Stability of bixin in annatto oleoresin and dye powder during storage

Annatto dye is a natural colour extracted from the pericarp of seed of Bixa orellana L. Bixin is the principle colouring agent, and can be extracted from the annatto seeds into oil, alkali and organic solvents. Considerable losses were reported during storage in bixin content of annatto dye depending upon the conditions. In the present study, the loss of bixin in annatto dye stored in the form of dye powder or annatto oleoresin at three different conditions, viz; cold conditions in darkness, in darkness at room temperature (RT) and at RT in diffused daylight were evaluated spectrophotometrically at 470 nm in choloroform. Accordingly, annatto oleoresin and dye powder of approximately equivalent bixin strengths were exposed to different storage conditions in glass bottles for a period of 360 days. The losses were very high in the case of dye powder when compared to the oleoresin under all the storage conditions. Mass fraction of bixin lost in oleoresin stored at cold dark conditions was negligible (0.011) throughout the study, whereas considerable losses were observed in dye powder (0.229). The mass fraction of bixin lost in oleoresin and dye powder samples stored at RT (dark) were 0.082 and 0.542 respectively. Similarly in case of RT (diffused day light) conditions, the losses of bixin in oleoresin and dye powder were 0.136 and 0.600, respectively. Loss of 0.154 was observed in bixin content in the seed stored in jute bags during the period. The second-order rate constants for degradation of bixin were calculated, and were found to be much lower for oleoresin when compared to dye powder. It is recommended that the dye can be conveniently stored in the oleoresin form until it is formulated for application in foods.     

不同方法提取的菘蓝种子油的GC-MS分析

分别采用室温浸提法、超声提取法和索氏提取法制备菘蓝种子油,并结合GC - MS技术分析3种方法所得种子油的脂肪酸组成及含量变化.结果表明:索氏提取法所得种子油得率最高;3种 方法对菘蓝种子油脂肪酸组成无明显影响;超声提取法具有提取时间短、提取效率高等特点,可以作为制备菘蓝种子油的理想选择.     

不同提取方法对辣木籽原油和精炼油品质的影响

为探索辣木籽油的高效提取方法,以辣木籽为原料,分别采用索氏抽提法、乙醇水法和水酶法提取辣木籽原油,通过脱胶、脱酸工艺制备辣木籽精炼油,测定辣木籽原油和精炼油的理化指标、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及脂肪酸组成,分析不同提取方法对辣木籽原油和精炼油品质的影响。结果表明：乙醇水法对辣木籽油的气味有一定影响,3种提取方法对辣木籽原油和精炼油的色泽和透明度影响不大;3种提取方法中,水酶法辣木籽原油的酸值,其原油和精炼油的碘值、水分及挥发物含量均最大,氧化诱导时间最长,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最低;3种提取方法对辣木籽油的脂肪酸组成及相对含量无显著影响(p>0.05)。综上,3种提取方法中水酶法提取的辣木籽油的品质总体上较优。     

Characterization of different annatto extracts based on antioxidant and colour properties

Annatto seeds are known as the only natural source of bixin, a carotenoid widely used in the food industry as colourant. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain annatto extracts with different solvents and use statistical multivariate analysis to correlate the antioxidant and colourant properties of these extracts. According to the Principal Component Analysis, PC1 was associated to colour and PC2 to antioxidant capacity. Extracts with similar polarities were joined together by Cluster Analysis. The annatto extracts obtained with methanol/water and ethanol/water were characterized by their low bixin levels and a soft yellowish colour, whilst those obtained with methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate showed red colour and higher bixin contents. The best solvent for bixin extraction was ethyl acetate (4.9 mg bixin/g seeds), whereas the highest total phenolic levels were verified in the most polar extracts, achieving maximum of 1.84 gallic acid equivalent/g seeds in the methanol/water extract. On the other hand, the hexane extract showed both low phenolic and bixin contents, as well as low free radical scavenging activity. Taking into consideration the antioxidant and colourant properties, solvents with medium polarity, especially methanol, should be used to obtain functional annatto extracts.     

提取方法对油茶籽油品质和营养价值的影响评价

采用索氏提取法、超声波辅助提取法和超临界CO2萃取法对产自江西莲花县的油茶籽进行提油实验。对得到的油茶籽油进行理化性质测定,并采用GC-MS分析了油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成,比较不同提取方法所得油茶籽油的品质差异。结果发现:不同提取方法得到的油茶籽油脂肪酸组成及含量存在差异,对油茶籽油的营养价值产生影响。从脂肪酸组成的角度评价,超临界CO2萃取法所得的油茶籽油营养价值更高。     

不同方法提取的葡萄籽油品质研究

以酿酒后同一批次葡萄籽为原料,采用索氏法、微波辅助法、超声波辅助法、超临界CO2萃取4种方法提取葡萄籽油。分别从提取率、油品理化性质、脂肪酸组分及含量方面对4种提取方法进行比较。结果表明,不同提取方法对葡萄籽油各脂肪酸组分、含量及提取率均有不同程度的影响,采用微波辅助提取率最高,达16.85%;采用超临界CO2萃取的葡萄籽油理化指标均优于其它方法;其中超临界CO2萃取的葡萄籽油亚油酸含量最高,达70.54%。     

超声波辅助提取对亚麻籽油得率和品质的影响

以亚麻籽为原料,利用超声波辅助提取技术提取亚麻籽油,研究超声波辅助提取工艺参数对亚麻籽油提取得率和品质的影响。结果表明:虽然较高的提取温度、超声波功率和较长的提取时间在一定程度上利于亚麻籽油提取得率的增加,但是却会导致亚麻籽油品质下降(酸值、过氧化值升高,碘值降低)。综合考虑亚麻籽油的提取得率和品质,各因素对亚麻籽油生产影响的主次顺序为:超声波功率提取温度提取时间。根据正交试验,超声波辅助提取亚麻籽油的最优工艺参数为:提取时间25 min,提取温度35℃,超声波功率800 W。     

姜辣素不同提取方法的比较研究

对姜粉中姜辣素提取的不同方法进行了比较研究。分别采用了回流法、微波辅助法和超声波辅助法3种不同方法进行了提取。其中超声波辅助法的提取率最高,达到7.28mg/g。     

不同取汁工艺对青竹梅出汁率及品质的影响

目的 探讨不同取汁工艺对青竹梅出汁率及品质的影响。方法 以新鲜青竹梅为实验材料, 研究水浴提取法、超声波辅助提取法和复合酶法对青竹梅出汁率的影响, 对比分析3种方法在最优条件下的出汁率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖、类黄酮和总酚等指标差异。结果 水浴提取法最优工艺料液比1?4(g:mL), 水浴温度80 ℃, 水浴时间60 min, 出汁率52.4%; 超声波辅助提取法最优工艺: 料液比1?4(g:mL), 超声波功率140 W, 提取温度60 ℃, 提取时间20 min, 出汁率53.2%; 复合酶解法最优工艺: 果胶酶添加量为0.6%, 纤维素酶添加量为0.2%, 酶解温度40 ℃, 酶解时间90 min, 出汁率66.6%。结论 3种方法均可有效提高青竹梅出汁率, 但复合酶法出汁率最高且综合营养成分提取效果最好。     

不同提取方法对花椒提取物提取率和品质的影响

目的:分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法、植物油浸提法、食用酒精提取法、无水乙醚提取法、超临界二氧化碳流体萃取法提取花椒的有效成分,对比不同提取方法对花椒提取物提取率和品质的影响;方法:采用五种不同方法分别提取花椒的有效成分,检测提取物有效成分含量、计算提取率,并分别评价各提取物的感官品质;结论:五种方法所得产物提取率和有效成分含量存在明显差异,其中超临界二氧化碳提取所得产品的有效成分含量和提取率最高,花椒挥发油和麻素提取率分别达到100％和94.6％.植物油浸提所得产品的品质较好,但有效成分提取率偏低,花椒挥发油和麻素提取率分别只有5.7％和23.5％.水蒸气蒸馏法只能得到花椒挥发油.食用酒精提取法和无水乙醚提取法获得了大部分花椒麻素和少量的挥发油.     

不同方法提取沙海蜇皮胶原蛋白的对比分析

以沙海蜇皮为实验原料,分别用胃蛋白酶提取法、热水提取法和酸提取法进行了胶原蛋白的提取,得到酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)、热水抽提胶原蛋白(HEG)和酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC),并分析了三种胶原蛋白的理化性质及功能特性。结果表明:PSC、HEG和ASC中羟脯氨酸含量分别为5.77%,5.53%和9.20%;平均分子量分别为34、52、38ku。紫外图谱扫描和红外扫描光谱表明,三种方法提取的胶原蛋白结构相似,但略有差别。PSC、HEG、ASC乳化指数依次为:5.07、25.90、3.26m2/g;稳定性依次为:24.68、21.89、88.5min。吸湿性和保湿性最好的样品均为PSC。     

Influence of source and quality on the color characteristics of annatto dyes and formulations

Annatto dyes containing different strengths of bixin, norbixin and their formulations such as water-soluble liquid, and oil soluble liquid were measured for L*, a* and b* in a Hunter color meter and the Yellow (Y) and red (R) units in a Lovibond tintometer. Seed source and dye purity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the color characteristics L*, a*, b* and Y and R units of bixin/norbixin dyes and their formulations. These characteristics behaved independently when different dyes diluted to a common concentration of 50 mg bixin or norbixin/L. However, when individual bixin/norbixin dyes serially diluted L*, b* decreased and a* values increased with increase in concentration of bixin/norbixin. Similarly the increase in concentration of bixin/norbixin have shown decreasing trend on Y/R values due to increase in R-values in the tintometer. It has been observed that a* and R units generally increased with increase in concentration, and L* and b* values decreased and Y values are almost constant in both the bixin and norbixin dyes. However the b*/a* values showed lower values in bixin dyes and higher in norbixin dyes. Similarly R-values were higher in bixin dyes when compared to norbixin dyes.     

Effect of different extraction and precipitation methods on yield and quality of pectin

An experimental study has been conducted to determine the combined effects of different extraction conditions and precipitation method on the yield and quality of high methoxyl pectin from lemon peels. Pectin was extracted using different mineral acids (HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄) at four concentration levels (0.025; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.2  m ), at 70 °C for 4 h. The soluble pectin was precipitated by iso-propanol or by an aluminium sulphate, Al₂(SO₄)₃, solution at pH 4. The extraction with HCl and HNO₃, at the highest concentrations investigated, followed by aluminium precipitation led to the best results in terms of yield (22–25%), quality and gelling power of pectin with a remarkable decrease of alcohol consumption as compared to the alcoholic precipitation under the same extracting conditions.     

In vitro scavenging capacity of annatto seed extracts against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Bixa orellana L. (annatto), from Bixaceae family, is a native plant of tropical America, which accumulates several carotenoids (including bixin and norbixin), terpenoids, tocotrienols and flavonoids with potential antioxidant activity. In the present study, the in vitro scavenging capacity of annatto seed extracts against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was evaluated and compared to the bixin standard. Annatto extracts were obtained using solvents with different polarities and their phenolic compounds and bixin levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector. All annatto extracts were able to scavenge all the reactive species tested at the low μg/mL range, with the exception of superoxide radical. The ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate extracts of annatto seeds, which presented the highest levels of hypolaetin and bixin, respectively, were the extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity, although bixin standard presented the lowest IC₅₀ values.     

牡丹籽油乙醇辅助水酶法提取工艺优化及品质分析

牡丹籽经酸热预处理后,采用乙醇辅助水酶法提取牡丹籽油,利用激光共聚焦显微镜分析经过预处理后的牡丹籽微观结构。通过优化得到水酶法提取牡丹籽油的条件为:原料细粉8次(粒径约为33.62μm),料液比17(g/mL),分别用中温α-淀粉酶(温度70℃,pH 5.5,时间1h,加酶量2mL/100g·原料)和葡糖淀粉酶(温度60℃,pH 4.5,时间1h,加酶量3mL/100g·原料)酶解,再于60℃、pH 9.0的条件下用体积分数35%的乙醇提取1h。该条件下牡丹籽清油得率为90.08%,水相含油量为6.60%,渣相含油量为2.78%,而且毛油的品质优良,经过简单精炼后的各项指标均达到一级成品牡丹籽油的粮食行业标准。     

灵芝多糖不同提取方式的比较研究

目的 比较5种不同提取方式所得灵芝粗多糖的提取得率、理化性质、抗氧化活性, 确定最优提取方式。方法 采用热水浸提法、超声清洗辅助提取法、超声破碎提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶辅助提取法提取灵芝粗多糖, 可分别表示为H-GLP、U1-GLP、U2-GLP、M-GLP、E-GLP, 苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量、二硝基水杨酸(dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)法测定还原糖含量, 比较对2,2-二(4-叔辛基苯基)-1-苦肼基自由基(DPPH?)清除活性, 羟自由基(?OH)清除活性和还原力大小, 分析抗氧化活性, 以傅里叶红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FT-IR)和高效阴离子交换色谱(high performance anion exchange chromatography, HPAEC-PAD)进行结构表征。结果 5种提取方式提取得率的大小排列顺序为: M-GLP>E-GLP>U2-GLP> H-GLP>U1-GLP, 其中M-GLP的提取得率最高为3.98%, 其多糖含量为46.80%, 还原糖含量为5.36%。5种方式提取所得粗多糖都体现出一定的抗氧化活性, M-GLP具有较强DPPH?清除活性, U2-GLP具有较强的羟自由基清除活性, 十分接近阳性对照。结论 微波辅助提取法在提取得率和抗氧化活性都优于其他提取方式, 值得进一步开发与利用。     

溶剂浸取法提取麻疯果仁油的工艺研究

采用溶剂浸取法提取麻疯果仁油,考察了浸取温度、浸取次数、液料比、浸取时间等因素对提油效果的影响。实验得到的最佳逆流浸取工艺条件为:浸取温度60℃,浸取级数5级,液料比8∶1,单级浸取时间1 h。在该工艺条件下,麻疯果仁油的提取率可达99.1%,脱溶后所得毛油酸值(KOH)在2.8~4.2 mg/g之间,可直接用作制备生物柴油的原料油。     

索氏法提取黑莓籽油工艺研究

以黑莓籽为原料,采用索氏法提取黑莓籽油。考察了溶剂性质、粉碎度、提取温度、提取时间及料液比对黑莓籽油出油率的影响。通过正交实验设计优化索氏法提取黑莓籽油的最佳工艺条件为:以石油醚为提取剂,黑莓籽粉碎过80目筛,提取时间2h,温度为90℃,料液比1:15(g:mL),在此条件下实验测得黑莓籽油平均出油率为22.855%。      

不同黄秋葵籽粒产量与品质比较

以不同来源的6个黄秋葵品种(咔里巴、ACF、红秋葵、杨贵妃、白秋葵、纤指)为研究材料,初步测定了籽粒产量、产量构成因素、含油率、蛋白质含量、脂肪酸含量和氨基酸含量。结果表明:杨贵妃的籽粒产量最高,纤指的蛋白质含量最高;6个品种籽粒的平均含油率为19.37%,供试品种籽粒中亚油酸含量最高;在黄秋葵籽粒中检测到17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高。     

不同施肥方式及水肥调控对烟叶产质量的影响

研究了不同施肥方式和水肥调控对烟叶产、质量的影响.结果表明,在总施氮相同情况下,增加在移栽后10-15 d及打顶前后各淋施1次追肥,能合理调控营养供给,平衡上、中、下各部位烟叶的生长发育,使氮碳代谢主阶段适时过度,保证烟叶正常成熟,明显提高烟叶的产、质量.本试验以20%在移栽时施入,移栽后10d施10%,20 d施10%,30 d施40%,50 d施20%,效果最好.