工合成材料的开发及应用(续)

３复合土工膜的开发与应用３．１复合土工膜的开发为了配套供应工程材料，我公司在总结沥青油毡、ＰＶＣ涂层土工膜、粘合复合土工膜、热复合土工膜研制和生产实践经验的基础上，收集解剖了国内外土工膜样品，选择最佳的复合工艺，筹建了一条幅宽４．５ｍ、生产范围为３５...     

非织造布复合土工膜排水机理的研究

非织造布复合土工膜是一种新型的土工复合新材料。它具有防渗、分离及增加土工膜和土壤面摩擦力等作用。非织造布复合土工膜的另一重要功能是它的排水作用。文中主要讨论非织造布复合土工膜的排水机理。     

非织造布复合土工膜排水机理的研究

非织造布复合土工膜是一种新型的土工复合新材料。它具有防渗、分离及增加上工膜和土壤面摩擦力等作用。非织造布复合土工膜的另一重要功能是它的排水作用。文中主要讨论非织造布复合土工膜的排水机理。     

试论土工防渗膜在灌溉渠道中的节水作用

介绍了防渗土工膜在农田渠道灌溉防渗、防漏、节水工程应用中的节水效果及使用方法 ,探讨了加大推广土工膜应用的意义     

复合土工膜在铁路工程中的应用

介绍了复合土工膜的特性和指标，结合铁路工程应用实例复合土工膜的应用进行了阐述，并预测了复合土工膜的发展前景。     

复合土工膜防渗材料在渠道节水工程中的应用研究

复合土工膜是水利工程中一种新颖的防渗加固材料,具有非常良好的防渗节水加固修复效果。结合某渠道运营现状,从渠道复合土工膜防渗加固方案、防渗节水效益等方面,详细介绍了复合土工膜在渠道节水工程中的应用。     

谈土工膜用塑料薄膜的质量

塑料薄膜是生产土工膜的主要材料之一，其质量的好坏直接影响土工膜的质量和使用效果。本文结合工厂５年的土工膜生产实验，对塑料薄膜的厚度，幅宽，强度及完好性等几个主要指标作了初步探讨。     

复合土工膜在哈日朝鲁水库除险加固中的应用

文章论述了复合土工膜在哈日朝鲁水库土坝防渗处理中的应用,采用复合土工膜斜墙防渗处理,防渗效果良好,具有推广价值。通过文章的介绍与分析,结合具体案例,促使复合土工膜在中小型病险水库除险加固上得到更好的应用。     

聚烯烃土工膜的测试标准与方法

基于美国的ASTM标准,介绍了聚烯烃土工膜的测试标准与方法,分析了国内外聚乙烯土工膜测试标准与方法的差异,并对我国的测试标准与方法提出相关建议。     

复合土工膜搭接技术探讨

复合土工膜主要用于土石坝等岩土工程的防渗，铁路路基的隔离和扩散外荷等，在使用中不可避免地需要将膜与膜之间进行对缝搭接。本文介绍了复合土工膜的四种搭接方法，搭接施工工艺和搭接方法的选择原则，较好地解答了有关复合土工膜的搭接问题。     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

纸质文献保存和修复方法专利技术综述

通过对纸质文献保存和修复领域专利技术文献的收集、分析、标引和梳理,分析了该领域专利技术分布及专利申请情况,分别探析了脱酸、修补、加固、装裱4种技术的专利技术演进路线,最后对该领域专利技术进行了总结。     

叶幕类型对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒品质的影响

以棚架和篱架两种栽培方式的摩尔多瓦葡萄果实为试材,成熟后采收进行酿酒试验,测定水平叶幕和直立叶幕对葡萄酒品 质的影响。 结果表明,棚架葡萄酒与篱架葡萄酒可滴定酸含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但棚架葡萄酒的pH值比篱架葡萄酒高0.02,葡萄 酒色度提高44.12%,总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别提高18.65%、14.64%,抗氧化能力（铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力）分别提高43.76%、 17.39%。同时,棚架葡萄酒香气物质种类比篱架葡萄酒多7种,酯类、醇类物质含量分别是篱架的3.06倍、1.36倍,其中,正己醇、辛酸乙 酯、苯乙醇含量是篱架葡萄酒的2.08倍、2.26倍、1.93倍,乙酸异丁酯、丙醇、乙酸异戊酯含量也分别高69.80%、41.87%、60.57%。 由此表 明,棚架水平叶幕可提高葡萄酒次生代谢物质含量,增加葡萄酒色调饱和度,增强葡萄酒稳定性,提升葡萄酒风味,改善葡萄酒品质。     

Effect of common and new gums on the quality,physical, and textural properties of bakery products: A review

Hydrocolloids (gums) have a good functional characteristic such as emulsifying, gelling, solubility, and textural improvement. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving dough performance, bread and cake characteristics, sensorial quality, and extension the products shelf life. Several studies reported the potential use of hydrocolloids in breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formulation. The present review summarized the effect of the most common and new hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, Arabic, carrageenan, karaya, alginate, acacia, methylcellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, locust bean, balangu seed, wild sage seed, basil seed, and cress seed gums) on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Gums addition improved volume and porosity of the breads and cakes. Gums influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch and decreased the retrogradation of starch. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving mixing and increasing the shelf life of the products through moisture preservation and avoidance of syneresis in some frozen foods. This study summarized the influence of the most common and new hydrocolloids on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Addition of seeds gum to the breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formula led to an increase in the viscosity of the batter. Also, the firmness of bakery products showed that they became softer with increasing gum levels.     

纺纱牵伸胶辊胶圈应用技术概要

阐述棉纺牵伸胶辊、胶圈的应用技术和牵伸原理,重点探讨了胶辊、胶圈的牵伸工艺特性及其合理配置、胶辊制作、周期管理、质量管理、使用管理、产品缺陷与其机械波分析、纺纱环境和挡车工操作水平对纺纱性能的影响,提出胶辊、胶圈有关机件的质量要求等。     

3种功能性甜味剂对大米蒸煮品质和消化特性的影响

为提高米饭蒸煮品质、延缓米饭回生和改善米饭消化性能,比较不同质量分数低聚果糖、山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇3 种低能量甜味剂对大米浸泡吸水率、直链淀粉比例、硬度、微观结构、晶体结构、热特性及消化特性等指标的影响。结果表明,3 种甜味剂处理均能够提高大米的吸水率,降低米饭的硬度。此外,低聚果糖、山梨糖醇和麦芽糖醇处理均能降低米饭的体外消化水解率。其中,1.6%低聚果糖处理的大米在浸泡25 min时吸水率提高了11.18%,直链淀粉比例、糊化焓值和放置24 h后硬度分别降低了7.36%、22.91%和21.79%,且与其他处理相比,显著降低了糊化焓值和结晶度,并表现出较好的微观结构和抗回生性。该研究为大米精深加工与方便米饭产品开发提供依据。     

酿酒工艺与产品风格质量的关系

文章根据酿酒就是培养微生物获取代谢产物-酒精与香味物质的原理,从"酿酒工艺不同,微生物种类不同,代谢产物不同,主香成分不同,香型不同,产品风格质量不同"几个方面,论述了酿酒工艺与产品风格质量之间的关系.提出了酿酒工艺是培养微生物的手段,获取其代谢产物酒精与香味物质才是酿酒目的的观点.指出:只有在坚持传统酿酒工艺的基础上不断改进传统酿酒工艺,才能使"手段"(酿酒工艺)更科学,更先进,更合理,更完善,更高明,才能获取更多代谢产物(酒精和香味物质),达到优质高产的"目的".     

Differences in the amount and structure of extractable skin and seed tannins amongst red grape varieties

Background and Aims:  Red wine is a very rich source of flavanols, consisting of catechins and oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of the fraction of flavanols, which is extractable from the grape into the wine.
Methods and Results:  Using HPLC-DAD-MS analysis carried out before and after thioacidolysis of wine-like extracts obtained from skins and seeds, the flavanol composition of 20 samples derived from Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Marzemino, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah and Teroldego was determined.
Conclusions:  It was confirmed that grape extracts are mainly rich in monomers and small oligomers (mean degree of polymerization <8). Grape seed extracts contained three monomers (catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate) and procyanidin oligomers. Grape skin extracts contained four monomers (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin), procyanidins and prodelphinidins oligomers. Upper and extension units of PAs were constituted mainly of epicatechin units, with the co-presence of catechin and epicatechin gallate in the seed PAs, and of gallocatechin in the case of skin PAs. The terminal units of the grape PAs were a mixture of five compounds, the same found also as monomers. Catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, which are found in other flavanol-rich, plant-derived foods and beverages, were not present in grape extracts.
Significance of the Study:  The grape variety determines both the amount and the structure of wine flavanols, leading to differences in the composition, which are likely to play an important role in the nutritional and sensorial properties of the wines.     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

近20年全国烤烟产区种植规模消长变化分析

利用2001至2020年期间全国烤烟生产数据,对全国不同烤烟产区种植规模消长及其地位变化进行了分析,并对产区分类方式和种植规模转移等相关问题进行了比较论证。结果表明,近20年,全国有22个省份每年都种植烤烟,生产规模经历了“三起三落”的较大波动,但总体呈“上升－下降”趋势。全国种植面积从2001年的94.3万hm²开始,逐年振荡上升,至2013年达到141.0万hm²的最高峰,然后连年下滑,到2020年降到了88.7万hm²。按照各省烤烟种植规模大小及其占比的上升或下降变化趋势相似性,将全国各烤烟产区分为4类。与2001年相比,2020年云南、四川和湖南种植面积占比分别增加了12.1、5.4和2.5百分点,而贵州、河南、山东、陕西、黑龙江、重庆、吉林和广东种植面积占比分别减少了5.8、4.9、2.2、1.7、1.5、1.4、0.7和0.7百分点,全国烤烟种植规模消长变化及转移主要在这11个省份之间发生,其他省份的变化及其影响甚小。本文提出的依据面积及其占比变化趋势相似性进行产区分类方法及对不同产区种植规模消长变化分析,可为了解和研究我国烤烟种植规模布局调整和未来发展规划决策提供参考。