Contraction de bulles de vapeur non sphériques

An experimental study of steam vapour bubble collapse in water suddenly pressurized is performed by use of high speed cinematography. Bubbles with initial radii ranging from 0.14 cm to 1 cm are presented. The pressure difference ranges from 21.7 to 80.8 kPa and the corresponding degrees of subcooling are 6.6°C to 40.9°C. The experimental data are compared with various theories. Heat transfer between the bubble and the surrounding liquid is underestimated while liquid inertia is more accurately evaluated. This underestimation apparently caused by the distortion of rising bubbles has a great effect on the large bubbles and on low subcooled cases.     

液体蒸汽向单气泡中传质过程的数值分析

<正>当气体通过液相介质时,由于气液界面和气相主体间存在液体蒸汽的浓度差,使液体迅速蒸发,可以大大强化对流传热及沸腾传热.此外,在鼓泡设备中,这种溶剂汽化现象亦可能对气含率及传质带来很大影响.因此,定量地分析液体蒸汽向气泡中传质的过程是很有意义的.此过程为具人体积变化的自由边界问题.对于核状沸腾过程的自由边界问题已有很多研究,其气泡长大的控制步骤为兴高采烈相可能提供的气化潜热速率,而由于气泡中质量传递控制的移动边界问题尚未见有研究.本文提出了液体溶剂向单气泡中传质的数学模型,获得了数值解.并且对各种影响因素进行了讨论.     

The pressure beneath a growing rising bubble

On the basis of potential theory, the equations of motion and the associated pressure field are derived for an idealized growing spherical gas bubble rising in an inviscid liquid under the influence of gravity from a horizontal plate-orifice and from a free standing nozzle. The dimensionless pressure (p_N?p₀)/πga at the gas source N (where p₀ is the undisturbed ambient pressure, a the instantaneous bubble radius and π the liquid density) is found to rise to a maximum when the dimensionless bubble position h/a = 1·55 for bubbles formed at a plate orifice and (125/48)^{$\text{1}\text{3}$} ? 1·38 for bubbles formed at a free standing nozzle. These positions of maximum pressure correspond well to experimentally observed positions at which the gas supply to bubbles grown at constant flow rate in water is cut off by the collapse of the neck linking bubble and gas source. The volumes of bubbles at this instant are predicted theoretically and compare well with experimentally determined values.     

Vapour bubble collapse: The influence of the initial radius and of subcooling

Experimental results for rising bubbles with initial radii ranging from 0.06 to 1 cm collapsing in water during a short pressure rise are presented. Data are analysed in two ways: -firstly investigating the influence of the initial radius and of subcooling on the bubble wall velocity; -secondly experimental data relating to bubble radius decrease are compared in dimensionless form, with a spherically symmetric heat transfer theory. A strong influence of the initial radius and of subcooling contradictory to the theory is still shown.     

Numerical and experimental studies of bubble growth during the microcellular foaming process

A new experimental technique for studying the dynamics of bubble growth in thermoplastics using scanning electron microscopy is developed. The influence of temperature, saturation pressure, molecular weight, and the nature of physical blowing agent are investigated. The experimental results show that, the above, process variables control the growth of foams during processing. The existing Newtonian model for the growth of a single bubble in an infinite amount of polymer has been modified to account for the non-Newtonian effects by modeling the polymer as a power law fluid. The experimental data has been compared with the appropriate viscoelastic cell model which considers the growth of closely spaced spherical bubbles during the foaming process. The simulation results indicate that the predictions of the cell model are in qualitative agreement with the trends of the experimental data and the quantitative agreement is reasonable. The cell model also gives an equilibrium radius which agrees with the experimental data. Other viscous models do not predict the equilibrium radius of the bubble and underpredict the experimental data.     

Flow boiling and pool boiling critical heat flux in water and ethylene glycol mixtures

Flow boiling and saturated pool trailing were studied in water, and in ethylene glycol and aqueous antifreeze solutions. Boiling took place from an electrically heated cast iron surface at pressures close to atmospheric. In the flow boiling tests, velocities and subcoolings were varied up to 3 m/s and 36°C respectively, and effects of changes in flow passage geometry were examined. In 50 weight percent antifreeze mixtures the pool boiling critical heat flux increased relative to pure ethylene glycol in aqueous solution. Both critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficients decreased as percent water in the mixtures tested was reduced.     

The behaviour of bubbles in polymer solutions

By using a model of power-law fluid as polymer solutions, the equation which gives the maximum impulse pressure occurring during the bubble collapse is obtained. By the numerical analyses, the effects of the initial bubble radius, the polymer concentration, and the pressure ratio of inside and outside the bubble, etc. on the bubble behaviour are clarified, and the relations between the time elapsed and the pressure or the velocity at the bubble wall and the values of the maximum impulse pressure are obtained. Then, these results in polymer solutions are compared with those in Newtonian fluid (water).     

Effect of vitrification pressure on radius of gyration,specific heat and density of amorphous polymers

The effects of vitrification pressure (to 500 MPa) and temperature (to 180°C) on the radius of gyration (as determined by small-angle neutron scattering), specific heat, and density were measured for polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The radius of gyration increased slightly (5 × 10^?3/°C) in both polymers; this increase is near the experimental uncertainty in the measurements. The small observed values are due to either small intrinsic effects of temperature or pressure on the conformation or competing effects of temperature and pressure. Density and specific heat showed changes which have been observed before and are attributed to intermolecular factors.     

CFD simulation of acoustic cavitation in a crude oil upgrading sonoreactor and prediction of collapse temperature and pressure of a cavitation bubble

In acoustic cavitation, high pressure and temperature are generated due to cavitation bubble collapse in the liquid bulk around the bubble which causes physical and chemical changes in the liquid. In this study, pressure distribution in water caused by ultrasonic wave propagation in a sonoreactor was investigated. Active cavitation zones were determined by calculating acoustic pressure threshold for cavitation inception and compared with experimental results. Collapse pressure and temperature were predicted 3000 atm and 3200 K, respectively, for crude oil at temperature of 25 °C by evaluating cavitation bubble dynamics in the exerted acoustic field. As a consequence, the huge amounts of energy generated by this phenomenon can be applied for changes in oil properties and crude oil upgrading.     

Kinetic study of the methanol to olefin process on a SAPO-34 catalyst

In this paper, a new kinetic model for methanol to olefin process over SAPO-34 catalyst was developed using elementary step level. The kinetic model fits well to the experimental data obtained in a fixed bed reactor. Using this kinetic model, the effect of the most important operating conditions such as temperature, pressure and methanol space-time on the product distribution has been examined. It is shown that the temperature ranges between 400 °C and 450 °C is appropriate for propene production while the medium temperature (450 °C) is favorable for total olefin yield which is equal to 33%. Increasing the reactor pressure decreases the ethylene yield, while medium pressure is favorable for the propylene yield. The result shows that the ethylene and propylene and consequently the yield of total olefins increase to approximately 35% with decreasing the molar ratio of inlet water to methanol.     

文丘里管空化器内空泡动力学特性的数值模拟

研究了文丘里管空化发生器内空泡的成长、溃灭特性,根据基本的R-P空泡运动方程,考虑了液体粘性、表面张力和可压缩性等因素的影响,运用四阶Runge-Kutta法对空泡径向非线性运动方程进行求解,得到空泡径向演变过程以及溃灭压力的变化趋势.讨论了初始汽泡半径、入口压力和文丘里管的喉径比等因素对空泡演变过程的影响.结果表明,流体的可压缩性对空泡溃灭的影响最大;空化发生器结构参数以及操作参数均对空泡运动特性产生影响,从而影响空化强度.所得结果对空化流场中空化泡演变规律的研究以及水力空化发生器的设计具有指导意义.     

Hydrodynamics of a Tapered Bubble Column

The hydrodynamic behavior of a single‐stage tapered bubble column using an air‐water two‐phase system has been studied. The experimental results indicate that the holdup increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and bubble slip velocity, while it remains constant with increasing superficial liquid velocity. The gas flow rate has a subtle effect on pressure drop owing to the dynamic pressure recovery stemming from the increase in flow area in the axial direction. The results further suggest that the tapered bubble column shows higher holdup with lower energy dissipation than the conventional bubble columns under similar hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental values of the holdup are in excellent agreement with the well‐known Akita and Yoshida correlation available in the existing literature. Also, the performance of the tapered system has been shown to be much better than that of conventional columns under similar conditions in water/alkaline scrubbing of fly ash and SO₂ either alone or in combination.     

Untersuchung von gefriervorgǎngen in zementstein mit hilfe der DTA.

Freezing phenomena in hardened cement paste (hcp) were investigated by DTA. On cooling at least two phase transitions have been observed in the temperature range betwenn -10°C and -25°C and near -43°C respectively. Also a hysteresis between cooling and heating has been found. The phase transitions are correlated to the radius of the water-filled pores and so to relative humidity and water content. Comparable results were obtained in different kinds of hcp. These findings can be explained by the specific properties of water in porous systems induced by surface interaction.     

The behavior of bubbles in Bueche model fluids

The nonlinear oscillation of a spherical gas bubble in polymer solutions was theoretically analyzed. Using the rheological equation of Bueche model fluid, the equation of motion and the pressure equation for a bubble are derived. According to the numerical calculations, the effects of rheological properties and initial radius of the bubble on the bubble radius-time history, pressure at the bubble wall, critical and equilibrium radii of the bubble, as well as pressure distribution in liquid are discussed.     

Simulation of Osmotic Dehydration of a Spherical Material Using Parabolic and Power-Law Approximation Methods

In this article, one-dimensional transient moisture and solute diffusions in the spherical geometry during osmotic dehydration were modeled by exact analytical method and two approximate models. Approximate models have been developed based on a parabolic and power-law profile approximation for moisture and solute concentrations in the spatial direction. The proposed models were validated by experimental water loss and solid gain data obtained from osmotic dehydration of spherical cherry tomatoes in NaCl salt solution. Experiments were conducted at six combinations of two temperatures (30°C and 40°C) and three solution concentrations (10%, 18%, and 25% w/w). A two-parameter model was used to predict moisture loss and solute gain at equilibrium condition, and moisture and solute diffusivities were estimated by fitting the experimental moisture loss and solute gain data to the Fick's second law of diffusion. The values of mean relative errors for exact analytical, parabolic, and power-law approximation methods respect to the experimental data were estimated between 6.58% and 9.20%, 13.28% and 16.57%, and 5.39% and 7.60%, respectively. Although the parabolic approximation leads to simpler relations, the power-law approximation method results in higher accuracy of average concentrations over the whole domain of dehydration time.     

Meniscus behaviors and capillary pressures in capillary channels having various cross-sectional geometries

A numerical study has been conducted to simulate the liquid/gas interface (meniscus) behaviors and capillary pressures in various capillary channels using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Calculations are performed for four channels whose cross-sectional shapes are circle, regular hexagon, square and equilateral triangle and for four solid/liquid contact angles of 30°, 60°, 120° and 150°. No calculation is needed for the contact angle of 90° because the liquid/gas interface in this case can be thought to be a plane surface. In the calculations, the liquid/gas interface in each channel is assumed to have a flat surface at the initial time, it changes towards its due shape thereafter, which is induced by the combined action of the surface tension and contact angle. After experiencing a period of damped oscillation, it stabilizes at a certain geometry. The interface dynamics and capillary pressures are compared among different channels under three categories including the equal inscribed circle radius, equal area, and equal circumscribed circle radius. The capillary pressure in the circular channel obtained from the simulation agrees well with that given by the Young–Laplace equation, supporting the reliability of the numerical model. The channels with equal inscribed circle radius yield the closest capillary pressures, while those with equal circumscribed circle radius give the most scattered capillary pressures, with those with equal area living in between. A correlation is developed to calculate the equivalent radius of a polygonal channel, which can be used to compute the capillary pressure in such a channel by combination with the Young–Laplace equation.     

Testing of a spherical dual-tipped optical fiber probe for local measurements of void fraction and gas velocity in two-phase flows

An alternate and easy method of constructing an optical liber probe tip is presented for the study of different two-phase flow variables such as local time-averaged void fraction, gas velocity and interfacial bubble passage frequency. The proposed probe tip has similar response characteristics to the “U-bend” single fiber probe and is easier to construct than the 90° wedge tipped probe. The signal from the spherical tip seems to be insensitive to changes in bubble velocity as opposed to the 90° wedge and is more advantageous at higher velocities. The signal from the spherical tip has the same time duration as the signal changes from liquid to gas and vice versa for the same bubble velocity. A simplified model is presented to describe the balance of forces around the spherical tip when a bubble is penetrated. The model offers a qualitative explanation of why the non-dimensional response intensity decreases as the bubble velocity increases.     

Distribution of the gas flow in fluidized beds with a slugging behaviour

Capacitance probe measurements of the visible bubble flow rate have been made in a pressurized fluidized bed burning coal. The bed, of 0.3 × 0.3 m cross-section, was operated at pressures between 1.0 and 2.0 MPa and at temperatures between 750 and 900°C. The fluidizing velocity was 0.95 m/s and the mean particle diameter was 0.9 mm. Based on the experimental results, a model of the gas distribution between the bubble phase and the particulate phase in fluidized beds with a slugging behaviour was developed. The model accounts for the lack of bubble flow obtained if the two-phase theory is employed. In order to verify the model, simultaneous measurements of the visible bubble flow rate and of the gas flow rate through the bubbles were carried out in a bed of similar geometry but operating at ambient conditions. In this bed the fludizing velocity was varied between 1.6 and 2.7 m/s and the mean particle diameter was 1.0 mm. The through-flow of gas was measured with the aid of pressure probes. Evaluation of the experimental results using the model showed that this gas through-flow in the bubble phase subsequently increases the superficial gas velocity in the particulate phase between the vertically aligned bubbles (slugs), and that this gas velocity in excess of the incipient fluidization velocity is responsible for the large deviation from the two-phase theory. The associated increase of the particulate phase voidage was calculated via the Ergun equation.     

Theoretical and visual study of bubble dynamics in foam injection molding

This article presents an experimental observation and a theoretical prediction of bubble dynamics in foam injection molding process with a main focus on the cell collapse phenomenon under pressure. Using a visualizing setup, cell growth behavior under a nonisothermal condition was monitored. In conjunction with the growth behavior, dynamics of cell collapse under different pressures and the effect of growing time on collapse behavior and final cell size were studied. Theoretical simulation of bubble behavior included power law model, which predicted bubble dynamics during foaming process. The results show that collapse phenomenon strongly depends on both exerted holding pressure and growth time. The presented model can also give a reasonable prediction of growth and collapse of cells and could give insight to control of cell size in injection foaming process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Étude Théorique et Expérimentale de la Formation d'une Couche Limite par Convection Libre dans une Eau à Basse Température

A study, both analytical and experimental, has been made on the natural convection induced by an isothermal vertical plate immersed in a large volume of water at a temperature which was close to its freezing point. A particular attention has been paid to the effects resulting from the non-linearity existing between the density of water and its temperature. when the latter was close to 4°C. The plate temperature (T_w) was in the range from 8.0°C to 27.2°C, while the water temperature (T_i) varied between 0°C and 22.2°C. The Prandtl numbers for the flow were in the range from 6.4 to 13.7. An excellent agreement between the theoretical solution and the experimental data has been observed.