备及表征

通过在甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)/甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BA)/甲基丙烯酸(MAA)体系中,引入功能性单体乙酰乙酸基甲基丙烯酸乙酯(AAEMA),合成具备能在室温下发生自交联的反应性乳液,然后加入r-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)交联剂,制得室温自交联杂化硅丙乳液.考察了不同KH550的引入量对漆膜性能的影响,并采用粒径测定、TEM、DSC、TGA、FTIR分析对其进行表征.发现制备的乳胶粒径约100nm并具有在窄分布的特点.经室温自交联杂化后,硅丙乳胶膜的耐水性、耐老化性、硬度、拉伸强度及耐热性能都得到了提高.     

光固化有机硅/纳米SiO2杂化材料的制备和表征

以双碳羟基硅油(K-50)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(1PDI)和丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为原料,合成光敏性有机硅树脂PSUA;以PSUA为有机相,溶胶-凝胶法制备的硅溶胶为无机相,以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TMSPM)为两相间的偶联剂,制备了光固化有机/无机杂化体系.对反应产物和硅溶胶进行了红外光谱(FT-IR)分析,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了光固化膜断面形貌,用铅笔硬度法测定了光固化膜硬度.结果表明合成了预期产物,光固化杂化体系中纳米SiO2分散比较均匀,光固化膜具有很好的韧性和较高的硬度.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from