碳化硅／硅橡胶复合材料的非线性电导特性

为研究碳化硅(SiC)/硅橡胶复合材料的非线性电导特性,测试了填加不同种类、掺量、晶型及粒径SiC的SiC/硅橡胶复合材料的直流伏安特性.研究结果表明:SiC/硅橡胶复合材料的电导率随SiC掺量的增加而增大,且当SiC掺量超过一定值后,复合材料的电导机理发生变化;当SiC掺量相等时,在相同强度电场作用下,黑SiC、纳米SiC复合材料的直流电导率分别大于绿SiC、微米SiC复合材料的电导率,且前者的电导非线性特性明显优于后者;与α-SiC/硅橡胶复合材料相比,β-SiC/硅橡胶复合材料的电导非线性系数值发生变化的电场强度低,其最大非线性系数值明显大于前者,且在场强增大到一定值后载流子浓度的增加趋于饱和,其非线性系数值又变小.     

磁场处理对LDPE及其碳纳米管复合材料电导特性的影响

在低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)及其碳纳米管(CNTs)复合材料的热成型加工过程中施加稳恒强磁场,研究了磁场处理对LDPE及CNT/LDPE复合材料直流电导特性的影响,并结合差示扫描量热、偏光显微镜与原子力显微镜分析探讨了磁场处理的作用机理。结果表明,磁场处理能导致LDPE的结晶度提高,体积电阻率增加;稳恒强磁场能在CNTs中"诱导"形成感应磁矩,使得CNTs沿平行于磁场方向在LDPE中取向,从而导致CNTs/LDPE复合材料沿平行于磁场方向的电导率增加,电导非线性特性提高;磁场处理导致CNT/LDPE复合材料电导率增加的幅度随CNTs掺量的增加而增大。     

碳化硅/低密度聚乙烯复合材料的直流伏安特性

为探讨碳化硅（SiC）/低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）复合材料的电导非线性特性,结合扫描电镜观察和X射线衍射分析研究了SiC的掺量、种类、晶型及粒径对SiC/LDPE复合材料直流伏安特性的影响。研究结果表明:SiC掺量增加可导致SiC/LDPE复合材料电导率增大和电导非线性系数发生改变的临界场强值降低;当外施电场强度相等时,在相同的SiC掺量下,纳米α-SiC、绿β-SiC、黑α-SiC复合材料的电导率分别大于微米α-SiC、绿α-SiC、绿α-SiC复合材料的电导率,且前者的电导非线性特性明显优于后者;当黑 α-SiC的掺量达到37.5wt%时,SiC粒径的增大可导致双对数坐标下的电导率与场强关系曲线的拐点向低场强方向移动。      

纳米SiC/低密度聚乙烯复合材料的空间电荷与电导特性

利用熔融共混法制得不同纳米SiC质量分数（0.5%、2.0%、3.0%）的纳米SiC/低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）复合材料,研究了添加纳米SiC颗粒对LDPE介电性能的影响。利用SEM观测了纳米SiC颗粒的分散特性,利用电声脉冲（PEA）法测得40 kV/mm场强作用下纳米SiC/LDPE复合材料的空间电荷分布特性。利用热刺激电流（TSC）进一步验证纳米SiC添加能够提高LDPE的陷阱浓度。结果表明:纳米SiC颗粒能够均匀地分散在LDPE中,未出现较大的团聚现象。纳米SiC质量分数为0.5%、2.0%和3.0%的纳米SiC/LDPE复合材料空间电荷注入量明显低于LDPE。短路600 s后的残留空间电荷密度远小于LDPE。纳米SiC/LDPE复合材料的空间电荷注入量与电导率均随着纳米SiC的增加而减少。纳米SiC质量分数为3.0%的纳米SiC/LDPE复合材料场强非线性系数为2.6,远小于LDPE的4.3。TSC曲线表明纳米SiC/LDPE复合材料内部制造了大量的陷阱,抑制了载流子在材料内部的输运,从而阻碍了空间电荷的迁移和积聚。      

T-ZnOw/硅橡胶复合材料的非线性电导特性研究

针对目前许多绝缘装置存在的电场分布不均问题,采用具有自适应非线性电导特性的材料进行均压是一种有效手段。本工作使用具备独特三维结构的四针状氧化锌晶须(T-ZnOw)为无机填料对硅橡胶基体进行填充,制备了不同体积分数的T-ZnOw/硅橡胶复合材料,并对其电导特性、介电性能、拉伸强度进行了测试。研究结果表明:复合材料的逾渗阈值较低,仅为5%(体积分数);当T-ZnOw的体积分数低于5%时,复合材料不具备非线性电导特性;当T-ZnOw的体积分数大于5%时,复合材料具有良好的非线性电导特性;当达到临界场强E_0时,复合材料的电导率呈指数增加,且随着T-ZnOw体积分数的增加,复合材料的临界场强E_0值逐渐减小。此外,随着T-ZnOw体积分数的增加,复合材料的介电常数增大。加入适当体积分数的T-ZnOw填料有助于改善复合材料的拉伸强度。     

影响低密度聚乙烯/氧化锌复合材料场致电导因素的研究

氧化锌(ZnO)是一种电导率具有场强依赖性的半导体材料,由其经烧结而制备的非线性电阻器件在稳压、过压保护、防雷、灭孤、消噪、补偿、消磁等方面得到了广泛的应用.以低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和氧化锌粉末共混复合体系为研究对象,实验研究了影响LDPE/ZnO复合材料场致电导的主要因素.研究结果表明,增加ZnO的掺量、升高温度和减小压力均能提高LDPE/ZnO复合材料的非线性程度;对于按不同生产工艺制备的ZnO,其晶粒生长行为的不同导致晶粒结构的差异,从而使得含有不同制备工艺的ZnO的LDPE/ZnO复合材料的电导特性存在较大差别.     

两种典型星用聚合物介质抗内带电改性防护技术研究

空间高能电子辐射易造成星用聚合物介质内带电水平过高,是卫星运行可靠性的潜在威胁因素。对航天器介质材料进行非线性电导改性是提高航天器介质材料自释电荷能力,进而降低内带电水平的有效方法。实验选用半导电无机添加剂对典型空间聚合物材料聚四氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺进行改性工艺和电导特性研究,测量了常态体电导率与添加剂含量关系,不同含量添加剂下复合材料体电导率随温度与电场的变化规律以及复合材料的导热性能参数。实验表明,添加剂含量会显著影响复合材料的体电导特性及导热特性,特别是复合材料的非线性电导特性阈值电场降低最为明显。这种既能保持高绝缘性能又具有良好非线性电导特性的新型复合介质材料,有希望成为从根本上解决星用聚合物介质深层带电问题的有效措施。     

微纳米SiC/环氧树脂复合材料的界面和非线性电导特性

以微米和纳米SiC为填料,制备了不同填料配比的微纳米SiC/环氧树脂(EP)复合材料。测试了微纳米SiC/EP复合材料的玻璃化转变温度、室温介电谱和直流电导特性。分析了填料与基体之间的界面对玻璃化转变温度、介电谱及直流电导特性的影响。实验结果表明,在微米和纳米SiC填料的共同掺杂下,随着纳米SiC填料含量的增加,微纳米SiC/EP复合材料的玻璃化转变温度先降低后升高。在相同频率下,微纳米SiC/EP复合材料具有更低的相对介电常数和低频损耗峰幅值。与EP相比,微纳米SiC/EP复合材料具备显著的非线性电导特性。与微米SiC/EP复合材料相比,微纳米SiC/EP复合材料具有更高的非线性指数和阈值电场强度。微纳米SiC/EP复合材料的非线性电导特性与SiC颗粒和EP基体之间的界面区密切相关。      

MWCNTs改善WS2/三元乙丙橡胶复合材料的非线性电导特性与热导性能

通过在一定量的纳米WS₂中添加极少量的多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）,形成MWCNTs-WS₂复配填料,采用双辊开炼机将三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）与不同配比的复配填料混合制备了不同MWCNTs含量的MWCNTs-WS₂/EPDM复合材料。并研究了极少量的MWCNTs添加对MWCNTs-WS₂/EPDM复合材料非线性电导性能、直流击穿性能和导热性能的影响。结果表明,极少量的MWCNTs对MWCNTs-WS₂/EPDM复合材料在25℃时的非线性电导特性起到明显的增强作用,且随着MWCNTs含量的增加,复合材料非线性电导特征有明显的规律性变化;由于MWCNTs自身的高电导率和电导正温度系数效应,MWCNTs-WS₂/EPDM复合材料电导率随电场强度的变化趋势在80℃时不再表现非线性特征。另外,极少量的MWCNTs对MWCNTs-WS₂/EPDM复合材料的热导率有明显地改善。      

聚乙烯/碳化硅复合材料的非线性电导特性的研究

以聚乙烯(PE)和碳化硅(SiC)粉末共混复合体系为研究对象,实验研究了聚合物基体、SiC浓度、温度及压力等因素对该体系直流伏安特性的影响。实验结果表明,增加SiC的掺量、升高温度和增大压力均能提高PE/SiC复合材料的非线性电导率,而聚合物基体结晶度不同对复合材料的非线性电导率的影响也是不同的。     

Novel silicon carbide/polypyrrole composites; preparation and physicochemical properties

Novel silicon carbide/polypyrrole (SiC/PPy) conducting composites were prepared using silicon carbide as inorganic substrate. The surface modification of SiC was performed in aqueous solution by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole using ferric chloride as oxidant. Elemental analysis was used to determine the mass loading of polypyrrole in the SiC/PPy composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed the surface modification of SiC by PPy. PPy in composites was confirmed by the presence of PPy bands in the infrared spectra of SiC/PPy containing various amounts of conducting polymer. The conductivity of SiC/PPy composites depends on PPy content on the surface. The composite containing 35 wt.% PPy showed conductivity about 2 S cm⁻¹, which is in the same range as the conductivity of pure polypyrrole powder prepared under the same conditions using the same oxidant. PPy in the composites was clearly detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements by its N1s and Cl2p peaks. High resolution scans of the C1s regions distinguished between silicon carbide and polypyrrole carbons. The fraction of polypyrrole at the composite surface was estimated from the silicon and nitrogen levels. The combination of XPS and conductivity measurements suggests that the surface of the SiC/PPy composites is polypyrrole-rich for a conducting polymer mass loading of at least 12.6 wt.%.     

Fabrication of SiCf/SiC composites by chemical vapor infiltration and vapor silicon infiltration

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (SiC_f/SiC) composites, employing KD-1 SiC fibers (from National University of Defense Technology, China) as reinforcements, were fabricated by a combining chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and vapor silicon infiltration (VSI) process. The microstructure and properties of the as prepared SiC_f/SiC composites were studied. The results show that the density and open porosity of the as prepared SiC_f/SiC composites are 2.1 g/cm³ and 7.7%, respectively. The SiC fibers are not severely damaged during the VSI process. And the SiC fibers adhere to the matrix with a weak interface, therefore the SiC_f/SiC composites exhibit non-catastrophic failure behavior with the flexural strength of 270 MPa, fracture toughness of 11.4 MPa·m^1/2 and shear strength of 25.7 MPa at ambient conditions. Moreover, the flexural strength decreases sharply at the temperature higher than 1200 °C. In addition, the thermal conductivity is 10.6 W/mk at room temperature.     

NITE工艺制备SiCf/SiC复合材料的研究进展

NITE(nano-infiltration and transient eutectic)工艺作为一种制备碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基(SiCf/SiC)复合材料的新方法,具备周期短、工艺简单、生产成本低等优点,制备出的复合材料基体致密、孔隙率低、不含残余硅,适用于1400℃及以上高温长时服役环境应用。目前,日本、美国等国家基于其成熟的第三代碳化硅纤维,对该技术开展了较为深入的研究,并在核能工业热交换器、航空发动机燃烧室衬套等领域进行了应用验证。本文针对NITE工艺从基本概念、工艺流程、制备的SiCf/SiC复合材料和构件考核验证及前景展望四方面进行综合阐述,以期为国内该工艺的发展及应用提供一定程度的参考。     

Mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites with alternating PyC/SiC multilayer interphases

In order to tailor the fiber–matrix interface of continuous silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC_f/SiC) composites for improved fracture toughness, alternating pyrolytic carbon/silicon carbide (PyC/SiC) multilayer coatings were applied to the KD-I SiC fibers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Three dimensional (3D) KD-I SiC_f/SiC composites reinforced by these coated fibers were fabricated using a precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. The interfacial characteristics were determined by the fiber push-out test and microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of interface coatings on composite mechanical properties was evaluated by single-edge notched beam (SENB) test and three-point bending test. The results indicate that the PyC/SiC multilayer coatings led to an optimum interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix and greatly improved the fracture toughness of the composites.     

Microstructure, mechanical properties and reaction mechanism of KD-1 SiCf/SiC composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration and vapor silicon infiltration

Three-dimensional (3D) KD-1 silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (KD-1 SiC_f/SiC) composites were fabricated by a combining chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and vapor silicon infiltration (VSI) process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting KD-1 SiC_f/SiC composites were studied. The results show that the resulting SiC_f/SiC composites have high bulk density and low open porosity (<6%). The mechanical properties of the resulting SiC_f/SiC composites firstly increase and then decrease with decreasing the open porosity of the SiC_f/C composites. The KD-1 SiC fibers were not severely deformed and adhered to the matrix with a weak interface during the VSI process. As a result, the composites exhibit non-catastrophic failure behavior. Additionally, the diffusion mechanism for the VSI process was also investigated in our work.     

The role of silicon in wetting and pressureless infiltration of SiCp preforms by aluminum alloys

Silicon plays an important role in the production of Al/SiC metal matrix composites. As an alloying element in aluminum, silicon retards the kinetics of the chemical reactions that result in the formation of the unwanted intermetallics Al₄C₃ and Al₄SiC₄. As a thin coating on silicon carbide, silicon becomes an active participant in a thermally activated chemical reaction that enhances wetting of silicon carbide by aluminum alloys. Consequently, Al/SiC composites made with siliconized silicon carbide and silicon rich aluminum alloys show mechanical properties that are significantly different from those of similar composites produced with unsiliconized silicon carbide or with aluminum alloys that do not contain silicon. It is shown that a silicon coating on SiC significantly enhances wetting of SiC particles by aluminum alloys, reduces porosity, does not affect the modulus of elasticity, but decreases the modulus of rupture of Al/SiC metal matrix composites.     

Interlaminar shear strength of SiC matrix composites reinforced by continuous fibers at 900 °C in air

To reveal the shear properties of SiC matrix composites, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of three kinds of silicon carbide matrix composites was investigated by compression of the double notched shear specimen (DNS) at 900 °C in air. The investigated composites included a woven plain carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-C/SiC), a two-and-a-half-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composite (2.5D-C/SiC) and a woven plain silicon carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-SiC/SiC). A scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphologies. It can be found that the fiber type and reinforcement architecture have significant impacts on the ILSS of the SiC matrix composites. Great anisotropy of ILSS can be found for 2.5D-C/SiC because of the different fracture resistance of the warp fibers. Larger ILSS can be obtained when the specimens was loaded along the weft direction. In addition, the SiC fibers could enhance the ILSS, compared with carbon fibers. The improvement is attributed to the higher oxidation resistance of SiC fibers and the similar thermal expansion coefficients between the matrix and the fibers.     

碳化硅纳米线增强多孔碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的制备

构建多孔碳化硅纳米线(SiCNWs)网络并控制化学气相渗透(CVI)过程,可设计并获得轻质、高强度和低导热率SiC复合材料。首先将SiCNWs和聚乙烯醇(PVA)混合,制备具有最佳体积分数(15.6%)和均匀孔隙结构的SiCNWs网络;通过控制CVI参数获得具有小而均匀孔隙结构的SiCNWs增强多孔SiC(SiCNWs/SiC)陶瓷基复合材料。SiC基体形貌受沉积参数(如温度和反应气体浓度)的影响,从球状颗粒向六棱锥颗粒形状转变。SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的孔隙率为38.9%时,强度达到(194.3±21.3) MPa,导热系数为(1.9 ± 0.1) W/(m∙K),显示出增韧效果,并具有低导热系数。