Effects of higher order nonlinearities on second-order frequency mixing

Equations are presented here which describe second-order nonlinear frequency mixing under conditions where third-order non-linearities significantly alter the phase-matching relations. The coupled amplitude and phase equations illustrate that additional phase mismatch of the second-order process can be expected due to third-order nonlinearities. These nonlinearities include refractive index changes for a wave at one frequency due to waves at other frequencies. Growth of off-axis weak waves (small scale self-focusing) is described in terms of four-wave mixing in the presence of the second-order frequency mixing. It is shown that in at least some cases growth of off-axis waves is enhanced by second-order frequency mixing.     

Automatic Digital Method for Measuring the Permittivity of Thin Dielectric Films

One of the most promising techniques for measuring the electric permittivity at microwave frequencies of thin dielectric materials of the order of 0.1 to 10 /spl mu/m, is the cavity perturbation method. For thin films of this type, it is necessary to determine accurately and display small changes in the resonant frequency and Q factor of the cavity in the presence of the material sample. A circuit for the simultaneous measurement and digital readout of the resonant frequency and Q factor of microwave cavity is described. For the resonant frequency measurement, a very efficient automatic frequency circuit, with a homodyne modulation-detection bridge and frequency stabilization loop, is applied. Theoretical analysis and experiments results with this circuit show that an accuracy of 5x10/sup -7/can be achieved in the resonant frequency measurement. For measuring the Q factor, two similar circuits are described. The technique is based on measuring the phase shift of the envelope of an amplitude modulated microwave signal when this signal is transmitted through a resonant cavity at resonance. Although an accuracy of 0.5 percent in the Q factor can be achieved, it is shown that the main limiting factor in both circuits is the accuracy of phase shift determination at RF frequencies.     

Near-field scanner for the detection of passive intermodulation sources in base station antennas

Passive intermodulation (PIM) distortion is a challenging problem in the design and manufacturing of base station antennas. Small nonlinearities, typically in junctions, may cause a distortion signal that interferes with the receiver even with a level of -155 dBc in a GSM900 system. The PIM level specification of an outdoor base station antenna is difficult to achieve and the sources of PIM generation are laborious to track down. In this paper, a near-field measurement method is presented to localize and investigate passive intermodulation sources in antennas and open transmission lines. The principle of the PIM near-field measurement is otherwise the same as in a common reactive near-field measurement, but instead of measuring the signal at the input frequency, the signal amplitude and phase at the PIM frequency of interest are acquired. The constructed measurement system is capable of measuring PIM signal levels down to -110 dBm with 2/spl times/43 dBm transmit power in the GSM900 frequency band. As demonstration measurements, PIM sources in a two-element base station antenna and in a microstrip line are localized.     

Microwave Frequency Conversion Using a Coupled Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser

Microwave signal mixing is observed when two signals of different frequencies are injected into the top and bottom cavities of a coupled cavity surface-emitting laser simultaneously. The signal amplitude at the mixed frequencies can be tailored by the dc bias or the microwave signal amplitude applied to the coupled optical cavities. Signal mixing enables the generation of microwave signals at new frequencies, which can be useful for optical signal processing or frequency conversion for a high-speed data link.     

超导加速器低电平系统射频前端设计与实现

设计了中物院太赫兹科研装置超导加速器低电平控制系统的射频前端部分,采用了信号源8663A与直接信号发生器板卡AD9858结合的方案,产生射频前端所需的30.72 MHz中频信号和1330.72 MHz本振信号。采用AD9510时钟板产生ADC和DAC采样所需的频率122.88 MHz和245.76 MHz,采样信号时间抖动仅为4 ps,由此引起的幅值采样误差和相位采样误差分别为±0.04%和±0.025%,符合设计要求。     

模拟中频滤波幅相特性对微波着陆相位信号解算的影响分析

在微波着陆机载接收机中,射频通道将 C 波段信号变换为中频信号,中频信号通过模拟中频滤波器送入到后级处理,模拟中频滤波器的幅相特性特别是相位特性的好坏对后级解算相位信息影响较大,合理的认识评价模拟中频滤波器特性对整机相位信号的影响,是设计与考核模拟中频滤波器的基础。本文介绍了微波着陆机载设备相位信号解算处理通路及原理,并从系统角度给出了模拟中频滤波器特性对与系统相位信号解算的影响,为模拟中频滤波器的设计及系统评价模拟滤波器的性能做出参考。     

数字阵列天线接收通道宽带信号校准与波束形成技术研究

 本文提出了一种简洁、实用的天线接收通道宽带信号校准方法.该方法采用零中频信号处理技术,通过理论分析将数字阵列天线接收通道宽带线性调频信号校准分为通道间的时间和相位校准,证明了接收通道间宽带线性调频信号相位校准可以转化为单频信号进行,给出了接收通道间宽带信号的幅度校准方法和时间校准允许的误差范围.在通道校准基础上,采用脉冲压缩技术合成了宽带天线方向图.实验结果表明,本文方法是有效、可行的.     

Frequency offset estimation in the intermediate frequency for satellite-based AIS signals

In this paper, an accurate frequency offset estimator is investigated in the intermediate frequency for the satellite-based automatic identification system (AIS) signals. Using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation for transmission, the AIS signal is shown to be a plane wave with the modulated phase information and carrier frequency resulting from the Doppler effects. Hence, the phase information can be eliminated with a re-modulated signal, and the frequency offset can be estimated by the ratio of the maximum spectral amplitude and its neighbor spectral amplitude based on the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) interpolation. The estimator has low complexity, and it is easy to implement. Computer simulations are used to assess the performance of the estimator.     

一种简易数字控制频率特性测试仪的设计

设计了一个以STM32F407为控制核心的简易频率特性测试仪系统,可以实现了在1M～40MHz频率范围内,对双端口网络的幅频特性和相频特性进行测量。系统采用DDS芯片AD9854产生稳定的正交扫频信号源,根据零中频正交解调原理,由模拟乘法器AD835和二阶有源低通滤波器组成正交解调电路,实现被测网络幅度和相位参数模拟量的提取,然后由高精度ADC芯片ADS1271完成模数转换,再将信号送STM32F407处理后,最后由显示模块显示被测网络的幅频特性和相频特性。通过测试,本系统能正确的绘制被测网络的幅频特性曲线,显示其中心频率和3dB带宽,并且能够任意设置扫频步进和扫频范围,实现频率的粗扫描和精细扫描,其电压增益精度优于0.5dB,相位精度优于5度。     

Measurement of Bandwidth of Microwave Resonator by Phase Shift of Signal Modulation

Bandwidth is measured by transmission of a signal with sine-wave modulation through a microwave resonator under test. The modulation frequency is adjusted so that the envelope is delayed 45/spl deg/ with respect to the input, indicating that the two sideband frequencies are separated by the half-power bandwidth. The resonance ratio (Q) is then equal to the ratio of carrier frequency over twice the modulation frequency. This depends on observations of these frequencies and the modulation phase shift, but not on the amplitude. It is insensitive to detuning or incidental frequency variation of the resonator or the signal. In a resonant cavity tested, an observed bandwidth of 30 kc at 700 mc indicated that Q =23,300.     

两路微振动信号的光纤F-P腔干涉测量

法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔传感器结构简单,复用能力强,对导致其腔长发生变化的物理量灵敏度高,在超精密测量领域日益受到重视.为了使用一套光纤F-P腔测量两个目标,设计了两路反馈信号光纤F-P腔干涉系统,同时开展两路微振动信号测量.对两路微振动反馈F-P腔干涉信号,经多次取包络分解,得到了高、低频信号频谱,进而计算出待测目标...     

Analysis and Compensation of Bandpass Nonlinearities for Communications

There are many instances in communication systems where bandpass signals are passed through nonlinear devices, such as traveling wave tubes, which exhibit both amplitude and phase nonlinearities. When the input signal is narrow band, the device may be characterized by measurements of its single-carrier amplitude and phase transfer functions. A sufficient model for such a device is a quadrature structure that includes two nonlinearities each of which, acting on its own, would exhibit only amplitude distortion. The outputs of the two halves of this model are linearly independent for arbitrary narrow-band input signals so that their power spectra add. Consequently, almost all previously published results for amplitude nonlinearities can be readily applied to the analysis of the general device. Emphasis is laid on practical procedures for analysis based directly on measured device characteristics rather than analytic approximations and accuracy is checked by comparison of certain intermodulation results with previous results and with measurements. A new result is the performance of an Intelsat IV tube for a large number of independent equal-power-density signals. A heuristically optimal saturating nonlinearity is introduced and analyzed and two methods of compensating an arbitrary saturating device to obtain this optimal characteristic are presented. Two methods of inverting the Chebyshev transform are used in this paper and the choice of basis functions for obtaining series representations of the measured device characteristics is discussed.     

High-performance crystal oscillator circuits: theory andapplication

A general theory that allows the accurate linear and nonlinear analysis of any crystal oscillator circuit is presented. It is based on the high Q of the resonator and on a very few nonlimiting assumptions. The special case of the three-point oscillator, that includes Peirce and one-pin circuits, is analyzed in more detail. A clear insight into the linear behavior, including the effect of losses, is obtained by means of the circular locus of the circuit impedance. A basic condition for oscillation and simple analytic expressions are derived in the lossless case for frequency pulling, critical transconductance, and start-up time constant. The effects of nonlinearities on amplitude and on frequency stability are analyzed. As an application, a 2-MHz CMOS oscillator which uses amplitude stabilization to minimize power consumption and to eliminate the effects of nonlinearities on frequency is described. The chip, implemented in a 3-μm p-well low-voltage process, includes a three-stage frequency divider and consumes 0.9 μA at 1.5 V. The measured frequency stability is 0.05 p.p.m./V in the range 1.1-5 V of supply voltage. Temperature effect on the circuit itself is less than 0.1 p.p.m. from -10 to +60°C     

耦合式光电振荡器的理论与实验研究

为了研究耦合式光电振荡器,阐述了耦合式光电振荡器的模式选择理论,给出了维持最佳锁模状态的相位匹配条件,分析了影响射频信号相位噪声的因素,进行了基于保偏机制的耦合式光电振荡器的实验研究。采用分别调节光环形腔和光电微波振荡环路中的保偏可变光纤延迟线可改变腔长的方法,获得了腔长与振荡频率的关系。同时,采用鉴频法测量了不同条件下5GHz射频信号的相位噪声,研究了影响射频信号相位噪声的因素。结果表明,耦合式光电振荡器的振荡模式取决于光环形腔的腔长,射频信号相位噪声受到光信号偏振态、相位匹配、环路长度等因素的影响。实验中获得了偏移频率10kHz处相位噪声达到-136dBc/Hz的5GHz射频信号,是目前国内已知的相位噪声最低的耦合式光电振荡器。     

Tuning characteristics of a tunable-single-frequencyexternal-cavity laser

The lasing characteristics of a tunable-single-frequency laser operated in conjunction with a tunable external cavity are investigated. The effect of phase error in the external cavity on the lasing frequency, linewidth, and output power is calculated by deriving the characteristic equation for the FP cavity as a traveling amplifier with an effective mirror concept. The analysis suggests that the diode laser and the external cavity may be successfully tuned open-loop if the feedback strength is appropriate and the tuning nonlinearities in the active and passive cavities are not too severe. This is demonstrated by maintaining a linewidth of 4 MHz while tuning continuously over 34 GHz     

Rational function based predistorter for traveling wave tube amplifiers

A new scheme for the compensation of traveling wave tube amplifier nonlinearities is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The approach is based on rational function models of the amplifier AM-AM and AM-PM conversions. Amplitude and phase predistortion are performed separately. The phase predistortion is a function of the output of the amplitude predistortion part of the predistorter, instead of the input signal amplitude of the predistorter. Computer simulations reveal an improved performance compared to published techniques and suggest that with the proposed technique the transmit power amplifier can operate far into its nonlinear region. The transfer characteristics of the cascade of the amplifier and the proposed predistorter match the optimum transfer characteristics of a saturating device.     

Amplitude Behavior of Injection-Locked Oscillators

Subject to a reasonable constraint on the frequency of the amplitude modulation of the injected signal, the reduced amplitude equation for an injection-locked oscillator, a nonlinear differential equation, is reduced to a nonlinear algebraic equation which is solved numerically. AM limiting, power limiting, and output-power increment are calculated as functions of injected-signal amplitude for several types of negative-conductance nonlinearities. A method of characterizing the conductance nonlinearity from the measured output-power increment is given and is used to characterize avalanche- and tunnel-diode oscillators. Excellent agreement between calculated and measured limiting is shown. In addition to clarifying the amplitude behavior of the locked oscillator, the results show what types of nonlinearities are desirable for limiter applications, that avalanche-diode oscillators have the potential for excellent limiting, and that the output-power increment is indicative of the oscillator impedance match.     

连续激光光腔衰荡法精确测量高反射率

提出了基于宽谱半导体激光器连续激光光腔衰荡法测量高反射率的方法,给出了方波调制连续激光光腔衰荡法理论。采用锁相技术记录光腔输出信号一次谐波的振幅和相位,由振幅和相位随调制频率的变化曲线分别拟合衰荡时间。给出了不同腔长下两种拟合方式分别得到的衰荡时间,最终确定腔镜反射率为99.70%,误差小于0.01%。由频域拟合方式得到反射率结果,使可靠性得到提高。与脉冲激光光腔衰荡法相比,采用连续半导体激光器作光源,大大降低了成本,且由于光束质量高,更有利于提高测量精度。     

Multicarrier constant envelope OFDM signal design for radar applications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar signals have been introduced for high range resolution radars. These signals have prominent properties such as favorable ambiguity function, high bandwidth efficiency, and possibility of use in dual mode radar/communication systems. But the large amplitude fluctuations of the OFDM signal make it susceptible to system nonlinearities. To alleviate this problem, constant envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) signal has been introduced which combines orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and phase modulation or frequency modulation. Although several works have been reported on OFDM radar signal design, there is no a systematic approach for designing CE-OFDM signals for radar applications. In this paper we will focus on CE-OFDM signal design for radar applications. Two different methods for designing a CE-OFDM signal with favorable ambiguity functions are introduced. The first one is based on modulating a complementary set of sequences on different sub-carriers while the second is based on using a proper single carrier coded signal and then extracting its most similar multicarrier OFDM or CE-OFDM coded signal.