马克斯克鲁维酵母的中试发酵研究

对马克斯克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus）的细胞积累展开中试发酵,并且在其培养过程中研究菌体的生长情况以及呼吸参数和代谢产物的变化规律。结果表明,通过摇瓶和3 L发酵罐的分批培养,从6株马克斯克鲁维酵母中确定了马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株F#在生长方面更具优势。利用带有尾气分析仪的50 L发酵罐对菌株F#进行分批培养和流加培养,确定了菌株F#存在Crabtree效应。并且通过线上监测呼吸商（RQ）、发酵液pH和溶氧的变化情况,以合适的补料工艺减弱了菌株F#的Crabtree效应,培养12 h后细胞干质量达（54.37±3.3）g/L,实现了细胞的大量积累,对马克斯克鲁维酵母的工业生产具有一定指导意义。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母木薯乙醇发酵工艺研究

通过单因素试验对一株耐高温马克斯克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus）HY32的木薯乙醇发酵工艺进行了研究。结果表明,HY32利用木薯发酵乙醇的最佳工艺条件为料水比1∶5（g∶mL）,发酵时间96 h,接种量11%,发酵温度40 ℃,液化时间1 h,液化温度95 ℃,液化酶添加量为20 U/g淀粉,糖化酶添加量为150 U/g淀粉,硫酸铵添加量6 g/L,初始pH=5.0。在此条件下,HY32发酵木薯酒精度可达8.90%vol,淀粉利用率与淀粉出酒率分别为87.120%和49.48%,残糖量为0.03 g/L。与未优化的初始发酵条件相比,发酵醪的酒精度提高了16.65%。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母固态发酵菊粉酶培养条件的优化

在单因素试验基础上,为进一步提高马克斯克鲁维酵母固态发酵产生的菊粉酶的活力,采用全因子试验设计和中心组合设计对影响的因素进行优化,运用响应面分析模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,优化的培养条件为：菊芋粉3．62％,玉米浆干粉2．40％,培养温度28．13℃。模型预测的最大响应值为314．71U／gds,在优化条件下酶活为316．35U／gds,二者基本一致。     

PCRDGGE技术分析混菌发酵乳中马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳酸菌的相互作用

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对混菌发酵及贮藏过程中马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳酸菌之间的相互作用进行分析,进而对整个过程中微生物优势菌群及其稳定性进行跟踪监测。结果表明:混菌发酵及贮藏过程中微生物组成比较稳定,优势菌为嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus,ST);发酵过程中,马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的添加对乳酸菌生长起到促进作用,尤其是对保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus,LB)效果显著,贮藏期间该作用转变为抑制;整个过程乳酸菌的存在对酵母菌的生长具有一定的抑制作用。该研究可为深入探讨乳酸菌与酵母菌共同发酵机理及新型发酵乳制品的开发提供理论基础。      

马克斯克鲁维酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对液态法黄酒风味的影响

以糯米糖化液为发酵基质,对马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)HY32在不同发酵温度、不同通气条件以及与酿酒酵母(Sacchromyces cerevisiae)TRADY混合发酵对黄酒风味物质和感官的影响进行了研究.结果表明,HY32在37℃下发酵的黄酒的乙醇体积分数为7.13％,是28...     

马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵产β-葡聚糖工艺优化

以马克斯克鲁维酵母为原料,研究马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵产β-葡聚糖的工艺。通过正交试验确定马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵产β-葡聚糖的培养基最佳配比,即葡萄糖用量为3.0%,酵母膏用量为2.5%,蛋白胨用量为1.0%,吐温-80用量为0.3%。以确定的最佳培养基,通过响应面分析法确定马克斯克鲁维酵母产β-葡聚糖的最佳发酵条件,接种量为5.2%,装瓶量31.3%,p H为5.1,发酵温度为31.9℃,β-葡聚糖得率达到6.03%。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵苹果酒的化学成分与抗氧化活性

近年来,由于非酿酒酵母属酵母发酵能够产生更多的风味物质,备受酿酒师的青睐。马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)是一种食品安全级的非常规酵母,可用于生产生物酶、木糖醇和芳香化合物等。该研究以Saccharomyces bayanus SAF作为对照,通过发酵苹果酒的化学成分和抗氧化活性对比分析,研究了K.marxianus酿造苹果酒的特征。在25～35℃条件下,K.marxianus能够在96 h内完成乙醇发酵,产量约56.8 g/L。顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(head space-solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析结果表明,K.marxianus发酵产生的乙酸-3-甲基-1-丁酯、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质的均高于S.bayanus。2种苹果酒液相色谱-质谱联用仪(liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer, LC-MS)分析鉴定出41种抗氧化成分,其中K.marxianus苹果酒的总...     

马克斯克鲁维酵母高密度发酵条件的优化研究

对影响马克斯克鲁维酵母高密度发酵的培养基营养成分和培养条件展开分析研究。单因素实验发现,YPD作为基础培养基有利于马克斯克鲁维酵母的增殖;培养基成分响应面分析和培养条件正交实验结果表明,当培养基成分为蔗糖67.37 g/L,酵母浸粉29.7 g/L,玉米浆15.61 g/L,KH₂PO₄4.13 g/L,MgSO₄0.3 g/L,初始pH为6.0、发酵温度为30℃、搅拌速度为160 r/min时,发酵培养18 h马克斯克鲁维酵母的生物量最大,为（9.34±0.12）g/L。进一步进行乳饮品发酵实验,优化培养的马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳源培养基培养的马克斯克鲁维酵母,在菌种的生物量和乳饮品的口感风味上无明显差异。因此,优化后的高密度发酵培养基配方和工艺条件适宜于马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的高密度发酵。      

克鲁维酵母固体发酵高产菊粉酶的研究

首次利用固体发酵对筛选得到的一株克鲁维酵母S120高产菊粉酶的发酵工艺进行了初步研究。结果表明：麸皮是菌株S120产酶的最适基质，10％菊芋粉和0．5％硫酸铵有助于产酶；优化培养条件为：在300ml三角瓶中装料量20．0g，含水量为66％（V／W），起始pH5．7，培养温度34℃，接种量3．9％（V／W），发酵72h，菊粉酶酶活为118．28U／g（干重）。菌株S120菊粉酶的合成属于延续合成型，在工业生产中具有应用前景。     

一株马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的生长及酒精发酵特性分析

该文对一株耐高温的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌株HY32的生长及酒精发酵特性进行了研究.与耐高温酿酒活性干酵母TRADY相比,菌株HY32表现出了极好的耐热能力和较好的耐酒精能力.在37℃、42℃、45℃摇瓶培养10h后,菌株HY32的活菌数分别为2.45× 108个/mL、1.76× 108个/mL和0.92× 108个/mL.将菌株TRADY和HY32按相同的接种量转接到添加了4％vol乙醇的液体培养基中,37℃摇瓶培养6h后,菌株HY32的OD600值是菌株TRADY的1.6倍.随着温度的升高和培养基中乙醇浓度的增加,菌株HY32较TRADY的相对耐酒精能力更好.菌株HY32在高温下仍具有一定的产酒能力.采用葡萄糖酒精发酵培养基进行酒精发酵,菌株HY32在42℃和45℃时发酵72h,酒精产率分别为5.25％vol和4.02％vol.木薯酒精发酵实验结果分析表明,菌株HY32的乙酸乙酯产量是酿酒酵母TRADY的10倍左右,而正丙醇和乳酸乙酯等含量较低.     

传统发酵牦牛酸奶中马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

对川西北部分牧区的10 份传统发酵牦牛酸奶样品进行酵母菌的分离,通过常规形态特征和26S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定出16 株马克斯克鲁维酵母菌（Kluyveromyces marxianus）。同源性分析显示16 株分离菌与已知马克斯克鲁维酵母的同源性高达99.3%～100%。16 株分离菌中形成明显的两种序列类型,其中10 株分离菌与另外6 株分离菌相比在扩增片段的第537位点上发生碱基缺失、第554位点上碱基由G突变为A、第564位点上碱基由A突变为T。系统进化分析显示两种序列类型的分离株也形成两个独立进化分支。     

低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳制作工艺研究

以生牛乳、芒果泥为原料,通过试验对低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳产品配方及乳化稳定剂的复配方案进行了研究。结果表明:低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳最优配方为白砂糖8.0%、乳清蛋白粉1.0%、芒果泥5.0%、芒果香精0.04%、乳糖酶0.025%;产品最佳稳定剂为羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯0.4%、明胶0.15%、琼脂0.1%。在该配方及稳定体组合条件下,可获得口感优良,风味合适,货架期质量稳定的低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菊粉酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

马克斯克鲁维酵母产生的孢外菊粉酶经超滤浓缩、DEAE-Cellulose阴离子交换色谱、SephadexG-100凝胶色谱分离纯化,得到两个菊粉酶组分ExoⅠ和ExoⅡ,I/S值分别为0.0249和0.0253,均属外切菊粉酶。ExoⅠ经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶鉴定为均一组分,分子量为85kD。ExoⅠ最适pH值为4.0,最适温度为60℃,Mn2+和Mg2+对酶活力有促进作用,而Cu2+、Fe2+对酶活力有抑制作用,ExoⅠ水解菊粉溶液的产物为果糖和少量葡萄糖。     

Bioinformatic characterization of the extracellular lipases from Kluyveromyces marxianus

Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes that break the ester bonds of triglycerides, generating free fatty acids and glycerol. Extracellular lipase activity has been reported for the nonconventional yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, grown in olive oil as a substrate, and the presence of at least eight putative lipases has been detected in its genome. However, to date, there is no experimental evidence on the physiological role of the putative lipases nor their structural and catalytic properties. In this study, a bioinformatic analysis of the genes of the putative lipases from K. marxianus L-2029 was performed, particularly identifying and characterizing the extracellular expected enzymes, due to their biotechnological relevance. The amino acid sequence of 10 putative lipases, obtained by in silico translation, ranged between 389 and 773 amino acids. Two of the analysed putative proteins showed a signal peptide, 25 and 33 amino acids long for KmYJR107Wp and KmLIP3p, and a molecular weight of 44.53 and 58.23 kDa, respectively. The amino acid alignment of KmLIP3p and KmYJR107Wp with the crystallized lipases from a patatin and the YlLip2 lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica, respectively, revealed the presence of the hydrolase characteristic motifs. From the 3D models of putative extracellular K. marxianus L-2029 lipases, the conserved pentapeptide of each was determined, being GTSMG for KmLIP3p and GHSLG for KmYJR107Wp; besides, the genes of these two enzymes (LIP3 and YJR107W) are apparently regulated by oleate response elements. The phylogenetic analysis of all K. marxianus lipases revealed evolutionary affinities with lipases from abH15.03, abH23.01, and abH23.02 families.     

Flocculation of Kluyveromyces marxianus is induced by a temperature upshift

An upshift of the growth temperature from 26 to 40°C in the presence of calcium leads to the aggregation of Kluyveromyces marxianus cells and to the formation of flocs. Analysis of cell wall proteins, either by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extractable mannoproteins or by immunolocalization, revealed an accumulation of a protein with Mr 37 kDa (p37), upon flocculation. Immunological studies confirmed the homology of this protein with the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). When mRNA isolated from cells growing at 40°C was translated in vitro, a 35 kDa newly labelled protein was synthesized and immunoprecipitation assays showed that this protein is recognized by p37-antiserum, suggesting that the 35 kDa polypeptide might be an unglycosylated precursor form of p37. The results indicated that the presence of this cell wall mannoprotein closely related to GAPDH is dependent on the growth temperature, suggesting its role as adhesin.     

Isolation and characterization of Kluyveromyces marxianus mutants deficient in malate transport

In malic acid-grown cells of the strains ATCC 10022 and KMS3 of Kluyveromyces marxianus the transport of malic acid occurred by a malate-proton symport, which accepted l-malic, d-malic, succinic and fumaric acids, but not tartaric, malonic or maleic acids. The system was inducible and subjected to glucose repression. Mutants of the strain KMS3, unable to grow in a medium with malic acid, were isolated and checked for their capacity to utilize several carbon sources and to transport dicarboxylic acids by the malate-proton symport. Two distinct clones affected on malate transport were obtained. Both were able to grow on a medium with glycerol or ethanol but not with dl-malic, succinic, oxoglutaric and oxaloacetic acids as the sole carbon and energy sources. However, while one of the mutants (Mal7) displayed activity levels for the enzymes malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase similar to those of the wild strain, in the other mutant type (Mal6) the activities for the same enzymes were significantly reduced. Plasma membranes from derepressed cells of the wild strain and of the mutants Mal6 and Mal7 were isolated and the protein analysed by SDS–PAGE. The electrophoretic patterns of these preparations differed in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of about 28 kDa, which was absent only in the mutant Mal7. The results indicated that Mal7 can be affected in a gene that encodes a malate carrier in K. marxianus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enzymatic Production of Ribonucleotides from Autolysates of Kluyveromyces marxianus Grown on Whey

After 20h fermentation of medium containing 5% (w/v) dehydrated whey, at 30°C, pH 4.5, yeast cells were harvested, diluted in 0.1M KH₂PO₄, and autolyzed at different pHs (6.5–7.5) and temperatures (45–55°C). Phosphodiesterase (0.2–1.0% w/v, 65°C, pH 6.5, 6h) and adenyl deaminase (0.5-1.0% w/v, 60°C, pH 5.5, 4h) were added to the autolysates. After heat treatment (100°C, 15 min), samples were analyzed by RP-HPLC and LC/MS. Production of 5′-ribonucleotides was maximized at 50°C, pH 6.5. Yields of 5′-AMP (800 μg/g of biomass) and 5′-GMP (2000 μg/g) increased considerably after addition of 1.0% phosphodiesterase. 5′-IMP increased only after addition of 1.0% adenyl deaminase.