不同发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪品质的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,分别添加嗜温、嗜热和混合(嗜温∶嗜热=1∶1)三种发酵剂制作硬质干酪,研究在1~180 d成熟过程中,不同类型发酵剂制作的干酪中蛋白降解和ACP(酸性磷酸酶)对其品质的影响。结果表明:牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中发挥作用的ACP主要来自发酵剂,且干酪中蛋白降解受ACP影响显著,ACP与PPN(多肽氮)呈强正相关性(r=0.720),与CN(酪蛋白氮)和PN(蛋白氮)呈强负相关性。三种干酪PPN在60~120 d均保持稳定状态。不同类型的发酵剂对干酪蛋白降解强弱不同,过强或过弱均会影响到干酪的品质,嗜温发酵剂对干酪蛋白降解最弱,该干酪风味比较清淡;嗜热发酵剂对干酪蛋白降解能力最强,该发酵剂制作的干酪苦味较重,但组织状态较好;混合发酵剂对蛋白降解适中,该干酪发酵风味浓郁,组织状态较佳。     

酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

凝乳酶对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白降解的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,采用小牛皱胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶和微生物凝乳酶制作硬质干酪,探讨凝乳酶种类对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响。结果表明:三种凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中,不同凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间蛋白质降解能力存在较大差异,总氮(TN)、p H4.6水溶性氮(p H4.6-SN/TN)、12%的三氯乙酸氮(12%TCA-N/TN)、5%磷钨酸氮(5%PTA-N/TN)含量、游离氨基酸均随成熟时间延长不同程度的增加,蛋白氮和酪蛋白氮逐渐降低,多肽氮呈先升高后下降趋势,且微生物凝乳酶降解牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白能力显著(p0.05)高于木瓜蛋白酶和小牛皱胃酶。     

发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺的影响

乳酸菌产生物胺的能力具有菌株特异性,因此,为了探究不同种类发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺形成的影响,该试验利用高效液相色谱对3种不同发酵剂制作的硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺进行了测定和分析。结果表明,嗜热和嗜温发酵剂牦牛乳硬质干酪中检测出2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺,混合发酵剂干酪中检测出腐胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺和酪胺。各生物胺之间呈现正相关性。3种不同发酵剂干酪在1～6个月成熟过程中,其各生物胺整体呈现增加趋势,嗜热、嗜温和混合发酵剂干酪中总生物胺最高含量分别为(448.3±9.6)、(456.8±58.4)、(293±24.5)mg/kg。组胺和酪胺是2种毒性相对高的生物胺,嗜热发酵剂干酪中组胺和嗜温发酵剂干酪中酪胺最高,其最高含量分别为(20.8±7.9)、(92.9±6.7)mg/kg,混合发酵干酪中未检测出组胺,酪胺含量次之,3种不同发酵剂干酪中组胺、酪胺含量均低于推荐安全剂量50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg。这为合理选择发酵剂和控制干酪中生物胺形成提供了依据。     

两种羊奶干酪成熟期间理化和生化特性研究

对硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪成熟90d内理化和生化特性的研究表明:硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪的pH在成熟过程中都呈先减小后增大的趋势,水分含量逐渐降低,盐含量逐渐增大,蛋白质和脂肪含量先增大后减小.在蛋白质降解产物中,pH4.6水溶性氮(WSN-N)、12%三氯乙酸氮(TCA-N)、5%磷钨酸氮(PTA-N),氨基酸态氮(AAN)含量都呈上升趋势.在脂肪降解产物中,ADV值、羰基价和TBA值变大,POV值在干酪成熟过程中上升和下降交替出现.     

发酵剂用量对硬质蒙古干酪蛋白质、脂类水解和微观结构的影响

该文通过添加不同发酵剂用量制作了3种硬质蒙古干酪,并对硬质蒙古干酪的理化性质、蛋白质和脂肪水解程度、微观结构等进行了研究。结果表明,随着发酵剂用量增多,除D-乳酸含量外,其他理化指标均随发酵剂用量的增大而减小;粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的含量减少;pH 4.6-可溶性氮（SN）含量和12%三氯乙酸（TCA）-SN含量均增加,表明干酪中蛋白质和脂肪的水解程度增大;游离氨基酸和游离脂肪酸的含量增加,表明干酪的风味物质增多。随着发酵剂用量的增多,干酪酸化速度加快,质地相对松散。最终确定发酵剂使用量为1.0 g/L,在此条件下,脂肪和蛋白质的水解程度适中,游离氨基酸种类丰富,能够满足干酪风味化合物生成的需求。     

凝乳酶添加量对牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白质降解的影响

通过测定不同可溶性氮含量以及采用尿素凝胶电泳法,研究了不同小牛皱胃酶添加量对牦牛乳硬质干酪3个月成熟过程中蛋白质降解的影响,并对干酪苦味进行了感官评价。研究表明:凝乳酶添加量对干酪p H 4.6SN和12%TCASN影响显著(P0.05),在成熟1个月时,不同凝乳酶添加量干酪p H 4.6SN之间差距较大,且凝乳酶添加量与干酪p H 4.6SN间存在较强线性关系。凝乳酶添加量对5%PTASN和游离氨基酸影响不显著(P0.05)。尿素凝胶电泳显示:干酪中αs-酪蛋白降解依赖于凝乳酶添加量,且降解程度大于β-酪蛋白。凝乳酶添加量对干酪苦味影响显著(P0.05),且随着凝乳酶添加量的增多,其苦味程度逐渐加重,但是大部分干酪苦味属于轻微苦味和中等程度苦味之间。干酪苦味与12%TCASN、αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解率之间具有较强相关性(Spearman相关系数0.7,P0.01)。     

两种乳源切达干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解状况对比

为了了解中国特色水牛乳切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解的情况,以荷斯坦牛乳切达干酪为对照,用凯氏定氮法研究两种干酪的磷钨酸可溶性氮(PTA-SN)、三氯乙酸可溶性氮(TCA-SN)和pH 4.6可溶性氮(pH 4.6-SN)在干酪成熟期间的变化情况.结果表明:在成熟期90 d内,两种切达干酪在成熟过程中PTA-SN、TCA-SN和pH 4.6-SN含量随着成熟时间的延长逐渐增大,且成熟温度越高,增加得越多,最终分别上升了约5％～10％,1％～10％,2％～5％.中国水牛乳切达干酪蛋白降解程度更深.     

高压处理的霉菌干酪的蛋白水解

对自制的白霉干酪采用高压处理工艺,分析其蛋白水解的情况,并与未经高压处理干酪进行比较。通过测定2种干酪表面和内部的pH4.6-SN(%TN)、12%TCA-SN(%TN)和FAA(mg/g干酪)评价蛋白水解程度,结果表明:高压处理使pH4.6-SN、12%TCA-SN增加,对FAA无影响;高压处理使pH值升高,影响部分微生物酶的活力;高压处理能降低疏水作用,使酶更容易作用于暴露的敏感键。     

非发酵剂乳酸菌A-3和D-3对半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的影响

目的获得加速半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌菌株(non-starterlacticacidbacteria,NSLAB)。方法以前期分离自地中海地区山羊奶干酪中的2株优良NSLAB菌株为研究对象,测定其对干酪成熟过程中组成成分、微生物菌群、蛋白质水解和质构的影响。结果添加NSLAB菌株对干酪组成成分没有显著影响, NSLAB菌株没有影响乳球菌生长,在干酪成熟期间pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN逐渐增加,且添加NSLAB的干酪在成熟30 d后显著增加了pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量, 5%PTASN/TN的增加主要是由于乳酸菌中肽酶作用的结果, SDS-PAGE电泳结果说明添加NSLAB菌株的干酪中小分子多肽含量明显比对照干酪多,RP-HPLC分析得出干酪水溶性中肽的数量随着成熟时间增加。添加NSLAB菌株A-3没有改变干酪的硬度,使干酪的弹性增加。结论添加菌株A-3作为NSLAB的干酪样品中微生物自溶率高,蛋白水解程度强,质构性能良好,具有加速干酪成熟的潜力,是山羊奶干酪工业化生产的优良NSLAB。     

地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响

利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作切达干酪和切达干酪类似物,分析干酪成熟过程中各蛋白水解指标的变化规律,以揭示地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响。结果表明,CDF组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶所制切达干酪）、CD3组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶但未添加发酵剂制成的干酪类似物）和CCF组（添加商品凝乳酶所制切达干酪）干酪蛋白含量、pH 4.6-可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮、5%磷钨酸-可溶性氮、总游离氨基酸含量均随着成熟时间延长呈显著增加趋势,并且成熟期间CDF组干酪均显著高于CCF组干酪（P＜0.05）;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分析表明,CDF组干酪α-酪蛋白水解程度较大;pH 4.6-可溶性肽段分析表明,随着干酪的成熟,总肽含量呈先增加后下降趋势,但疏水性肽与亲水性肽的比值呈持续下降趋势,在成熟第6个月时,CDF组、CD3组和CCF组干酪疏水性肽与亲水性肽比值分别为2.668、2.822、3.788。主成分分析表明,3 组干酪的蛋白水解程度与成熟度呈正相关,与疏水性肽和亲水性肽的比值呈负相关。以上结果表明,利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作的干酪蛋白水解度更高,但其疏水性肽比例较小,研究结果可为地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶在干酪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

Proteolysis during the ripening of goats’ milk cheese made with plant coagulant or calf rennet

Powdered plant coagulant (PPC) obtained from the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) was compared with calf rennet (CR) for the manufacture of goats’ milk cheese, by determining difference in the proteolysis throughout ripening. There were no substantial differences between the compositions of cheeses made using the two types of coagulants. However, cheeses manufactured with PPC exhibited higher levels of pH 4.6-SN than cheese made using CR. The extent of breakdown of α_s-casein, as measured by urea-PAGE, was greater in cheese made using PPC than cheese made using CR. The formation of hydrophobic peptides and the ratio of hydrophobic/hydrophilic peptides throughout the ripening were higher in cheeses made with PPC than in cheeses made with CR. Principal component analysis (PCA) of peak heights of RP-HPLC peptide profiles of the ethanol-soluble and ethanol-insoluble fractions distributed the samples according to the coagulant used in their manufacture. Quantitative differences in several peptides were evident between the two types of cheese.     

Impact of nisin producing culture and liposome-encapsulated nisin on ripening of Lactobacillus added-Cheddar cheese

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating liposome-encapsulated nisin Z, nisin Z producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis UL719, or Lactobacillus casei-casei L2A adjunct culture into cheese milk on textural, physicochemical and sensory attributes during ripening of Cheddar cheese. For this purpose, cheeses were made using a selected nisin tolerant cheese starter culture. Proteolysis, free fatty acid production, rheological parameters and hydrophilic/hydrophobic peptides evolution were monitored over 6 mo ripening. Sensory quality of cheeses was evaluated after 6 mo. Incorporating the nisin-producing strain into cheese starter culture increased proteolysis and lipolysis but did not significantly affect cheese rheology. Liposome-encapsulated nisin did not appear to affect cheese proteolysis, rheology and sensory characteristics. The nisinogenic strain increased the formation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides present in the cheese water extract. Sensory assessment indicated that acidic and bitter tastes were enhanced in the nisinogenic strain-containing cheese compared to control cheese. Incorporating Lb. casei and the nisinogenic culture into cheese produced a debittering effect and improved cheese flavor quality. Cheeses with added Lb. casei and liposome-encapsulated nisin Z exhibited the highest flavor intensity and were ranked first for sensory characteristics.     

Changes of composition and free fatty acid contents of Urfa cheeses (a white-brined Turkish cheese) during ripening: Effects of heat treatments and starter cultures

The influences of heat treatments (at 65 °C for 20 min or 72 °C for 5 min) applied to the milk and addition of mesophilic or thermophilic starter cultures, prior to cheese-making, on the composition and free fatty acid contents of Urfa cheeses were evaluated throughout the ripening period. Sensory evaluation of cheese samples was also performed on 90th day. The basic composition of ripened cheese samples was not significantly affected by the heat treatments and starter cultures. Heat treatments adversely affected the lipolysis and sensory properties of Urfa cheeses, particularly at 72 °C. The FFA contents of cheeses made from mesophilic and thermophilic cultures were similar. Cheese made from raw milk had a higher level of lipolysis than the cheeses made from milk inoculated with mesophilic or thermophilic lactic starters (p < 0.05).     

Proteolysis and microstructure of Piacentinu Ennese cheese made using different farm technologies

The aim of this study was to provide the biochemical and structural characterization of Piacentinu Ennese cheese and to evaluate the impact of different farm technologies on cheese proteolysis and microstructure. Fifteen cheeses were manufactured according to traditional technology, i.e., from raw milk and farmhouse rennet in the absence of starter culture. Pasteurized milk, commercial rennet, and starter were used for production of 20 nontraditional cheeses. Proteolysis in Piacentinu Ennese cheese was monitored during a 2- to 10-mo ripening time. Low rates of overall proteolysis were observed in cheese, as percentages of total N soluble at pH 4.6 and in 12% trichloroacetic acid were about 11.40 and 8.10%, respectively, after 10 mo of age. Patterns of primary proteolysis by urea-PAGE showed that alpha(s)-caseins were degraded to a larger extent than were beta-caseins, although a considerable amount of both caseins was still intact after 10 mo. Reversed phase-HPLC analysis of the cheese peptide fractions showed a slow decrease in the levels of hydrophobic peptides coupled to increasing levels of hydrophilic compounds as the cheese aged. The structural characteristics of Piacentinu Ennese cheese were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy after 2, 4, and 6 mo of age. The micrographs showed a sponge-like structural network with a well-distributed system of empty spaces, originally occupied by whey and fat. The microstructure changed during cheese ripening to become more compact with cavities of smaller size. Farm technology significantly affected cheese proteolysis and microstructure. Nontraditional cheeses had higher levels of pH 4.6-soluble N and showed a larger hydrolysis of alpha(s)-casein fractions by urea-PAGE analysis than did traditional cheeses. Large differences between cheese-types also concerned the patterns of secondary proteolysis. Nontraditional cheeses had higher levels of 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble N and showed larger proportions of free amino acids and hydrophilic peptides in the HPLC profiles of the corresponding 70% ethanol-soluble N fraction than traditional cheeses. Nontraditional cheeses also had a more open structure with a coarser and less continuous appearance than did traditional cheeses. A large amount of variability in cheese proteolysis and structure within nontraditional treatment reflected farm-dependent changes in manufacturing conditions related to the use of various types of rennet and starter.     

Lipolysis in Urfa cheese produced from raw and pasteurized goats’ and cows’ milk with mesophilic or thermophilic cultures during ripening

Lipolysis was evaluated in Urfa cheese made from raw and pasteurized goats’ and cows’ milk with mesophilic or thermophilic cultures. The acid degree values (ADVs) of the cows’ milk cheeses were significantly (P < 0.05) higher until 60 d of storage than that of cheese made from goats’ milk. Total free fatty acid (FFA) contents of goats’ milk cheese were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of cows’ milk cheese throughout ripening, whereas goats’ milk cheese flavour was higher (P < 0.05) than cows’ milk cheese. Pasteurization of milk prior to cheese-making has a negative influence, not only on the level of lipolysis throughout ripening, but also on the relative amounts of short chain FFAs and sensory properties of the cheeses (P < 0.001). Cheese produced without starter bacteria underwent significantly (P < 0.05) higher lipolysis than cheeses produced with mesophilic or thermophilic starter bacteria, while cheese made with thermophilic starter culture had similar flavour to cheese made without starter culture.     

Physicochemical and textural characteristics and volatile compounds of semihard goat cheese as affected by starter cultures

Today, cheese is valued because of its high nutritional value and unique characteristics. Improving the texture and flavor of cheese by selecting suitable starter cultures is an important way to promote the development of cheese industry. The effect of starter cultures on the physicochemical and textural properties and volatile compounds during the ripening of semihard goat cheese were investigated in this work. Different starter cultures—mesophilic (M) and thermophilic starters (T), Lactobacillus plantarum ssp. plantarum ATCC 14917 (Lp), a mix of the M and T starters (M1), and mix of the M, T, and Lp starters (M2)—were used in the production of the goat cheeses. Volatile compounds were determined by a solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (SPME/GC-MS) method. The results showed that the moisture content of cheeses produced with the 5 kinds of starter cultures decreased after maturation, whereas ash content increased. The pH values of goat cheeses decreased first and then increased during maturity, and the pH value of M2 cheese was the lowest among the cheeses. The hardness and chewiness of the cheeses increased with increasing maturity, whereas cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience showed the opposite tendency. The 60-d-old cheese made with Lp had the highest chewiness, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience, whereas the 60-d-old cheese made with M2 had the highest hardness. A total of 53 volatile components were identified by SPME/GC-MS, and carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and esters were the 4 major contributors to the characteristic flavors of the cheeses. Volatile components and their contents differed greatly among the produced cheeses. The M2 cheese contained the highest relative content of the main volatile compounds (90.10%), especially butanoic acid and acetoin. Through a comprehensive comparison of the results, we concluded that M2 cheese had a dense texture and milky flavor, and M2 is a potential starter culture candidate for the production of goat cheese.