国有大型企业购电模式探讨

结合参与直购电试点运行工作体会，针对直购电模式存在的问题，以及中钢集团吉林炭素股份有限公司用电状况进行介绍分析。简单地回顾了直购电模式的形成历史，从直购电的定义、其价格组成、与各方的利益关系以及直购电价格变动对用电企业外购电成本的影响四个方面对直购电模式运行情况进行了简单的阐述和分析，肯定了直购电模式运行为各方创造了综合经济效益。在直购电模式存在问题上，通过对影响用电企业外购电成本的潜在因素、政策性因素和输配电价格形成是否符合完全科学合理的讨论，认为直购电的价格并不是用电企业购进的最低、最合理的唯一电价。同时对未来国有大型企业购电模式给出几点探讨性建议。     

Oil and water analysis of sunflower seed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The applicability of NIR for oil and moisture analyses of sunflower seed was determined using a NIR spectrocomputer system. The method was compared with the wide-line NMR method for oil analysis and with the A.O.C.S. oven method for moisture analysis. The NIR was calibrated with 120 samples for oil (96 for calibration, 24 for prediction) and 63 samples for moisture (55 for calibration, 8 for prediction). Twenty-two sunflower seed samples were analyzed for oil and moisture by NIR and by methods used by industry. The oil contents of the samples by NMR and NIR were not significantly different. The overall mean oil contents and mean of the standard deviations for the samples were: NMR, 44.2%±0.35% and NIR, 44.34%±0.74%. A significant difference was found between the moisture values obtained by the oven-drying method and NIR. The average standard deviation for moisture by NIR was 0.57% compared with 0.07% for the oven-drying method. The variability of the oil content in one of the commercial seed samples was 1.52% oil as determined by NMR and 2.52% as determined by NIR. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.     

PTT工程塑料的开发和应用

介绍聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯(PTT)基础树脂的合成工艺路线及其主要原料1，3-丙二醇(PDO)的生产工艺路线。阐述了PTT树脂的发展概况和现状，国际主要生产商的发展动向，国内PTT树脂和原料PDO的开发状况及建设规划。比较了PTT、PET、PBT、PA66和PC的纯树脂品级和玻璃纤维增强品级的性能，概述了PTT的开发和应用状况，介绍了商业化系列PTT产品的牌号和性能，并展望了PTT的市场前景。     

FILM CONDENSATION ON A HORIZONTAL ISOTHERMAL SURFACE

This paper concerns an analytical study of laminar film condensation on horizontal isothermal surfaces. The flow that arises on a surface of finite length is studied to determine the temperature field and the local heat transfer to the surface. The study considers both transient and steady laminar flow. The governing nonlinear equations are also considered for the circumstance when the surface tension effects are included. The profiles in the condensate film, for steady laminar flow, are found to be strongly dependent on the edge conditions and on the length of the horizontal condensing surface. The dependence on vapor properties and on the surface temperature is also determined. The surface tension effects are found to be negligible, even for quite small values of the Bond number, for a surface terminated by a round fall. The results for transient, laminar, flow show that the transient effects are large for highly viscous condensing fluids and for low gravity fields. An expression for the local Nusselt number is also obtained.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦荟中的钙、镁含量

建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦荟中钙、镁含量的方法。该方法的检出限量：钙为０－３μｇ／ｇ,镁为０－０２ μｇ／ｇ;平均加标回收率：钙为９９－１％ ,镁为９９－７ ％ ;相对标准偏差：钙为０－６６％ ,镁为０－５２％ 。本方法已用于芦荟鲜叶及芦荟制品中钙、镁含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

汽车工业用粘接材料的现状与展望

本文按照汽车制造工序介绍国外汽车工业折边用胶粘剂、点焊胶接用胶粘剂、车身密封胶、车身底涂料、窗玻璃用单组份湿气固化型聚氨酯胶粘剂以及纤维增强树脂用结构胶粘剂等主要胶种的最新技术发展动向。讨论了我国汽车工业用胶粘剂的现状和差距，提出几点建议。     

Sorption and permeation properties of water and ethanol vapors in poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP) membranes

The permeability and solubility for water and ethanol in PTFEP membranes were determined experimentally, and the data were analyzed by the solution-diffusion model. The permeability for water and ethanol ranged from several hundreds to several thousands Barrers, and they increased exponentially with the vapor activity and increased with temperature. At the same temperature and vapor activity, the permeability ratio between water and ethanol ranged from 5.7 to 2.3, and it decreased as the vapor activity increased. The sorption isotherms for water and ethanol were fitted by the Henry’s law relationship. The solubility decreased as the temperature increased so that the heat of sorption for both water and ethanol was negative. The solubility for water was more than twice the solubility for ethanol. The solubility seems to be inversely proportional to the molecular size of the penetrants in such a system. The solubility ratio between water and ethanol is smaller than their molecular volume ratio possibly due to the slightly stronger nonpolar interaction and the higher degree of plasticization in the ethanol-polymer system. The diffusivity for water and ethanol ranged from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁷ cm²/s, and the values for water were larger than those for ethanol at the same temperature and vapor activity. The diffusivity for water and ethanol also increased exponentially with the vapor activity. The diffusivities for water and ethanol increased with temperature and their activation energies of diffusion were very similar possibly due to the same energy characteristic of polymer main chain movement.     

弧菌福尔马林灭活条件的初步研究

目的 初步研究弧菌福尔马林灭活条件,为弧菌灭活疫苗的生产工艺提供参数。方法对弧菌培养菌液添加不同浓度的福尔马林,于不同温度下测定灭活时间;采用摇瓶和发酵罐培养弧菌,在28℃比较灭活效果,并检测弧菌灭活疫苗原液的安全性。结果福尔马林对弧菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.025%,不同浓度的福尔马林及不同温度所需的灭活时间不同,福尔马林浓度越大,灭活时间越短,加热能缩短灭活时间。摇瓶和罐灭活效果检测显示,在28℃,0.3%的福尔马林24 h可完全灭活,弧菌二联灭活疫苗原液的安全性符合要求。结论 0.3%福尔马林在28℃灭活24 h,是比较理想的弧菌灭活方法。     

陶瓷的高温疲劳失效破坏准则

对陶瓷高温疲劳破坏特性进行了研究,并提出高温疲劳评价方法和破坏准则。第一准则是评价疲劳强度-寿命的疲劳破坏准则;第二准则是评价热应变一时间的热应变损伤准则;第三准则是评价变形-应力-时间的高温疲劳变形准则。文中还提出了评价强度-寿命的逐级加载法,该法节省试验时间、使用方便。     

FILM CONDENSATION ON A HORIZONTAL ISOTHERMAL SURFACE

This paper concerns an analytical study of laminar film condensation on horizontal isothermal surfaces. The flow that arises on a surface of finite length is studied to determine the temperature field and the local heat transfer to the surface. The study considers both transient and steady laminar flow. The governing nonlinear equations are also considered for the circumstance when the surface tension effects are included. The profiles in the condensate film, for steady laminar flow, are found to be strongly dependent on the edge conditions and on the length of the horizontal condensing surface. The dependence on vapor properties and on the surface temperature is also determined. The surface tension effects are found to be negligible, even for quite small values of the Bond number, for a surface terminated by a round fall. The results for transient, laminar, flow show that the transient effects are large for highly viscous condensing fluids and for low gravity fields. An expression for the local Nusselt number is also obtained.     

Effectiveness in the Removal of Organic Compounds from Municipal Landfill Leachate in Integrated Membrane Systems: Coagulation – NF/RO

The article presents the results of studies concerning the hydraulic permeability of integrated membrane systems during the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. The laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of coagulation as a pretreatment option for treating stabilized landfill leachate and effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. The municipal landfill leachates were analyzed for the concentration of the following: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total carbon (TC), suspended soils (SS), turbidity, pH. The commercially available coagulant – aluminum sulfate Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O (alum) was used as a coagulant. The NF process was carried out at the transmembrane pressure of 1.5 MPa. The membrane separation process was based on a thin film membrane (DK). The transmembrane pressure of the RO stood at 2 MPa and for this process one polyamide membrane (AG) was used. The level of leachate treatment was defined for raw and cleaned wastewater indicators. Both NF and RO membranes allowed obtaining the high level of pollutants removal. In the coagulation–NF system, the removal efficiency was equal to 77% for PAHs, 88% for COD, 72% for ammonium nitrogen, 80% for nitrate nitrogen, 67% for TOC, 80% for TC, 96% for SS and during the RO – 86% for PAHs, 98% for COD, 93% for ammonium nitrogen, 87% for nitrate nitrogen, 89% for TOC, 100% for TC, 98% for SS. The calculations based on the assumptions of the mathematical filtration model (relaxation) made it possible to predict the efficiency of commercial filtration membranes used for leachate treatment.     

Immobilization of DNA on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), bead cellulose and sepharose

Summary The copolymer of glycidylmethacrylate with ethylene-dimethacrylate, its derivatives, bead cellulose and Sepharose were used for immobilization of DNA via new coupling methods: reaction with oxirane, acylhydrazide hydrazide, and diazonium salt. The susceptibility of immobilized DNA for DNAse was tested. The most efficient immobilization was achieved on carriers with acylhydrazide groups. The binding capacity of the carrier and the susceptibility of immobilized DNA for the DNase depends on the length of the spacer. The immobilized DNA is stable in solution for several weeks, and in the lyophilized state for several months.     

Impact of specification changes on chloride-induced corrosion service life of bridge decks

A model was developed to determine the time to first repair and to subsequently rehabilitate concrete bridge decks exposed to chloride deicer salts. Said model incorporates the statistical nature of factors affecting the corrosion process. The time to first repair and rehabilitate was predicted for 10 bridge decks built in Virginia between 1981 and 1994.The model was validated using historical service life data for 129 bridge decks built in Virginia between 1968 and 1972. The time for rehabilitation predicted for the newer set of bridge decks was approximately 13 years longer than the normalized time for rehabilitation projected for the older bridge decks. The increase in time for rehabilitation for the newer set of bridge decks was attributed to a reduction in the specified maximum water/cement ratio and increase in clear cover depth. The probabilistic model is shown to be an advancement over the deterministic model currently in use.     

Nonuniform initiation of photoreactions II. Diffusion of reactive intermediates

The influence of spatially nonuniform initiation is investigated for a class of photoreactions in which diffusion of intermediates is important. The investigation is centered on a differential equation for reaction and diffusion of reactive intermediates. The circumstances are set forth under which the equation is valid for several kinetically similar reaction types. A solution is obtained for Lambert's law attenuation. The characteristics of this solution and the solution obtained by Noyes for linear attenuation are discussed. The practical consequences of these solutions are shown through illustrative calculations based on the photochlorination of tetrachloroethylene.     

重组人血小板生成素参考品的研制

目的 制备重组人血小板生成素参考品,为ｒｈＴＰＯ的体外生物学活性测定提供相对标准。方法 采用ＴＰＯ依赖细胞株进行ｒｈＴＰＯ体外生物学活性测定。结果 效价测定９次。ＳＤ＝０．１５７９．ＣＶ＝１４．１％,平均效价 为ｌ１０００Ｕ／支,其他项目均达到国家标准品要求。参考品置－２５℃保存６个月后稳定性良好。结论 作为参考品可 用于ｒｈＴＰＯ体外生物学活性控制。     

火焰原子吸收法连续测定肝素钙中的Ca,Na,Cu,Pb含量

研究了火焰原子吸收法连续测定肝素钙中的Ｃａ、Ｎａ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的条件,并将其应用于产品的测定。结果表明,该法的精密度及准确度均较高,测定Ｃａ、Ｎａ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的相对标准偏差分别为１．２％、２．５％、２．１％、１．７％,标准回收率分别为９７．８％～１０２．６％、９６．５％～１０３．９％、９８．５％～１０１．３％、９８．７％～１０２．１％,可用于肝素钙产品的质量检测     

氯氰·马拉松乳油气相色谱分析方法研究

采用气相色谱法同时测定氯氰·马拉硫磷乳油中两种组分的含量,以癸二酸二丁酯为内标物,HP-5石英毛细管色谱柱分离,FID检测。试验结果表明:该方法在一定质量浓度范围内成良好的线性关系,相关系数r氯氰=0.9999、r马拉硫磷=0.9998,氯氰和马拉硫磷的标准偏差分别为0.018、0.122,变异系数分别为0.756%、0.665%,平均回收率分别为99.5%、99.7%。     

流感病毒在Vero细胞上的适应性

目的研究WHO指定流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上的适应性,为用Vero细胞制备流感疫苗奠定基础。方法优化不同培养基、胰酶浓度、pH值等培养病毒的条件及收毒时间,将流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,并进行血凝效价检测及RT-PCR分析。结果在病毒维持液为F12+DMEM、pH为7.5、胰酶含量为1.5μg/ml、培养3 d收获病毒时,可获得较高的病毒血凝效价,连续传4代,病毒血凝效价降为0,RT-PCR检测结果为阴性。结论WHO推荐的流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,病毒血凝效价逐渐降低。