钛酸钙体系电流变液的研究

采用草酸共沉淀的方法合成钛酸钙(CTO)体系的纳米颗粒,将颗粒与硅油均匀混合成的电流变液表现出了卓越的性能:屈服强度可达100kPa以上;电流密度小,不超过10μA/cm2;同时具有抗沉降性好,制备工艺简单,周期短等优点.研究了体积浓度、硅油粘度等对钛酸钙体系电流变性能的影响.不同温度处理过的CTO粉末所配制的电流变液的流变性能结果和FT-IR结果表明,羰基、羟基等极性基团是引发该体系巨电流变效应的原因.     

电场作用下电流变液的拉伸、压缩和剪切特性

对外加直流电场作用下电流变液的拉伸、压缩和剪切特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在外电场作用下,电流变液的压缩强度比剪切强度约高一个数量级,压缩强度是拉伸强度的2~3倍。压缩弹性模量约与压缩过程中电场强度的三次方成正比。压缩应力与电流变液本身性能、外加电压大小和压缩应变都有密切关系。拉伸屈服应力为剪切屈服应力的拉伸屈服应力和剪切屈服应力的3~4倍,据此计算得到剪切屈服应变角度在15°~18.5°之间。     

巨电流变液的非线性光学响应研究

寻找具有增强的非线性光学响应的材料一直是国际学术界的热点问题之一.本文研究了巨电流变液的非线性光学响应.我们发现,当巨电流变液中的纳米颗粒添加一层具有内秉非线性光学响应的涂层时,体系的有效非线性光学响应可以得到极大增强.所以,巨电流变液有望成为一种新型的非线性光学材料.     

丙三醇改性对电流变液性能的影响

以丙三醇和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用沉淀法制备丙三醇改性氧钛系(gly-O-Ti)电流变液颗粒,通过实验研究丙三醇加入量对颗粒形态及电流变性能的影响。颗粒结构及形态测试结果表明,gly-O-Ti颗粒呈无定形态,其粒径随丙三醇量增加而增大。电流变性能采用MCR301旋转流变仪测得,结果表明,当丙三醇与钛酸四丁酯摩尔比为2.5时,所制备的gly-O-Ti颗粒具有最佳的电流变效应;以此颗粒为分散相制备颗粒质量浓度为70%的电流变液,其在2.5kV/mm的电场强度下,剪切屈服强度达150kPa,呈低场高强特性。     

电流变液添加剂的研究

从能量角度定量研究了添加剂对电流变液屈服应力的影响，提出了添加剂作用的极化模型。并用液晶材料作为添加剂进行实验，所得结果与极化模型理论相一致。     

新型材料-电流变液

本文介绍了电流变液的现象及基本概念,详细说明了电流变液的组成,影响电流变效应的各因素,并且介绍了电流变现象的机理,总结了电流变液的应用前景,指出了应用研究中的不足及今后的发展方向,以期引起大家的关注.     

复合颗粒电流变液的制备及其性能

制备了ＳｉＯ２／Ｐ（ＭＭＡ－ＭＡＡ）微囊复合颗粒电流变液,测试了该电流变液的力学性能和材料性能。结果指出：这种复合颗粒电流变液的稳定性有较大的提高;剪切强度随外加电场强度的增大而增大。     

电流变液中的化学问题

简单介绍了电流变液及电流变现象，并着重从化学的角度阐述了电流变现象的机理，电流变液组成及其稳定性，对存在的问题进行了讨论。     

电流变液研究新进展

电流变液是一种智能材料,其流变特性在电场作用下可以快速、连续地调节,因而具有广阔的工业应用前景.在简要介绍电流变液特性的基础上,着重介绍了近年来发明的一类新型电流变液"极性分子型电流变液".该电流变液的屈服应力比传统电流变液大1个数量级以上,且屈服应力与外电场强度呈正比关系,而不是传统电流变液的二次方关系.这些现象都无法用传统的电流变液理论(介电极化理论)进行解释.介绍了一种新的电流变液理论模型.该模型指出了颗粒上吸附的极性分子是产生电流变液高屈服应力的主要原因,并能解释近年来出现的一系列高性能电流变液的机理.     

电流变液的动态屈服应力

分别考虑多偶极子相互作用和电导模型中多颗粒的相互作用, 结合电流变液的微观结构, 得出了电流变液的应力-应变关系。由材料屈服后的断裂恢复过程, 得到了两种模型的动态屈服应力。计算表明, 动态屈服应力比静态屈服应力约小25% 左右, 且随体积比增大而增大。     

Material characteristics of an ER fluid and its influence on damping forces of an ER damper Part I: material characteristics

This paper presents experimental results on material properties of an electro-rheological (ER) fluid subjected to temperature variations, mechanical and electrical fatigues. As a first step, an arabic gum-based ER fluid is made by choosing 30% of particle weight-concentration. Using the couette type of the electroviscometer, the field-dependent yield shear stress and current density of the ER fluid are measured by changing the operating temperature from −5°C to 85°C. A reciprocating cylinder mechanism is then manufactured to test mechanical endurance of the ER fluid. Under the specific excitation stroke and frequency, the variation of the yield shear stress is investigated with respect to the operating cycle up to one million cycles. In addition, following the construction of test mechanism for electrical endurance of the ER fluid, the yield shear stress and surface roughness of the electrode are evaluated as a function of the number of the electric-field cycle.     

TiO_2/尿素核壳纳米颗粒的制备及其电流变性能

在醇盐水解法制备TiO2颗粒的过程中加入尿素,制备TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒。采用SEM和TEM对颗粒的形貌进行表征,结果表明TiO2/尿素颗粒呈规则球形,粒径为400~500nm,具有良好的单分散性和完整的核壳结构;FT-IR分析表明,尿素成功包覆在TiO2颗粒表面;XRD分析表明,TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒呈无定形态。分别以TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒和纯TiO2颗粒为分散相制备同浓度的电流变液,性能测试结果表明,TiO2/尿素电流变液比纯TiO2电流变液具有更高的剪切屈服强度,且剪切应力在较宽的剪切速率范围内(1 000s-1)保持稳定。     

Evaluation of stress intensity factor under pure shear stress in orthotropic material

Various types of composite materials are currently being developed and used for automobiles, airplanes, ships and other structures in response to required service conditions which are getting increasingly more severe. Of growing importance under such circumstances is the study of stress analysis and fracture mechanics for these composite material structures. Particularly, the primary concern in design of structures and machines should be the initiation of cracks due to excessive deformation, delamination in material or other material defects. In evaluating safety, it is indispensable from the structural design point of view that K value should be known by an analysis conducted in advance. In this study, stress intensity factor (mode II) under a pure shear stress was obtained using the photoelastic method and caustic method and applying an isotropic material and orthotropic material (copper fibre epoxy composite (CFEC) developed by the authors), each containing the crack. Results were compared with theoretical values. As a result, this method was found useful and the effect of the direction of the primary axis of this material on the stress intensity factor was clarified.     

Influence of initial stress on fracture of a halfspace containing a penny-shaped crack under radial shear

In this study, an axisymmetrical problem for a penny-shaped crack under radial shear is considered. The crack is located parallel to the surface of a halfspace, which is subjected to initial stress parallel to the crack plane. An approach proposed by Guz (1983) in the framework of the three-dimensional linearised solid mechanics is used. Analysis involves reducing the problem to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, where the solutions are identified with harmonic potential functions. The representations of the stress intensity factors K _I and K _II near the crack edges are obtained. These stress intensity factors are both influenced by the initial stress.     

On higher order parameters in cracked composite plates under far‐field pure shear

This paper presents the analytical solution of the crack tip fields as well as the crack parameters in an infinitely large composite plate with a central crack subjected to pure shear loading. To this end, the complex variable method is employed to formulate an asymptotic solution for the crack tip fields in an anisotropic plane. Using a stress‐based definition of the crack tip modes of loading, only the mode II crack parameters are found to be non‐zero under pure shear load. Special focus is given to the determination of the higher order parameters of the crack tip asymptotic field, particularly the first non‐singular term, ie, the T‐stress. Unlike the isotropic materials, in which the T‐stress is zero under pure shear, it is found that the T‐stress is non‐zero for the case of anisotropic materials, being the only material‐dependent crack tip stress parameter. The veracity of our exact crack tip fields is assessed and verified through a comparison made with respect to the finite element (FE) solution. Finally, we demonstrate the significance of the T‐stress on stresses near the crack tip in composite plates under pure shear loads.     

Wave propagation and transient response of a FGM plate under a point impact load based on higher-order shear deformation theory

In this paper, the wave propagation and transient response of an infinite functionally graded plate under a point impact load are presented. The effective material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) for the plate are assumed to vary continuously through the plate thickness and be distributed according to a volume fraction power law along the plate thickness. Based on the higher-order shear deformation theory and considering the effect of the rotary inertia, the governing equations of the wave propagation in the functionally graded plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The analytic dispersion relation of the functionally graded plate is obtained by means of integral transforms and a complete discussion of dispersion for the functionally graded plate is given. Then, using the dispersion relation and integral transforms, exact integral solutions for the functionally graded plate under a point impact load are obtained. The transient response curves of the functionally graded plates are plotted and the influence of volume fraction distributions on transient response of functionally graded plates is analyzed. Finally, the solutions of the higher-order shear deformation theory and the first-order shear deformation theory are studied.     

Solution of flat crack problems in shear mode

Solution of the flat crack problems in shear mode is presented. The least potential energy principle is used to solve the problems. In the solution a family of the crack opening displacements (COD) with some undermined coefficients is assumed. The strain energy stored in body is expressed in the form of a quadratic form with some undetermined coefficients. In the formulation of the quadratic form, the differential–integral equation for the flat crack problem is used. After using the least potential energy principle, the coefficients in the family of COD can be determined and the crack opening displacements can be evaluated immediately. The stress intensity factors along the crack border can be obtained from the known crack opening displacements. A particular feature of the present method is that no singular integral is involved in computation. Several numerical examples are given with the calculated stress intensity factors along the crack border. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磁/电场约束下钛合金表面羟基磷灰石/TiO_2复合生物涂层的制备

用恒电位阳极氧化法分别以硫酸和磷酸为电解液,在钛合金基体上制备出具有不同孔径大小和不同晶型的TiO2涂层. 外加磁场条件下,在TiO2涂层上电沉积形成纳米羟基磷灰石涂层.当垂直电场方向施加1T磁场时,在洛伦兹力影响下生长成羟基磷灰石生长成长度大约为200nm,直径大约为50nm的棒状晶粒;在磁场平行于电场的条件下,生成直径为50-70nm的粒状晶粒.纳米羟基磷灰石与多孔TiO2涂层之间几何形貌的匹配程度,影响复合涂层与钛合金基体的结合强度.当TiO2涂层的孔径大约为100 nm时,棒状羟基磷灰石晶粒与钛合金基体间的锁合更牢固,结合力更强.     

Role of shear stress and stretch in vascular mechanobiology

Blood vessels are under constant mechanical loading from blood pressure and flow which cause internal stresses (endothelial shear stress and circumferential wall stress, respectively). The mechanical forces not only cause morphological changes of endothelium and blood vessel wall, but also trigger biochemical and biological events. There is considerable evidence that physiologic stresses and strains (stretch) exert vasoprotective roles via nitric oxide and provide a homeostatic oxidative balance. A perturbation of tissue stresses and strains can disturb biochemical homeostasis and lead to vascular remodelling and possible dysfunction (e.g. altered vasorelaxation, tone, stiffness, etc.). These distinct biological endpoints are caused by some common biochemical pathways. The focus of this brief review is to point out some possible commonalities in the molecular pathways in response to endothelial shear stress and circumferential wall stretch.