猪皮蛋白替代脂肪对广式烤肠品质的影响

为了探究猪皮蛋白替代脂肪对广式烤肠品质特性的影响,用猪皮蛋白分别替代0、33.33%、50%、66.67%和100%的脂肪,并对烤肠的化学组成、蒸煮损失率、解冻汁液损失率、质构、色泽和感官品质进行评价。结果表明随着猪皮蛋白替代脂肪率增加,水分和蛋白质含量、硬度、弹性、内聚力、咀嚼性、a*值和b*显著增大,脂肪和胆固醇含量、L*显著减小,当脂肪替代率小于50%时,猪皮蛋白的添加对烤肠的蒸煮损失率、解冻汁液损失率、口感风味和产品总体接受性影响不显著。因此,利用适量猪皮蛋白替代广式烤肠中的脂肪可以降低烤肠的脂肪和胆固醇含量,提高蛋白质含量,并且对感官品质无显著影响,能被消费者接受。     

黑豆豆腐替代脂肪对肉丸品质特性的影响

本文将黑豆豆腐作为脂肪替代品应用于肉丸的生产中,通过测定肉糜蒸煮损失及乳化稳定性、肉丸感官评价、基本成分、电子鼻、质构、色泽、出品率、pH、微观结构等指标,研究黑豆豆腐添加量（0、4%、8%、12%、16%、20%）对肉丸品质特性的影响,从而为低脂黑豆豆腐肉丸产品的开发提供可行性建议。结果表明:与对照组相比,肉糜的蒸煮损失率、水分损失率、脂肪损失率随着黑豆豆腐添加量的增加逐渐降低。当黑豆豆腐添加量为12%时,肉丸感官评分最高,整体可接受性最好。随着黑豆豆腐添加量的增加,肉丸的脂肪含量逐渐降低,蛋白质、水分、灰分含量增加;肉丸硬度、咀嚼性逐渐增大,弹性、胶黏性呈先增大后减小的趋势;L*值、a*值逐渐减小,b*值增加,出品率和pH呈先上升后下降的趋势。当黑豆豆腐添加量为12%时,肉丸出品率最高,pH最大。电子鼻主成分分析结果显示:不同黑豆豆腐添加量的肉丸样品间气味存在明显差异。扫描电镜结果表明:加入黑豆豆腐能明显提高肉丸内部结构的均匀性,改善整体品质。因此,12%的黑豆豆腐添加量制作的肉丸综合品质最佳。     

水分含量对南酸枣糕质构和色泽的影响

通过分析不同水分含量对南酸枣糕的质构特性和色度指标的影响,探讨南酸枣糕水分含量与质构特性和色度指标的相关性。结果表明,南酸枣糕的水分含量在12.1%～35.4%的范围,其质构特性(硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性、黏性、弹性)都随着水分含量的降低而逐渐增大,而弹性在水分含量为20.0%～22.5%和12.1%～14.1%时基本保持不变;且水分含量在12.1%～22.5%时,南酸枣糕的水分含量与质构特性之间存在明显的线性相关性。南酸枣糕的色泽也随着水分含量而变化,水分含量降低时,其黄度、绿度逐渐增加,亮度呈先增加后减弱的趋势;且水分含量在12.1%～20.0%时,南酸枣糕的亮度和绿度与水分含量之间存在明显的线性相关性。     

辅料配比及烹饪方式对速冻羊肉饼品质的影响

研究木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶3 种辅料对速冻羊肉饼质构特性与感官品质的影响,确定羊肉饼的最 佳工艺配方;同时对3 种烹饪方式（100 ℃蒸煮20 min、121 ℃高温蒸煮20 min、160 ℃大豆油油炸8 min）熟制后 的羊肉饼进行质构、风味特性及感官品质评价。结果表明：当木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别为12%、 90%和1.5%时,羊肉饼的质构特性和感官评分的综合评价最好;油炸羊肉饼的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性明显优于其他 2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）,且油炸羊肉饼中的醛类、含氮含硫类物质等羊肉特殊挥发性风味物质的种类及相对含 量均显著高于其他2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）。综上所述,辅料配方中木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别 为12%、90%和1.5%、经160 ℃大豆油炸熟制的羊肉饼咀嚼性更强、风味佳、品质好。     

几种杂粮粉对速冻水饺品质的影响

选用燕麦、荞麦、糜子、青稞四种杂粮粉添加到饺子皮中,研究了速冻杂粮水饺的速冻失水率、蒸煮损失率、冻裂率、质构特性以及感官评分。结果表明:随着杂粮添加量的增加,饺子皮的速冻失水率均逐渐降低,且燕麦降低速度最快;20%的燕麦粉时蒸煮损失率在3.53%,与不添加杂粮情况下的蒸煮损失率3.35%接近;燕麦、糜子、荞麦、青稞四种杂粮粉在添加量为20%时,冻裂率分别为2.88%、3.42%、4.77%、4.92%,均低于不添加杂粮时的4.98%;随着杂粮粉添加量的增加,燕麦面团黏性呈增大趋势,而荞麦、糜子、青稞面团黏性均降低;在感官评分方面,燕麦速冻水饺评分最高,尤其在耐煮性和口感评分上优势明显。     

脂肪添加种类和比例对鱼豆腐品质特性的影响

为研究脂肪添加种类和比例对鱼豆腐品质特性的影响,分别制备添加10%、20%、30%的乳化猪背膘 （emulsified pig backfat,EPB）或乳化鸡皮（emulsified chicken skin,ECS）的6 组鱼豆腐,并测定其营养成分、色 泽、蒸煮损失、质构特性、脂肪酸组成及横向弛豫时间（T2）。结果表明：随着脂肪添加比例的增加,鱼豆腐中的 蛋白质和水分含量明显降低,脂肪含量、脂肪酸总量、亮度值（L*）和白度值（W）有升高趋势;添加30%脂肪鱼 豆腐的蒸煮损失率最大,弹性和T22峰值最低;与添加ECS的鱼豆腐相比,添加EPB鱼豆腐的脂肪含量、L*、W、T22 较高,而蛋白质含量、水分含量、蒸煮损失率及不饱和脂肪酸含量较低。从营养特性、脂肪酸组成、蒸煮损失率、 色泽和凝胶特性等各项指标综合分析,在鱼豆腐的实际生产中,添加20%的脂肪比较合适,将EPB和ECS混合添加 的效果更好,不仅能有效改善鱼豆腐的脂肪酸及营养组成,得到的鱼豆腐成品口感和色泽俱佳,且成品具有较好的 质构特性。     

大豆分离蛋白对速冻饺子肉馅抗冻性能的改善

研究了大豆分离蛋白(SPI)对速冻饺子肉馅持水性、脂肪氧化、质构特性及水分转移的改善作用。研究表明:冻藏90 d,对照组肉馅的持水性明显下降,解冻损失由0.6%增加到1.6%,蒸煮损失由24%增加到33%。大豆分离蛋白能有效改善速冻饺子肉馅的抗冻性能。添加6%大豆分离蛋白的饺子肉馅冻藏90 d解冻损失为0.98%,蒸煮损失为17%。添加复合配方(6%大豆分离蛋白、0.4%卡拉胶、0.03%VC和0.05%茶多酚)能进一步改善饺子肉馅的持水性。大豆分离蛋白还能有效延缓冻藏期间饺子肉馅的脂肪氧化、改善肉馅质构特性、抑制水分迁移和冰晶生长。     

非水溶性龙须菜多糖在猪肉肠中保水性的研究

本文主要研究脱除酸性多糖的龙须菜粉对猪肉肠保水性能的影响,分别考察了龙须菜粉和磷酸盐对猪肉肠的蒸煮损失率、离心损失率、质构特性和微观结构的影响。实验表明,复合磷酸盐(CPP)在各组磷酸盐中保水性最好,在磷酸盐最大允许添加量(0.5%)下,添加龙须菜粉使猪肉肠的蒸煮损失率、离心失水率分别下降了95.27%、71.62%,相对于CPP组分别下降了37.20%、32.50%,差异显著(p0.05),且随着龙须菜粉增加保水效果逐渐增强;猪肉肠的弹性、硬度、粘聚性、咀嚼度和回复性随添加量的增大逐渐改善,当添加量在3.5~4%之间时,各组质构特性较CPP组均有不同程度的提高;观察200倍电镜下肠体微观结构,添加龙须菜粉的猪肉肠形成致密连续的结构且比较均一,较其他各组更加利于水分的固定。因此实验最终确定了龙须菜粉在3.5~4%的添加量下较CPP能更好的改善肉制品品质。     

马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质

将马铃薯全粉与碎米按不同比例混合,测定混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米的感官品质、质构特性和蒸煮损失率,探讨马铃薯全粉添加量对混合粉糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均逐渐减小;马铃薯挤压重组米的感官评分先增大后减小,在添加量为40%~50%时较高;质构特性中硬度显著(p<0.05)减小,弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性先增大后减小,在添加量为50%时最大;蒸煮损失率显著(p<0.05)增大。结合感官品质、质构特性、蒸煮损失率结果,马铃薯全粉添加量≤50%时,加工出的马铃薯挤压重组米品质较好。马铃薯全粉的添加量、马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉糊化特性与马铃薯挤压重组米品质特性存在显著(p<0.05)相关性。     

乙酰化羟丙基糯玉米淀粉对速冻汤圆品质的影响

为提高速冻汤圆的食用品质,以乙酰化羟丙基糯玉米淀粉(acetylated hydroxypropyl waxy corn starch,AHWCS)作为品质改良剂,探究其对速冻汤圆的蒸煮、质构特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明,当添加质量分数为20%时,在蒸煮特性方面速冻汤圆失重率为9. 95%、蒸煮损失率为0. 93%、冻裂率为13. 33%,均为最低;汤汁透光率为7. 43%,为最高。在质构特性方面,硬度、咀嚼性较低,质地松软,弹性最高。在感官品质方面,汤圆表面光滑、色泽鲜亮、口感柔软、有浓厚的糯米清香味,感官评分最高,为90. 67分,汤圆品质最佳。因此,添加适当比例的AHWCS可有效改善速冻汤圆的品质,这为其在速冻食品中的应用提供了基础。     

Enhancement of the nutritional status of beef patties by adding flaxseed flour

Flaxseed flour was used as a functional ingredient in the production of beef patties. Beef patties were produced with five different formulations; the addition of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% flaxseed flour. Control samples were formulated with 10% and 20% fat addition. Raw and cooked beef patties were analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH, color parameters and fatty acid profiles. Beef patties were evaluated for cooking loss and sensory properties. Fat and ash content of raw patties increased, while moisture and protein content decreased with increased flaxseed flour. The same trend (except fat content) was also observed after cooking. The addition of flaxseed flour did not affect pH values of raw and cooked beef patties. The addition of flaxseed flour improved the cooking loss but, increased the energy value (as kcal/100 g). L and a values of raw beef patties containing flaxseed flour were close to controls with 10% fat. α-linolenic acid content of raw and cooked beef patties increased as the level of flaxseed flour increased. The PUFA/SFA ratio increased from 0.04 in the control with 10% fat to 0.62 in the raw beef patties with 15% flaxseed flour. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 5.76 in the control with 10% fat to 0.36 in the raw beef patties with 15% flaxseed flour. The nutritional status of beef patties was enhanced with minimal composition and sensory changes with 3% or 6% flaxseed flour addition.     

酪蛋白酸钠-葵花籽油协同对乳化肠品质特性的影响

以猪后腿肉为原料肉,酪蛋白酸钠、葵花籽油预乳化液替代猪背膘制备乳化肠,研究不同比例（0、25%、50%、75%、100%）预乳化液替代对乳化肠蒸煮损失率、物理化学组成、色泽、质构、脂肪酸组成及硫代巴比妥酸值的影响。结果显示：随着预乳化液替代比例增加,乳化肠中蛋白质、水分的含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,灰分含量变化差异不显著,脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,从18.58%降低到10.17%;蒸煮损失率降低;乳化肠的亮度值随预乳化液代替猪背膘比例的增加呈上升趋势,红度值和黄度值呈下降趋势;预乳化液替代组乳化肠的质构特性优于对照组;预乳化液替代猪背膘制备乳化肠还可以改变乳化肠的脂肪酸组成,随替代比例的增大,乳化肠中必需脂肪酸亚油酸在总脂肪酸中所占的比例显著增加（P＜0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸所占的比例增加,高达55.92%,饱和脂肪酸从39.72%降低到13.52%,满足消费者对低脂多不饱和脂肪酸肉制品的需求;随替代比例的增大,乳化肠的TBARS值逐渐减小,用预乳化液替代猪背膘可增强乳化肠的氧化稳定性。因此,酪蛋白酸钠、葵花籽油预乳化液替代猪背膘可显著改善乳化肠的品质及营养特性。     

Nutritional quality of model low‐fat pork patties manufactured with the use of soy protein isolate

Proximate composition and amino acid and fatty acid profiles of low‐fat pork patties manufactured with the addition of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined and their energy values were calculated. Patties with SPI were characterised by a higher content of protein than the control. Although the 10% SPI added sample showed the highest energy value of all samples, it contained the lowest amount of fat and therefore the share of energy from the fat of this sample was lower than those of the other samples. The essential amino acid indices of SPI added patties were lower than those of the control, but they were still favourable compared to the FAO/WHO/UNU reference pattern of protein. The fatty acid composition of fat was positively influenced by the addition of SPI, as an increase in C18:2, C18:3, total PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio along with an increased amount of SPI added to patties was observed.     

ffect of Initial Fat Level and Cooking Method Cholesterol Content and Caloric Value of Ground Beef Patties

Ground beef patties were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30% fat. The patties were either broiled or pan-fried for a predetermined time, then frozen. A sample from each treatment was thawed and reheated by a microwave oven and then refrozen. Fat, moisture, protein, ash, and cholesterol content, were determined for patties from each treatment. Cholesterol content of cooked patties was not related (P>0.05) to initial fat content. Caloric content of cooked patties was curvilinearly related to fat content of original (raw) patties due to the increased loss of fat during cooking as initial fat level increased.     

Corn Germ Protein Flour as an Extender in Broiled Beef Patties

Beef patties were extended at levels of 10, 20, and 30% of the uncooked weight with hydrated defatted corn germ protein flour (CGPF). Extended patties had lower cooking losses and higher cooked yields than control patties. Adding CGPF did not affect moisture or fat contents in broiled patties, but lowered protein content. The amino acid composition of experimental patties was comparable to that of the control. The water-holding capacity and pH of raw patties increased with increasing levels of added CGPF. Incorporation of CGPF affected sensory characteristics of the product; meaty aroma and flavor of all-meat patties was significantly higher than experimental samples and decreased with an increase in added CGPF. CGPF has potential use as an extender in coarsely ground meats.     

再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠品质的影响

以再生纤维素凝胶分别取代0%、15%、30%、45%、60%的猪背膘生产发酵香肠,探讨再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠各理化指标和品质指标的影响。结果表明：随着脂肪替代度的增加,发酵香肠的脂肪含量显著降低,硬度、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均呈现不同程度下降;水分含量和亮度值显著增加（P＜0.05）。替代组发酵香肠的pH值略低于对照组,各处理组间水分活度差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在总体可接受性上,各实验组香肠均有较好的接受度,其中替代度为45%的发酵香肠接受性最高。综合以上结果表明,再生纤维素凝胶可以作为脂肪替代物应用于发酵香肠中,其对猪背膘的最适替代度为45%。     

Variability in temperature distribution and cooking properties of ground pork patties containing different fat level and with/without salt cooked by microwave energy

This study was carried out to evaluate the cooking effects of fat level (10% and 20%) with and without NaCl (1.5%) on the microwave cooking pattern and properties of ground pork patties. Each patty was cooked from a thawed state to 76.7°C in a microwave oven with full power (900W). Cooking rate in patties produced without salt was not affected by fat level, but the addition of salt in pork patties decreased cooking rate, regardless of fat levels. The temperatures at the edges of the patties increased faster than those at the center or the mid-way positions. In the patties with NaCl, the temperature of the center position was higher than that of the mid-way position. Patties containing salt within the same fat level had higher moisture content and lower fat content than those without salt, although no significant differences in compositional properties were observed between the center, midway, or edge positions. Total cooking loss, drip loss, and reduction in diameter and thickness were higher in patties with 20% fat compared to those with 10% fat, but the addition of salt resulted in reduction, regardless of fat level. Also, the addition of salt increased the redness and reduced yellowness of the cooked products.     

复合添加剂提高调理肉饼乳化性的工艺优化

为提高调理肉饼的乳化性（保水性和保油性）,以卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和复合磷酸盐为添加剂,分别以水分流失率和脂肪流失率为指标,考察4 种添加剂对调理肉饼乳化性能的影响,并通过正交试验优化4 种添加剂的最佳配比。结果表明：单一添加组分能够改善调理肉饼的保水保油性;与单一添加相比,复合添加进一步提高了调理肉饼的乳化能力,其中以0.6%卡拉胶、4%大豆分离蛋白、0.6%黄原胶和0.5%复合磷酸盐组合的乳化性能较强,水分流失率和脂肪流失率分别为15.26%和11.17%。上述研究结果表明,将复合添加剂应用于调理肉饼加工中能提高其保水保油性,增强乳化性能。     

The storage stability and textural, physico-chemical and sensory quality of low-fat ground pork patties with Carrageenan as fat replacer

Low‐fat ground pork patties (<10% total fat) made with carrageenan added at either 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75% final concentration were processed and the compositional and sensory characteristics compared with control patties which contained 20% fat. The moisture content of raw and cooked low‐fat patties was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than control patties because of greater amounts of water added during formulation. Cooking yield, fat and moisture retention also improved significantly (P < 0.05) in low‐fat patties that had carrageenan incorporated when compared to a control product. The dimensions of the low‐fat patties were maintained better than those of the control product during cooking. The sensory attributes of low‐fat patties with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to those of the high‐fat control. The lipid profile revealed as much as a 47.7 or 44.1% decrease in total lipids and cholesterol content respectively, compared with the controls. The calorie content was reduced by 31.1% in low‐fat cooked patties compared with the controls. The texture profile of low‐fat patties that had been made with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to control patties with only a slight increase in hardness and gumminess in the low‐fat product. The low‐fat ground pork patties made in the present study remained stable without any appreciable loss of physico‐chemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 21 and 35 days in aerobic and vacuum packaging respectively.     

Effect of substitution of soy protein isolate on aroma volatiles, chemical composition and sensory quality of wheat cookies

Wheat flour was substituted with soy protein isolate (SPI) at levels of 0–20% and its effect on aroma volatiles and quality of cookies was evaluated. The chemical analysis showed that the moisture and protein content increased gradually by increasing the added levels of SPI whereas the carbohydrate and fat levels showed the opposite trend. The sensory characteristics, aroma, taste, crispiness and overall acceptability showed significant ( P  <   0.05) increase of up to 10% SPI substitution compared with cookies free of SPI. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of aroma volatiles revealed that the sample containing 10% SPI had the highest yield (13.57%) of pyranones, the key odourants of cookies. The results of GC-MS analysis were consistent with those of the aroma sensory analysis of cookies during storage.