Sex pheromone ofGrapholita funebrana occurrence ofZ-8- andZ-10-Tetradecenyl acetate as secondary components

Z-8-Dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12Ac),E-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8–12Ac),Z-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8–14Ac),Z-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10–14Ac), andZ-8-dodecen-1-ol (Z8–12OH) were identified in the proportions 10013052 in female sex gland extracts ofGrapholita funebrana, accompanied by saturated acetates from 12 to 20 carbons with tetradecyl acetate predominating.Z10–14Ac has not previously been described as a lepidopteran sex pheromone component. Best attraction of males is obtained withZ8–12Ac in the presence of a higher proportion ofE8–12Ac than in the female. Inclusion of the 14-carbon acetates did not augmentG. funebrana catches but inhibitedG. molesta. On the other hand, addition ofZ8–12OH at the level optimal forG. molesta reduced attraction ofG. funebrana.     

Pheromone biosynthesis in lepidoptera

Pheromone components for many lepidopteran species are produced by the use of unique chain-shortening and 9, 10, and 11 desaturase systems. Correlations in the Tortricidae indicate that the pheromone components derived from 9 and 01 desaturases are found in the more primitive species (those possessing morphological plesiomorphies). The precise blend ofZ andE acetates in a number of species is regulated in the final reduction sequence from acyl intermediates. Preliminary research has been conducted on the characterization of the various desaturase enzymes used and on the important blend regulating sequence. Initial purification work on the 11 desaturase enzyme found in the cabbage looper moth is reported.     

Sex pheromone components of corn stalk borerSesamia nonagriodes (Lef.) isolation,identification, and field tests

Z-11-Hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16OAc), dodecyl acetate (12OAc),Z-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16Aid), andZ-11-hexadecenol (Z11– 16OH), were found in pheromone gland extracts of femaleSesamia nonagriodes (Lef.) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]. These four components were also present in airborne volatiles collected from calling virgin females in a 651889 ratio. Hexadecyl acetate (16OAc) was also detected but found to be inactive. The identification was based on multicolumn GC analysis, mass spectrometry, and field activity.Z11–16OAc is the major sex pheromone component; the addition of the secondary components individually decreased male captures. The blend of the four synthetic components in 691588 ratio was highly attractive to males; 200 g per trap was the most effective concentration in field tests.Lepidoptera: Noctuidae     

Semiconductor properties of manganese dioxide

Measurements of the d.c. conductivity of different types of-manganese dioxide formed under various conditions and of different thermal history indicate a correlation with the combined water content. The specific conductivity increases exponentially as the water content decreases. The values obtained with anhydrous products which then are transformed to a-manganese dioxide are similar to those obtained with-manganese dioxide prepared by pyrolysis of manganous nitrate. Any effect which might be attributed to the lattice transformation of- into-manganese dioxide could not be observed.A more detailed examination of two specimens of manganese dioxide shows a semilogarithmic relation between thermoelectric voltage and d.c. conductivity. This relationship allows an estimate to be made of the electron concentration at which the electron gas would begin to degenerate. Hence it follows that both for- and- manganese dioxide the concentration of the conducting electrons is far below the degeneration limit.This result is in agreement with the measured activation energies of the conductivity. It is suggested that the water content influences the electronic band structure by successively deforming the rutile structure of-manganese dioxide and hence the manganese-manganese distances within the lattice.     

Occurrence and Correlations of Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Enantiomers in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies

The relative amounts and enantiomeric compositions of monoterpene hydrocarbons in branch and trunk xylem, in needles, and in resin from apical buds in 18 Pinus sylvestris trees have been determined and compared with the terpene content in branch xylem and needles of Picea abies. Besides the high amount of (+)-3-carene, an excess of (+)--pinene has been found in P. sylvestris, whereas in P. abies (–)--pinene dominates over (+)--pinene. In P. sylvestris, clear positive correlations were found between (+)--pinene and (+)-camphene in the four tissues analyzed. Good positive correlations were also observed between (–)--pinene and (–)-camphene in the two types of xylem, between (+)--pinene and (+)--pinene in the resin, and between tricyclene and (–)-camphene in resin and needles. In P. abies, positive correlations were found between (+)--pinene and (+)-camphene in the branch xylem and between tricyclene and (–)-camphene as well as between (–)--pinene and (–)-camphene in the needles. Complex relationships between (–)--pinene and (–)--pinene were found both in the P. abies and in the P. sylvestris tissues. The importance of the enantiomeric composition of -pinene for the host selection of Ips typographus, Tomicus piniperda, and Hylobius abietis is discussed.     

Development of pheromone lure for monitoring field populations ofEoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Formulations of Mexican rice borer (MRB) pheromone components were more effective in capturing males in fields of sugarcane when dispensed from rubber septa than when evaporated from four other substrates. Concentrations of 0.63–10.0 mg of total pheromone per lure were effective over a 112-day period when formulated in rubber septa in a ratio of 811.3 of (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-13-octadecenal, respectively. Component ratios of 411.3 and 811.3 were equally effective in capturing male MRB, but efficacy decreased with higher relative concentrations of (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide over perovskite type solid oxide solutions and supported noble metal catalysts

The catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide to nitrogen and oxygen has been investigated over various solid oxide solutions (SOS), La_0.8Sr_0.2MO_3– (M=Cr, Fe, Mn, Co or Y), La_1.8Sr_0.2CuO_4– and supported Pd, Pt catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a gradientless recycle reactor at 1 atm pressure with a feed gas containing about 0.5% N₂O (in helium). Among the various solid solutions, La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3– showed a maximum N₂O conversion of 90% at 600C. The order of activity observed for N₂O decomposition was La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3–>La_0.8Sr_0.2FeO_3–>La_1.8Sr_0.2CuO_4–> La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO_3–La_0.8Sr_0.2CrO_3–La_0.8Sr_0.2YO_3–. The activity of La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3– was compared with supported Pd, Pt and also with unsubstituted LaCoO₃ catalysts under similar reaction conditions. Among all the catalysts tested in this study, Pd/Al₂O₃ showed the lowest light-off temperature for N₂O decomposition. The activity of La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3– was found to be comparable to Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures above 500 C. The influence of added oxygen (about 4%) in the feed was examined over La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3– and Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts and only in the case of cobalt catalyst was the conversion of N₂O decreased by 13%. By choosing varied sintering conditions, La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO_3– of different BET surface areas were prepared and the light-off temperature was found to decrease with increase in surface area. The results obtained over solid solutions are discussed on the basis of the cation mixed valency and oxygen properties of the catalyst.     

Interactions between pheromone traps with different strength lures for the pine beauty moth,Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Catches of malePanolis flammea in traps baited with lures containing 25 g of sex attractant are enhanced when in the proximity of traps baited with 125-g lures. The degree of enhancement is increased as the intertrap distance is decreased, and when the low-dose trap is upwind of the high-dose one. The patterns of alteration in trap catch suggest that moths initially attracted by one lure may divert into other traps, which may be either upwind of the original trap (overshooting), or downwind (undershooting). Overshooting can result in up to fivefold increases in catch and may provide a useful method for estimating the attractant zone of particular lure/trap combinations.     

A four-component pheromone blend for optimum attraction of redbacked cutworm males,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée)

Four acetates,Z-5-decenyl acetate,Z-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, in microgram ratios of 120021 or 120062 were excellent, specific sex pheromone blends for capturing male redbacked cutworm moths in cone traps. Blends in ratios of 120021 and 220021 at 1000 g/ rubber septum dispenser remained highly effective for 6 weeks under field conditions. The essential minor components,Z-5-decenyl,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, became inhibitory at concentrations of about 10% in the blends, and this may be an important general phenomenon in lepidopteran pheromones. Blends involving a parapheromone,Z-5-undecenyl acetate, withZ-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate, in microgram ratios of 820021 or 2020062 were also excellent specific attractants for this species. TheZ-8-dodecenyl acetate had no obvious effect on the attraction of the redbacked cutworm males.     

Comportement électrochimique des variétés alpha et beta PbO2 et influence de l'antimoine sur leur reactivité électrochimique en milieu H2SO4, 8N

Résumé L'expérience a montré qu'il est possible d'obtenir par l'oxydation anodique des variétés- et-PbO₂ parfaitement pures au point de vue cristallographique, et que la réduction de-PbO₂ se déroule à un potentiel plus élevé et plus constant que celui observé sur-PbO₂. La réactivité électrochimique de-PbO₂ est plus importante que celle de-PbO₂. L'introduction de Sb dans les réseaux cristallins de ces variétés diminue fortement leur cristallinité et dans le cas de-PbO₂ on obtient toujours simultanément- et-PbO₂. Du point de vue réactivité électrochimique, l'accroissement dû à la présence de Sb est de l'ordre de 33%.

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The results demonstrate the possibility of preparing through anodic oxidation rigorously pure, from the crystallographic point view,- and-PbO₂ phases, and that the reduction of-PbO₂ takes place at a potential which is more positive and more constant than the one obtained with-PbO₂. In a battery, the electrochemical reactivity of-PbO₂ is more important. The introduction of Sb into the lattice of these forms of PbO₂ decreases their crystallinity, and for the case of-PbO₂ we obtained simultaneously- and-PbO₂. Their electrochemical reactivity can increase by about 33%.

     

Sex pheromone chemistry of the western spruce budwormChoristoneura occidentalis Free

SCOT capillary Chromatographic and SCOT capillary chromatographic-mass spectrometic analyses of gland washes and effluvia of virgin femaleChoristoneura occidentalis Free, have been conducted with both a diapausing and nondiapausing strain of this insect. The following compounds were identified in gland washes and effluvia in both strains:E andZ11–14Ald,E andZ11–14Ac,E andZ11–14OH and 14Ald, 14Ac, and 14OH. The average aldehyde: acetate: alcohol ratio found by analysis of single glands by virgin females (nondiapausing strain) was 170.73. Analysis of virgin female effluvia gave this ratio as 1038 (diapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 15, respectively) and 1036 (nondiapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 12, respectively). The saturated components were generally 1–2% of theE isomer in each case. Comparisons of EAG responses of bothC. occidentalis andC. fumiferana toE11–14Ald,E11–14Ac andE11–14OH were made. Correlations with both laboratory and field data previously published were also made betweenC. fumiferana andC. occidentalis.Lepidoptera: Tortricidae.     

Major component in male sex pheromone of cereal pestEurygaster integriceps puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) identified as a homosesquiterpenoid

A homosesquiterpenoid, (4Z,4E)-4-(1,5-dimethyl-4-heptenylidene)-1-methylcyclohexene, has been identified as a major component of the scent emitted by calling males ofEurygaster integriceps. Minor components of the scent included vanillin. TheE. integriceps male homosesquiterpenoid is an addition to the list of sesquiterpenoids identified as components of male attractant sex pheromones in pentatomoid Heteroptera.     

Upwind searching for an odor plume is sometimes optimal

A model is presented that suggests that the optimal strategy for an animal walking or crawling on a substrate while searching for the source of a chemical carried by a shifting wind or current may be to move upwind (or against the current). The requirements are that (1) the current direction fluctuates rapidly within a range that exceeds 30 ° on both sides of the mean direction, and (2) the searching animal can move accurately up- or downwind and, once within the influence of the chemical plume, can move efficiently to the source. Under these conditions, an upwind search is shorter (on the average) by 0.9–0.3 of the range of influence of the chemical stimulus. Thus, this strategy is relatively more important when the total search path is short, i.e., when sources are typically close by. The mean length of the downwind search path is given by L _d =d +r[(1/E) + cos ]/2 and the upwind search path by L _u =d +r[(2/E) – (/sin ) – cos ]/2 whered is the starting distance up- or downwind of the source,r is the range of stimulus influence,E is the efficiency with which the searcher moves to the source within the influence of the plume,a is the angle of the maximum extent of wind direction from the mean, and the average, , is taken over all starting positions across the wind direction that lead to search paths that intercept the area swept by the plume.     

On the Charge Carrier Concentration in Sodium–Calcium Aluminophosphate Glasses

The dc and ac conductivities of the xNa₂O–(35 – x)CaO–7.5Al₂O₃–57.5P₂O₅glasses (mol %) with x= 0–35 are studied in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at different temperatures. It is found that the dc conductivity strongly depends on xonly for glasses with x 10. For glasses with x 5, the dc conductivity is virtually composition independent. The dependence of the ac conductivity plotted on the log(()/_dc) vs. log(/_dc) coordinates is analyzed. The ac conductivity represented in these coordinates depends on xonly for glasses with x 5, in which the dc conductivity does not depend on x. For glasses with xin the range from 10 to 35, all the isotherms of the ac conductivity closely coincide with each other. This result is discussed in the framework of two hypotheses: (1) the conductivity () is determined by the dynamic polarization (of the Maxwell–Wagner type at low frequencies) of the material due to spatial fluctuations of the density of paths providing the migration of sodium ions and (2) the concentration of charge carriers is independent of x.     

Studies concerning charged nickel hydroxide electrodes I. Measurement of reversible potentials

Reversible potentials (E _R) have been measured for nickel hydroxide/oxyhydroxide couples over a range of KOH concentrations from 0·01–10 M. It is shown that the couples derived from the parent- and-Ni(OH)₂ systems can be distinguished by the relative change in KOH level on oxidation and reduction. In the case of couples derived from the-class of materials a dependence of 0·470 moles of KOH per 2e change is found compared with 0·102 moles of KOH per 2e change for the-class of materials. Couples derived from the- and-Ni(OH)₂ systems can be encountered in a series of activated and de-activated forms having a range of formal potentialsE ₀ . Activated. and de-activated-Ni(OH)₂/-NiOOH couples are found to lie in the range 0·443–0·470 V whilst-Ni(OH)₂/-NiOOH couples lie in the range 0·392–0·440 V w.r.t. Hg/HgO/KOH. It is demonstrated for de-activated,-Ni(OH)₂/-NiOOH couples thatE _R is independent of the degree of oxidation of the nickel cation between states of charge of 25% and 70%. SimilarlyE _R is constant for states of charge between 12% and 60% for activated-Ni(OH)₂/-NiOOH couples. The constant potential regions are considered to be derived from heterogeneous equilibria between pairs of co-existing phases both containing nickel in upper and lower states of oxidation. Differences inE ₀ between the activated and de-activated couples are considered to be related to the degree of order/disorder in the crystal lattice.     

Zirconium tetra-n-butylate modified with different organic acids: Hydrolysis and polymerization of the products

In this work; (a) complexation reaction of zirconium tetra-n-butylate, Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄, with MAc and different organic acids. (b) the hydrolysis reaction of modified Zr species, and (c) the polymerization reaction of complex products are studied. Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄ was reacted with different mole ratios of methacrylic acid (MAc) at room temperature and the maximum combination ratio was found to be 12 [Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄MAc] by FT IR. The modification of zirconium tetra-n-butylate with the acid mixtures [methacrylic acid-acetic acid (MeCOOH), methacrylic acid-propionic acid (EtCOOH), methacrylic acidbutyric acid (PrCOOH)] was made for a combination ratio of 111 [MAcRCOOHZr(OBu ⁿ )₄RMe. Et, Pr] and the products were characterized by¹H-NMR, FT-IR, and UV-spectroscopies. Following their synthesis, hydrolysis of the complexes with various amounts of water and polymerization with benzoyl peroxide were realized. The hydrolysis and polymerization products of the complexes were studied by Karl-Fischer Coulometric titration and thermal analysis respectively. Methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) and chloroform were chosen as solvents.     

Sex pheromone of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species and reinvestigation of related species

The sex pheromone of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species was investigated. Females were found to produce eight potential pheromone components: dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate (14OAc). (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. When these compounds were bioassayed using field-trapping and wind-tunnel techniques, only 14OAc,Z5-14OAc, andZ7-14OAc were found to be behaviorally active. The sex pheromone glands of females of other species including,Planotortrix MBS,Planotortrix M,P. notophaea, Ctenopseustis servana, and aC. obliquana sibling species, were also found to containZ5-14OAc orZ7-14OAc, singly or in combination. In the case ofPlanotortrix M, the addition ofZ7-14OAc to the previously identified sex pheromone blend ofZ5-14OAc and 14OAc was found to increase trap captures of male moths of this species. Thus in these New Zealand species (and in some Australian species),Z5-14OAc andZ7-14OAc appear to be utilized in combination in pheromonal communication just as (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate are used by many species of Holarctic Tortricidae in the tribe Archipini.Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae.     

Calculation of Temperature Dependences of the Viscosity and Volume Relaxation Time for Oxide Glass-Forming Melts from Chemical Composition and Dilatometric Glass Transition Temperature

The relaxation parameter K _sthat is equal to the ratio of the viscosity to the Kohlrausch volume relaxation time _s is analyzed. It is shown that this parameter can be evaluated from the temperature T ₁₃(corresponding to a viscosity of 10¹³P) and the glass transition temperature T ₈ ⁺determined from the dilatometric heating curve. The maximum error of the estimate with due regard for experimental errors is equal to ±(0.4–0.5)logK _sfor strong glasses and ±(0.6–0.8)logK _sfor fragile glasses, which, in both cases, corresponds to a change in the relaxation times with a change in the temperature by ±(8–10) K. It is revealed that the viscosity, the Kohlrausch volume relaxation time _s , and the shear modulus Gof glass-forming materials in silicate, borate, and germanate systems satisfy the relationship log( _s G/) 1. The procedure for calculating the temperature dependences of the viscosity and the relaxation times in the glass transition range from the chemical composition and the T ₈ ⁺temperature for glass-forming melts in the above systems is proposed. The root-mean-square deviations between the calculated and experimental temperatures T ₁₁and T ₁₃are equal to ±(6–8) K for all the studied (silicate, borate, germanate, and mixed) oxide glass-forming systems. The proposed relationships can be useful for evaluating the boundaries of the annealing range and changes in the properties and their temperature coefficients upon cooling of glass-forming melts.     

Laminar radial flow electrochemical reactors. I. Flow fields

The velocity fields of three laminar radial flow electrochemical reactors are modeled using numerical and semi-analytical techniques. The capillary gap cell configuration is modeled using Galerkin finite element (GFEM) analysis and the asymptotic form of its velocities presented. An approximate asymptotic expression for entry length is also derived and compared to predicted entry lengths from the GFEM. Qualitative agreement is achieved. Two areas of flow separation are observed, their location being a function of gap width, flow Reynolds number (Re) and inlet pipe diameter. The rotating electrolyzer (REL) flow field is also simulated with the GFEM model. The insensitivity of the REL radial velocity profiles as a function of flow rate is shown. The shape of the radial velocity profiles and the degree of separation of the radial velocity jets are shown to be determined by the Taylor number (being the ratio of half-gap width over the theoretical boundary layer thickness). The asymptotic entry length solution is shown to provide a better estimate for this cell than for the capillary gap cell. Unlike the previous cells the pump cell shows less asymptotic behavior and is therefore more difficult to simulate. The GFEM approach is usually too costly for this cell and therefore perturbation techniques are applied. The resulting semi-analytical solution adequately represents laminar pump cell velocity profiles over a broad range of parameter values and is very short and easy to implement. One high Taylor number simulation is performed using the GFEM and the previously reported decoupling of electrodic mass transfer is interpreted via velocity profiles.Nomenclature a gap width - Q volumetric flow rate (m³ s^–1) - r dimensionless radius - R radius (m) - Re Reynolds number (v _c a/v) - Re _gap gap Reynolds number (a ²/v) - Re rotational Reynolds number (R ₀ ² /v) - Sc Schmidt number (v/D) - spin dimensionless group (Equation 8) - t time (s) - v _c characteristic velocity (m s^–1) two defined: for FEM analysis it wasQ/b ² for Perturbation analysis 6Q/(2R _in a) - v _r dimensionless radial velocity - v _z dimensionless axial velocity - v dimensionless azimuthal velocity - V velocity (m s^–1) - z dimensionless axial distance Greek symbols Taylor number (Equation 7) - ratio of characteristic lengths (a/R _o ) - viscosity (kg m^–1 s) - constant - density (kg m^–3) - azimuthal direction - kinematic viscosity (m² s^–1) - angular velocity (rad s^–1)     

Effects of crystallinity and supermolecular formations on the interfacial shear strength and adhesion in GF/PP composites

Aim of this study was to screen the morphological effects on the interfacial shear strength (i) in glass fibre (GF) reinforced isotactic polypropylene (iPP) model composites. i was determined by a modified single fibre pull-out technique. It was established that the relation between i (5–6 MPa) and the yield stress of the iPP (y30 MPa) is at about 1:6 and that the i values were not influenced by the mophological superstructure set under isothermal crystallization conditions. Increased i was only observed when specimens were produced non-isothermally, by quenching (i9 MPa). This improvement could not be related to thermal shrinkage stresses. The enhancement in i was attributed to better wetting and improved adhesion due to the enlarged amorphous PP (aPP)-phase. A schematic adhesion model considering the wetting behaviour of aPP and iPP was proposed.