Antioxidant properties of Korean black raspberry wines and their apoptotic effects on cancer cells

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to determine the antioxidant activities of Korean black raspberry concentrate (KBR: Rubus coreanus Miq.) and Korean black raspberry wine concentrates (KBRW‐1 and KBRW‐2) using the DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The apoptotic effects of the KBRW concentrates on various cancer cells were also investigated. RESULTS: Both the KBR concentrate and KBRW concentrates showed dose‐related antioxidant activities in the DPPH assay. At concentrations of 500 µg mL^?1 and 1000 µg mL^?1, the KBR concentrate antioxidant activities were 59% and 79%, respectively. KBRW‐1 and KBRW‐2 inhibited radical formation at 500 µg mL^?1 by 19% and 48%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of KBRW‐2 was comparable to various red wines (RW‐1, RW‐2, RW‐3, and RW‐4). However, at 1000 µg mL^?1, the antioxidant activities of KBRW‐1 and KBRW‐2 were 53% and 83% that of α‐tocopherol, respectively. Both RW‐1 and KBRW‐2 showed marked antiproliferative effects on all cancer cell types, with decreases in cell viability greater than 50%. This was co‐related with apoptotic characteristics, including chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation, as determined by cell morphological assessment. Cell cycle analysis showed that treating AGS cells with RW‐1 and KBRW‐2 resulted in 25% and 30% apoptotic cell accumulation, respectively. KBRW‐2 induced the cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the activation of caspase‐3 within the AGS cells. Levels of PARP cleavage were increased five‐ and three‐fold by RW‐1 and KBRW‐2, respectively, and the level of caspase‐3 was significantly increased by the treatment with KBRW‐2. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results of this study suggest that Korean black raspberry wine displays antioxidant activity comparable to that of imported red wines, and has anticancer effects that may be attributed to induction of the apoptotic pathway. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Volatile aroma and sensory analysis of black raspberry wines fermented by different yeast strains

Robus coreanus Miquel is a small berry fruit used for Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine‐making. Twelve different yeast strains were investigated by laboratory‐scale fermentation to develop a wine with a high flavour quality. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and sensory evaluation was performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. The volatile aroma compounds that mostly contributed to the flavour of KBR wines were those related to fruity (esters) and floral (terpenes) aromas. Fifteen out of the 67 identified volatile compounds showed higher odour activity values than other compounds in the wines, and these compounds were considered as important contributors to the final aromas of the wine. Additionally, the KBR wine fermented by the M1 yeast strain had the highest sensory preference because of higher fruity and floral aroma characters compared with other wines. In addition to the M1 strain, the other yeast strains that produced favourable sensory characteristics included Enoferm CSM, Uvaferm VRB, Lalvin ICV GRE, Lalvin ICV Opale and LevureSeche Active. Of these strains, the M1 strain produced a particularly excellent black raspberry wine, and thus could be applied for further large‐scale production of black raspberry wines. It is also expected that this work will expedite research on the production of high‐quality black raspberry wines with beneficial physicochemical properties, functionality and good sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Enhancement of volatile aromatic compounds in black raspberry wines via enzymatic treatment

Robus coreanus Miquel is widely used in the production of Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine owing to its health benefits and commercial value. The effects of three different commercially available glycosidase enzymes on the volatile compounds in KBR wines were investigated with large‐scale fermentation to develop a high‐flavour‐quality wine. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace‐solid phase micro‐extraction‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC–MS) and sensory evaluations were performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. KBR wines treated with commercial enzymes yielded high concentrations of terpenes and esters compared with the control wine because the odourless non‐volatile glycosides in KBR wines were converted to their corresponding free forms by the enzymes. HS‐SPME‐GC–MS‐SIM analysis showed that the primary monoterpene compounds in KBR wines treated by the enzymes were myrtenol, linalool, citronellol and a significant quantity of compounds such as 2‐phenyl ethanol and ethyl benzoate, which contributed to the flavour of KBR wine, as determined by GC‐FID. KBR wines treated with the enzymes exhibited different sensory characteristics from the control wine owing to higher intensity of floral and fruity aromas. KBR wine treated with CYTOLASE PCL5 on a large scale exhibited the highest sensory preference. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Anthocyanin fingerprinting of true bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) fruit

The interest in black raspberry products has been increasing due to its flavor and potential health benefits. While black raspberries grown in North America are Rubus occidentalis, there has been some confusion regarding the identity of black raspberry grown in Korea (known as bokbunja; Rubus coreanus). As such, there is a need to define the anthocyanin profile of R. coreanus fruit collected from a verified source. We analyzed three genotypes of bokbunja fruit for anthocyanin profiles. While each varied in its anthocyanin proportions and total concentration, bokbunja fruit contained three anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and lacked the xylose containing glycosides characteristic of R. occidentalis: cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside. Due to mix-ups of bokbunja identity, research claiming to be conducted on bokbunja fruit requires confirmation that the fruit was sourced from a correctly identified plant. The distinct anthocyanin profiles between the two species can be used to confirm plant identity.     

Two novel glycosyl cinnamic and benzoic acids from korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) wine

Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) wine was solvent-fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol and the n-butanol layer was purified by various column chromatographic procedures, including Amberlite XAD-2, Sephadex LH-20, and octadecylsilane resins as well as high performance liquid chromatography. Two novel glycosyl cinnamic and benzoic acids were isolated and their structures were (E)-8-O-β-d-glucopyranosylcinnamic acid (1) and 3′-[O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)(1″→6′)-α-d-psicofuranosyl] benzoate (2) based on the spectroscopic data obtained by high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses.     

黑树莓酒自然发酵过程中微生物群落演替研究

以自然发酵的黑树莓酒为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术探究其自然发酵过程中的微生物群落组成、结构及演替变化规律。结果表明,在酒精发酵（AF）过程中,酵母属（Saccharomyces）、弯担菌属（Curvibasidium）和木拉克酵母属（Mrakia）相对丰度较高,酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）在中期和后期相对丰度达75%以上。在苹果酸-乳酸发酵（MLF）过程中,泛菌属（Pantoea）、酒球菌属（Oenococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、酸土单胞菌属（Aciditerrimonas）和地芽孢杆菌属（Geobacillus）占有较高的比例。酒球菌属增殖迅速,增长了近25%,在苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中增幅最大。     

Chemical and sensory changes in white wines fermented in the presence of oak chips

Summary Three samples of French oak and one sample of American oak were analyzed by different gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) methods. Two methods of quantifying the main volatile compounds in oak wood were compared, namely, Direct Thermal Desorption coupled with GC/MS and analysis of mixtures of water-ethanol and wines that had been in contact with oak chips by extraction using an organic solvent followed by GC/MS analysis of the extract. The ratio of the two oak lactones released into the wine by the oak chips was the same as the ratio observed in original, untreated wood. These substances are of particular sensory importance in wines aged in oak wood barrels. Thus, the use of oak chips in white wines may be advantageous. The wines steeped with the oak chips improved their acceptability rating 2 points on a scale of 9.     

黑树莓夸克最佳工艺参数组合的灰色分析

以鲜牛乳和黑树莓果汁为主要原料,采用多目标灰色组合决策原理对黑树莓夸克生产中主要工艺参数CaCl2添加量、酶用量、切割pH值进行灰色分析.结果表明:黑树莓夸克主要工艺参数的最优组合为CaCl2添加量0.02％、酶用量40mg/L、切割pH值为4.6.     

樱桃酒感官评价与电子舌感官分析的相关性研究

对五种不同樱桃酒的感官属性(酸、甜、苦、涩)进行了感官评价和电子舌指纹分析,利用主成分(PCA)与判别因子(DFA)分析对电子舌区分樱桃酒的能力进行了评价,并通过PCA、偏最小二乘法(PLSR)将感官评价结果与电子舌7根传感器(ZZ、BA、BB、CA、GA、HA、JB)响应相关联。结果表明,电子舌指纹分析系统对樱桃酒具有较好的区分辨别能力,传感器JB与酸味,传感器HA、CA与甜味,传感器ZZ与涩、苦味具有较高的相关性。      

黑树莓泡制酒的泡制工艺条件优化及抗痛风功效评价

该研究以黑树莓为原料、荞麦原浆酒为酒基制备黑树莓泡制酒,通过单因素及响应面试验优化其泡制工艺条件,并采用小鼠高尿酸血症模型和急性痛风性关节肿胀模型评价黑树莓泡制酒的抗痛风功效。结果表明,黑树莓泡制酒的最佳制备工艺条件为：液料比1∶1(mL∶g)、泡制时间60 d、荞麦原浆酒酒精度49%vol。在此优化条件下,黑树莓泡制酒的黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）抑制率为42.68%,总黄酮含量为0.97 mg/mL;黑树莓泡制酒高剂量组能显著降低模型小鼠血清中尿酸含量、XOD活性及升高尿液中尿酸的含量（P<0.05）,血清中尿酸含量、XOD活性分别降低121.93μmol/L、13.93 U/L,尿液中尿酸含量升高131.78μmol/L,且急性痛风性关节肿胀度下降5.37%。黑树莓泡制酒具有明确的抗痛风功效,为产品开发提供了基础数据。     

定量描述分析(QDA)在葡萄酒感官评定中的应用研究

采用定量描述分析（QDA）方法对以普通葡萄和冰冻葡萄为原料生产的葡萄酒进行感官上的定性和定量评定,探讨了QDA的原理及应用。通过QDA方法对冰冻葡萄酒和普通葡萄酒进行感官分析表明,以冰冻葡萄为原料生产的葡萄酒在色泽、留香、芳香度、透明度和香气等感官特性都明显强于普通葡萄酒。     

The sensory evaluation of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole in wines

This work proposes a sensory method to verify the ‘cork taint’ defect in food and beverages. This off‐flavour has considerable economic impact in wine but occasionally can occur in other food and beverages. In wine, 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA) is generally considered to be the main compound responsible for this taint. It is an easily recognized compound because of its low sensorial threshold, and it is described as a mouldy and damp cardboard odour. This sensory method, developed in wine, consists of specific panel training to recognize TCA in a series of olfactory tests. The effectiveness of the panel was tested with contaminated wines in which the TCA content had been previously determined by Solid Phase Microextraction‐Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SPME‐GC/MS) analysis. This sensory method is useful to train a panel able to recognize the ‘cork taint’ defect in different situations (legal appraisals or quality assurance systems). The use of a reliable sensory assay can reduce the number of chemical analyses and the proposed method can be applied to other beverages such as beer. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Application of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) vinegar fermentation process and its microbiological and physicochemical analysis

Food Science and Biotechnology - In order to improve the slow ethanol fermentation during acetic acid fermentation process of black raspberry vinegar (BRV), the microbiological and physicochemical...     

Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment

The effect of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) treatment on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was evaluated. Moreover, the inactivation kinetics of its PPO was simulated by first‐order reaction theory. The minimum of PPO residual rate was 36.6% under 30 MPa and 55 °C for 60 min by HPCD treatment, while that was 66.8% at 55 °C for 60 min by thermal treatment. Moreover, the decimal reduction time of PPO decreased rapidly after HPCD treatment, compared to that of the thermal treatment. The thermal treatment at 55 °C takes a similar time to reach 10% PPO residual rate with HPCD treatment under 30 MPa at 35 °C. One reason for the results was that activation energy of PPO reduced from 98.9 to 14.6 kJ mol^?1 after HPCD treatment. Therefore, HPCD treatment showed stronger capacity to inactivate PPO from frozen red raspberry than the thermal treatment at same temperature.     

Changes in volatile composition and sensory attributes of wines during alcohol content reduction

A desirable sensory profile is a major consumer driver for wine acceptability and should be considered during the production of reduced‐alcohol wines. Although various viticultural practices and microbiological approaches show promising results, separation technologies such as membrane filtration, in particular reverse osmosis and evaporative perstraction, in addition to vacuum distillation, represent the most common commercial methods used to produce reduced‐alcohol wine. However, ethanol removal from wine can result in a significant loss of volatile compounds such as esters (ethyl octanoate, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate) that contribute positively to the overall perceived aroma. These losses can potentially reduce the acceptability of the wine to consumers and decrease their willingness to purchase wines that have had their alcohol level reduced. The change in aroma as a result of the ethanol removal processes is influenced by a number of factors: the type of alcohol reduction process; the chemical‐physical properties (volatility, hydrophobicity, steric hindrance) of the aroma compounds; the retention properties of the wine non‐volatile matrix; and the ethanol level. This review identifies and summarises possible deleterious influences of the dealcoholisation process and describes best practice strategies to maintain the original wine composition. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterisation and classification of Spanish Verdejo young white wines by volatile and sensory analysis with chemometric tools

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, Verdejo young wine is exported to many countries all over the world, so it is considered one of the most important Spanish white young wines. In spite of its commercial and historical repercussions, little information is available about the aromatic profile of Spanish Verdejo young wine. The aim of our study was to give further information about this aspect, focusing our research on the characterisation and classification of Verdejo young wine. RESULTS: Aroma of the Verdejo, Sauvignon blanc and barrel‐fermented and barrel‐aged Verdejo wines—all from the D.O. Rueda, Spain—was evaluated using gas chromatographic and sensory analyses. A good relationship was found between the chemical composition and some of the sensory attributes of the wines. The wine samples were correctly classified according to their grape variety and oenological practice showing a 100% of correct classification using chemical or sensory data. CONCLUSIONS: Characterisation and differentiation of Spanish Verdejo wines was achieved, for the first time, showing different groups of Verdejo wines with similar volatile composition and sensory profiles. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry