Composite wheat–germinated brown rice flours: selected physicochemical properties and bread application

Selected physicochemical properties of composite [wheat/germinated brown rice (GBRF)/germinated glutinous brown rice (GGNBRF)] flours at 100:0:0 (control), 70:30:0, 60:30:10, 60:40:0 and 50:40:10 (%) were evaluated. Germination (steeping at pH 3 for 24 h at 35 °C) increased free gamma‐aminobutyric acid from 2.11 to 32.7 and 2.41 to 30.69 mg per 100 g flour for GBRF and GGNBRF, respectively. The 60:30:10 and 50:40:10 composite flours exhibited the lower peak viscosity (70.42 and 68.54 RVU, respectively). The setback viscosity of composite flours containing GGNBR was significantly lower than other flours. The presence of GBRF and GGNBRF significantly lowered specific volume and expansion ratio of breads. However, all sensory liking scores, except for appearance, were not significantly different among composite flour breads. Overall liking scores of all breads ranged from 6.8 to 7.2 (like moderately). This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating GBRF and GGNBRF up to 50% by weight in bread formulations without compromising sensory liking.     

Germination Conditions Affect Physicochemical Properties of Germinated Brown Rice Flour

ABSTRACT:  Germinated brown rice has been reported to be nutritious due to increased free gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The physicochemical properties of brown rice (BR) and glutinous brown rice (GNBR) after germination as affected by different steeping times (24, 36, 48, and 72 h depending on the rice variety) and pHs of steeping water (3, 5, 7, and as-is) were determined and compared to those of the nongerminated one (control). As the steeping time increased or pH of steeping water decreased, germinated brown rice flours (GBRF) from both BR and GNBR had greater reducing sugar, free GABA and α-amylase activity; while the total starch and viscosity were lower than their respective controls. GBRFs from both BR and GNBR prepared after 24-h steeping time at pH 3 contained a high content of free GABA at 32.70 and 30.69 mg/100 g flour, respectively. The peak viscosity of GBRF obtained from both BR and GNBR (7.42 to 228.22 and 4.42 to 58.67 RVU, respectively) was significantly lower than that of their controls (255.46 and 190.17 RVU, respectively). The principal component analysis indicated that the important variables for discriminating among GBRFs, explained by the first 2 components at 89.82% of total explained variance, were the pasting profiles, α-amylase activity, and free GABA.     

Germination Conditions Affect Selected Quality of Composite Wheat-Germinated Brown Rice Flour and Bread Formulations

Abstract: Brown rice has been reported to be more nutritious after germination. Germinated brown rice flours (GBRFs) from different steeping conditions (in distilled water [DI, pH 6.8] or in a buffer solution [pH 3] for either 24 or 48 h at 35 °C) were evaluated in this study. GBRF obtained from brown rice steeped at pH 3 for 48 h contained the highest amount of free gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA; 67 mg/100 g flour). The composite flour (wheat-GBRF) at a ratio of 70 : 30 exhibited significantly lower peak viscosity (PV) (56.99 – 132.45 RVU) with higher alpha-amylase activity (SN = 696 – 1826) compared with those of wheat flour (control) (PV = 136.46 RVU and SN = 1976). Bread formulations, containing 30% GBRF, had lower loaf volume and greater hardness (P < 0.05) than the wheat bread. However, the hardness of bread containing 30% GBRF (except at pH 6.8 and 24 h) was significantly lower than that of bread containing 30% nongerminated brown rice flour (BRF). Acceptability scores for aroma, taste, and flavor of breads prepared with or without GBRFs (30% substitution) were not significantly different, with the mean score ranging from 6.1 (like slightly) to 7 (like moderately). Among the bread formulations containing GBRF, the one with GBRF prepared after 24 h steeping at pH 3 had a slightly higher (though not significant) overall liking score (6.8). This study demonstrated that it is feasible to substitute wheat flour with up to 30% GBRF in bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance. Practical Application: Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 30% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance. In the current United States market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread which would have a longer shelf life. Further study is thus needed.     

不同储藏时间米糠制备膳食纤维对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响

将米糠储藏0、1、3、5、10 d后制备的米糠不溶性膳食纤维(rice bran insoluble dietary fiber,RBIDF)添加到米粉中,研究不同储藏时间米糠制备的RBIDF对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,当RBIDF添加量相同时,随着米糠储藏时间的延长,米粉的峰值黏度呈先上升后略微下降的趋势,在米糠储藏第5天时达到最大值,回生值逐渐上升,峰值时间和糊化温度先下降后上升,分别在米糠储藏5 d和3 d达到最小值;储能模量在米粉凝胶形成阶段和米粉凝胶形成后阶段都呈上升趋势,损耗角正切在米粉凝胶形成后阶段先减小后增大,在米糠储藏5 d达到最小值;硬度、回复性、胶着性、咀嚼度先增大后减小,黏附性先减小后增大,均在米糠储藏3 d达到极值。相关性分析结果表明,米糠毛油酸值与米粉的峰值黏度呈显著(P 0. 05)正相关,与峰值时间和糊化温度呈极显著(P 0. 01)负相关,与回生值和米糠储藏时间呈极显著(P 0. 01)正相关。     

The impact of germination on the characteristics of brown rice flour and starch

BACKGROUND: In recent years, germinated brown rice as a functional food has received great attention with its improved sensory and nutritional properties. Particularly of interest are the high levels of γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) which can be obtained during germination. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the effect of germination on the physicochemical properties of brown rice. RESULT: Germination altered the chemical composition of brown rice, resulting in an increase in reducing sugar and ash content, and a reduction in amylose. Solubility, paste viscosity, transition temperatures (T_o, T_p and T_c) and percentage of retrogradation (%Retrogradation) were decreased, while swelling power and turbidity were significantly increased. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that starch granules from germinated brown rice became smaller and less homogeneous. Moreover, germination shortened the chain length of amylopectin and amylose molecules. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides information on changes in the characteristics of rice flour and rice starch during germination, leading to a better understanding on the chemistry of brown rice germination. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanistic study of the impact of germinated brown rice flour on gluten network formation,dough properties and bread quality

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of germinated brown rice flour (GBRF) on the mechanism of high gluten wheat flour (HGWF) network formation and dough properties. Therefore, dough properties, microstructures, stability mechanism and bread quality were evaluated. Results showed that HGWF+10%GBRF exhibited a higher dough stability time (DST), pasting temperature, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G′′), as well as a lower compliance value. The microstructure of dough showed that GBRF interfered with the self-organization of gluten protein molecules and affected the formation of gluten network structure. The disulfide bonds and β-sheet structure were proved to play an important role in facilitating the formation of a stable three-dimensional network structure, which revealed the regulatory mechanism of GBRF in maintaining the dough stability and strength. Furthermore, the dough mixing properties and texture parameters (i.e., hardness and fracturability) of breads were significantly correlated. Overall, GBRF can be used as a potential ingredient for whole grain products and its realistic role in bread-making has been demonstrated.     

超声波辅助酶预处理对糙米发芽及发芽糙米理化特性的影响

结合超声波和外源酶对糙米进行预处理,利用中心组合试验模型,以超声温度、超声时间、酶质量浓度3 个因素为自变量,糙米预处理后处理液中总糖含量、糙米发芽率、发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸（γ-amiobutyric acid,GABA）含量为响应值,设计了三因素三水平的响应面分析试验,并对数据进行拟合和相关性分析。同时研究超声波辅助酶预处理对发芽糙米中GABA含量、总酚含量、内源淀粉酶活力以及发芽糙米糊化黏度、蒸煮后质构特性的影响。结果表明：超声辅助酶预处理的超声温度和超声时间对糙米发芽率和GABA含量均有显著的影响。通过响应面分析,超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度31.21 ℃、超声时间0.71 h、酶质量浓度0.28 g/L时,发芽率最高预测值为91.98%;超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度35.65 ℃、超声时间0.5 h、酶质量浓度0.22 g/L时,GABA含量最高预测值为38.25 mg/100 g。从发芽糙米的理化特性来看,超声波辅助酶预处理有利于GABA的富集,但不利于总酚的积累。超声波辅助酶预处理可以有效地提高内源淀粉酶的活力,相应地降低发芽糙米粉的糊化黏度以及发芽糙米蒸煮后的硬度。     

The effects of germination,fermentation, and fermentation additives on the phytate content of rice flour

The phytate contents in nine rice cultivars (Oryza sativa cv.) grown in Korea were investigated and the effects of germination, fermentation, and fermentation additives on the phytate content of rice flour were studied. In nondehulled paddy rice, the phytate content was the highest in Goamibyeo and the lowest in Hanareumbyeo. In milled rice, the phytate content was the highest in Suweon517 and the lowest in Manmibyeo. For Goamibyeo, which had high phytate contents both before and after milling, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the phytate content of paddy rice after germination. The phytate content reduction occurred when germinated paddy flour was fermented at 50°C for 24 h. Paddy rice phytate was completely removed when ammonium sulfate was added to germinated paddy rice flour, which was then allowed to ferment at 50°C for 24 h.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌对糙米发芽影响

将从发芽糙米分离到优势细菌蜡样芽孢杆菌(bacillus cereus)添加到发芽糙米中,对照则采用添加复合抗生素抑制微生物生长繁殖,通过对二者比较,研究蜡样芽孢杆菌对发芽糙米发芽率、γ–氨基丁酸(GABA)产量、感官特性及还原糖含量影响,并初步探讨蜡样芽孢杆菌对发芽糙米品质影响机理。结果表明:蜡样芽孢杆菌使发芽糙米发芽率、GABA产量显著降低,还原糖含量下降,其原因可能是蜡样芽孢杆菌消耗发芽糙米部分营养物质;蜡样芽孢杆菌还使发芽糙米带有轻微酸臭味。     

Effect of Levilactobacillus brevis TISTR 860 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TISTR 951 on gamma-aminobutyric acid content in fermented rice flour and rice noodles (Kanomjeen)

This research aimed to reduce the fermentation time of fermented rice flour for fermented rice noodles (Kanomjeen) to 24 h by adding the initial starter cultures, which are Levilactobacillus brevis TISTR 860 (LB) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TISTR 951 (LP) alone in rice slurry to achieve the quality and high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The initial pH value of rice slurry was adjusted to 4.5 and enriched with 2% of monosodium glutamate (MSG) before fermentation. LP was able to produce lactic acid and reduced pH better than LB but produced GABA in less content. Expanding fermentation time induced decreasing in viscosity and whiteness of flour. Fermented rice noodles provided better tensile strength and elasticity. In conclusion, LB could produce GABA in the amount of 21.80 mg/100 g dry basis in 24 h with good quality.     

Effectiveness of hermetic containers in controlling paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) storage insect pests

Naturally infested paddy rice was used to compare the effectiveness of polypropylene bags and hermetic storage containers over 12 months of storage in a warehouse. Insect pest identification as well as the infestation level, percentage of damaged grain, weight loss, and moisture content were evaluated. Five insect species associated with stored rice were identified during the storage period, namely lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), rice/maize weevil (Sitophilus spp.), angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus). The lesser grain borer was the most predominant species with an average incidence above 70% after twelve months of storage, followed by the rice/maize weevil with an incidence of 17%. When compared to hermetic storage containers, polypropylene bag showed the highest mean infestation level with 233.3 individuals/kg after six months of storage, representing about 8-fold of the number of insects recorded in hermetic containers after six months of storage. In polypropylene container, the percentage of damaged grain and weight loss increased significantly achieving a maximum of 6.98% and 5.56% respectively, whereas using hermetic containers the highest percentage of damaged grain reached was 3.24% in polyethylene drum and the weight loss was 1.62% in GrainSafe bag. The results from the study show that the use of hermetic storage containers is a green alternative for safe storage of paddy rice, for 12 months without application of pesticides, bringing multiple advantages for smallholder farmers, lever food security and income generation for smallholder farmers and rice milling companies.     

Effect of rice storage on pasting properties of rice flour

The pasting properties of rice flour following storage of the grain for up to 16 months were investigated. Storage produced changes in the RVA pasting curves of the flour as a varietal, time and temperature dependent phenomenon. The data confirm that viscograms from samples stored at 4 and 37 °C provide a valid comparison of the effects of ageing on pasting behaviour. The most significant change in the pasting curve was the decrease in BD over time and the gradual disappearance of a clearly defined peak in aged samples. Chemical (β-mercaptoethanol) and enzyme treatments (hemicellulase, cellulase and protease) of flour obtained from aged rice produced various changes in the RVA viscograms. The most notable effect was produced by protease treatment which increased PV and decreased FV of flours from aged (higher temperature storage) rice samples. Aged samples treated in this way showed a peak and trough as normally seen in fresh rice. Thus, protein appears as a key component in the ageing process.     

Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Wheat-Germinated Brown Rice Bread during Storage Time

Abstract: Selected physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of bread prepared from composite flour (wheat:germinated brown rice:germinated glutinous brown rice flours at 60:30:10 ratio) were evaluated during storage for 0, 3, and 5 d, and compared with wheat bread (0 d, control). During storage, color profiles and water activity (from 0.947 to 0.932) of crumbs of composite flour breads slightly changed, but moisture content drastically decreased along with increasing crumb hardness (from 4.16 N to 10.37 N). Higher retrogradation in bread crumb was observed particularly for 5-d stored bread (ΔH = 2.24 J/g) compared to that of the fresh composite bread and the control (ΔH = 0.70 and 0.51 J/g, respectively). Mean (n = 116) overall liking score of the fresh composite flour bread (0 d) was slightly lower than that of the control (7.1 compared with 7.6 based on a 9-point hedonic scale). At least 76% of consumers would purchase the fresh composite flour bread if commercially available. Breads were differentiated by textural (moistness, smoothness, and softness) acceptability with canonical correlation of 0.84 to 0.87. The signal-to-noise ratio values of the 5-d stored breads were lower than the control, due mainly to the non-JAR (not-enough) intensity responses for moistness, smoothness, and softness; the mean drop of liking scores for these attributes ranged from 2.42 to 2.98. Flavor acceptability and overall liking were factors influencing consumers’ purchase intent of composite flour breads based on logistic regression analysis. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. Practical Application: Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. In the current U.S. market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread that would have a longer shelf life, or may be supplied as a food-service product that would be made-to-order or made fresh daily as currently practiced in some major grocery stores.     

16个水稻品种新米和陈米理化特性的比较

以常温下储藏1年的16个水稻品种(系)陈米与其相应的新米为材料,比较分析了稻米理化性状、淀粉RVA谱特征值、食味值及米饭的硬度和黏度。结果表明:陈米的食味值均有不同程度下降;新米食味值高的品种其陈米的食味值也相对较高;与新比相比,陈米的直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量无明显变化;陈米的最高黏度和崩解值较新米有所上升;陈米米饭的硬度上升,黏度下降,陈米的硬度和黏度分别与其食味值呈显著负相关和正相关关系,相关系数分别为r=-0.537*和r=0.553*,因此可以通过测定陈米的硬度间接评价陈米的食味品质。     

不同贮藏环境和时间对大米质量影响的研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为研究龙粳31大米在高温高湿普通米桶、高温高湿负压米桶、室温普通米桶和室温负压米桶贮藏期间品质变化的规律，探究贮藏环境和时间对大米质量状况的影响。检测和分析大米外观、脂肪酸值、食味值、直链淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪酸组成和含量、米粉糊化特性等指标，并在贮藏环境和贮藏时间两个维度上对数据进行可视化雷达图分析。结果表明高温高湿和贮藏时间的延长能加速大米品质的劣化，不同贮藏环境和时间对峰值黏度（1 991 ~ 2 859 cP）、最终黏度（2 650 ~ 3 334 cP）、最低黏度（1 459 ~ 2 182 cP）、脂肪酸值（2.74 ~ 32.58 mg/100 g）、油酸（1.12 ~ 1.81 mg/g）、亚油酸（2.68 ~ 3.53 mg/g）和食味值（68.72 ~ 80.30分）等指标具有显著的影响（P < 0.05）。雷达图分析表明，高温高湿普通米桶贮藏大米品质劣化的品质指标主要为脂肪酸值、油酸和亚油酸；高温高湿负压米桶贮藏大米品质劣化的指标主要为峰值黏度和最终黏度；室温普通米桶和室温负压米桶贮藏大米品质劣化的指标为峰值黏度和最低黏度。不同贮藏时间上，峰值黏度和最低黏度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势，脂肪酸值持续升高，油酸和亚油酸含量在贮藏到15天后急剧下降，食味值逐渐降低。综上，短时间（15天）的大米贮藏，负压米桶能更好地保持大米的品质状况；长时间（15天以上）的大米贮藏，普通米桶和负压米桶差异不显著。     

多糖类食品添加剂对大米粉黏度特性的影响研究

分析多糖类食品添加剂对大米粉RVA黏度特性的影响。结果表明:大米粉的回生值随着HPMC含量的增加逐渐增加,添加HPMC的大米粉样品与未添加的样品相比,大米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度出现了增加;麦芽糊精能起到降低大米粉回生值和崩解值的作用,麦芽糊精对大米粉的峰值时间和糊化温度的影响不明显;随着瓜尔豆胶含量的逐渐增加,大米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和回生值都逐渐增加;添加卡拉胶与未添加卡拉胶的大米粉样品相比,峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值均出现下降,而热浆黏度和峰值时间都出现了增加。     

乳酸湿热处理改善大米粉性质及粉条品质的研究

主要研究乳酸湿热处理对大米粉性质及其干粉条和湿粉条品质的影响。以水磨籼米粉为原料,通过不同浓度乳酸、湿热以及乳酸与湿热联用的方法对米粉进行处理,研究不同条件下制备的大米粉的糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀率以及干粉条和湿粉条的蒸煮品质和质构品质。实验结果表明:乳酸湿热处理对大米粉糊化特性影响显著,大米粉通过湿热处理、乳酸处理、乳酸湿热联用处理后,大米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值都有所降低。在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,峰值黏度最高。乳酸湿热处理对大米粉的溶解度和膨胀度都有一定的影响,与原样相比,被处理过的样品其溶解度、膨胀度都逐渐降低。在粉条蒸煮品质测定中,乳酸处理(pH=4)后,干粉条和湿粉条的断条率、蒸煮损失率都达到最低。在粉条质构品质测定中,经过湿热处理、乳酸处理和乳酸湿热联用处理三种方法处理以后,湿粉条的硬度、咀嚼性均有所下降,在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,湿粉条的弹性达到最大;在湿热处理、乳酸处理和乳酸湿热联用处理中,干粉条的黏度有所下降,在乳酸(pH=4)时,干粉条的弹性达到最大。最终结果:在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,对改善大米粉性质及粉条品质的效果是最优的。     

RETENTION OF IODINE IN FORTIFIED PARBOILED RICE AND ITS PASTING CHARACTERISTICS DURING STORAGE

Iodine fortification, as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO₃), in parboiled milled rice was investigated. The fortified parboiled milled rice (9–10% moisture content) contained 11.6 × 10^?2 mol KI per 100‐g salt or 9 × 10^?2 mol KIO₃ per 100‐g salt. The iodine‐fortified parboiled milled rice after dialysis retained 80.50–84.87% iodine, while the milled rice retained 97–100% iodine in the samples. Test on in vitro starch digestion showed that most iodine was released within 15 min of starch digestion. The iodine‐fortified and nonfortified parboiled milled rice showed significant higher pasting temperature, peak time and setback viscosity than normal milled rice. After storage for 5 months, iodine content in fortified parboiled milled rice decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.01), while iodine content in milled rice did not change during storage. For the rice stored at ambient temperature, the rapid visco‐analyzer amylograph viscosity (peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity) increased during the first 2 months and decreased during storage. Iodine did not affect these attributes of parboiled milled rice.     

Aging kinetics of low amylose rice during storage at ambient and chilled temperatures

The objectives of this study were to monitor the changes in rice properties during aging and to compare kinetic parameters related to some of those changes. Paddy of three low amylose rice varieties was stored at ambient (30 ± 2ºC) and chilled (8 ± 2ºC) temperatures for 9 and 18 months, respectively. Aging led to a decrease in solid loss, peak viscosity, breakdown, and adhesiveness and an increase in head rice yield, minimum cooking time, water uptake, volume expansion, pasting temperature, final viscosity, through viscosity, setback, and hardness. Low temperature storage efficiently retarded those changes. Data of the time-dependent changes in hardness, adhesiveness, pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and breakdown of all samples stored at 30°C were fitted well with the first-order fractional conversion kinetic model (R² = 0.77 – 0.98). Higher storage temperature resulted in greater rate constant (k; up to 9 times higher) of those changes.     

Effects of using eolic exhausters as a complement to conventional aeration on the quality of rice stored in metal silos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of utilizing an eolic exhauster on reducing the qualitative losses of rice stored in silos. Paddy rice was stored for a nine-month period, in triplicate, in metal silos with a 550-ton capacity that were or were not equipped with an exhauster system and were analyzed every three months. To evaluate the effects of complementary eolic aeration, the energy consumed for aeration and the physical properties of the grain, as well as the thermal and pasting properties of rice, were analyzed. Using the exhauster system in the rice storage silo reduced the loss of dry matter, the energy required for aeration maintenance over a 9-month period, grain hardening, the development of grain staining defects and the darkening of the grain, while preserving the conclusion temperature of gelatinization and the enthalpy, the final viscosity and the head rice yield and not affecting the onset temperature or the peak temperature of gelatinization. Increasing the duration of storage reduced the aeration maintenance requirement, changed the cooking time, the hardness of the grains, the conclusion temperature and the enthalpy, the peak viscosity and final viscosity, the head rice yield, the development of grain staining and the darkening of rice grains, but with less intensity when the rice was stored in silos that used an exhauster system, without affecting the onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization.