藜麦营养和生物活性成分研究进展

藜麦营养价值高、次生代谢产物丰富,具有抗氧化、抗菌抗炎、免疫应答等生理活性,能预防和治疗多种疾病。本文综述藜麦营养成分和活性物质及其营养保健功效,为藜麦在食品药品方面的开发利用提供参考。     

藜麦的营养物质及生物活性成分研究进展

综述了藜麦的营养成分以及功能性成分,以期为深入的研究和推广提供理论依据。     

藜麦萌芽期营养与功能成分的动态变化

对藜麦进行萌芽处理,测定其萌芽过程中芽长、萌芽率、蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、淀粉、灰分、总黄酮、总多酚、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和皂甙含量的动态变化。结果表明,藜麦萌芽过程中,24h时萌芽率即达80%;蛋白质、总灰分及总淀粉含量呈递减趋势,而粗脂肪含量则呈递增趋势,其变化幅度分别为-64%,-41%,-49%,+28%;氨基酸组成无明显变化,但总必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的比例从35%增加至38%;多酚和黄酮含量均呈先降后增再减少,分别在36h和60h达最大值(1.76mg/g和2.8mg/g);γ-氨基丁酸含量从萌芽初期持续增加,至72h达最高值(185.6mg/100g,为未萌芽藜麦的3.4倍),其后略有下降;皂甙含量在萌芽初期(6h内)迅速下降,6~42h期间含量保持平稳,之后逐渐升高直至96h时达最高值(7.80 mg/g),萌芽120h后皂甙含量开始下降。     

萌发藜麦的营养及其功能特性研究进展

藜麦由于其丰富均衡的营养价值,受到越来越多消费者的关注.萌发技术作为一种谷物精深加工方式,能够显著改善藜麦产品的风味及感官品质、降低不期望物质含量、促进功能成分富集(如多酚和黄酮类化合物)等,特别适合开发降血糖、防治乳糜泻、改善便秘、促进消化的新型藜麦食品.综述萌发过程中藜麦的主要营养物质变化、生理功能特性研究进展,旨...     

不同品种藜麦营养与功能活性成分比较及应用

藜麦作为"伪谷物"的代表,是目前唯一一种能够满足人体基本营养需求的单体植物,不仅基本营养成分丰富而且富含多酚、黄酮、皂苷等多种功能活性成分.在过去的几十年,藜麦被广泛应用到了各个领域,其中功能食品领域更是将其视为一些特殊人群的福音.目前,针对藜麦开发的相关产品很多,但由于藜麦种质具有一定的基因变异性,因此品种间的营养特...     

藜麦营养组成及生物学功能研究进展

从藜麦的营养组成、功能性成分分析、生物学功能及其产品的开发4个方面综合分析国内外藜麦的最新研究与应用,为后续的研究提供一定的理论基础.     

藜麦的营养功能及其蛋白和皂苷提取的研究进展

综述了藜麦的营养成分、生物活性物质、藜麦蛋白质和皂苷提取技术的研究进展,为藜麦的进一步研究和产品开发提供科学依据.     

藜麦蛋白的提取及功能性质与生物活性概述

藜麦被认为是一种营养均衡且全面的假谷物,与传统谷物相比,藜麦蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸比例均衡,在蛋白质功效比、生物学价值和营养指数等方面都饱具优势。本文主要综述了藜麦蛋白的提取方法和功能性质的研究进展,并对其营养价值和生物活性作了简要概述,目的是为藜麦蛋白的深入研究和相关产品开发提供参考。     

藜麦营养功能与开发利用进展

藜麦因其突出的营养价值和保健效果备受消费者青睐,近年来在全球范围内大力推广种植。藜麦种子富含人体所需全部营养元素和丰富的次生代谢物质,具有抗氧化、抑菌、降血糖、消炎、免疫应答等生理活性,对心血管疾病,减肥、糖尿病等代谢疾病有很好地预防和辅助治疗效果。本文综述了藜麦种质资源分布,营养和活性物质构成,以及生理活性和开发利用等方面,旨在为藜麦作为食品的开发利用提供参考价值。     

萌发藜麦的营养及其功能特性研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

藜麦由于其丰富均衡的营养价值,受到越来越多消费者的关注。萌发技术作为一种谷物精深加工方式,能够显著改善藜麦产品的风味及感官品质、降低不期望物质含量、促进功能成分富集（如多酚和黄酮类化合物）等,特别适合开发降血糖、防治乳糜泻、改善便秘、促进消化的新型藜麦食品。综述萌发过程中藜麦的主要营养物质变化、生理功能特性研究进展,旨在为藜麦高值化产品开发提供科学依据。     

藜麦皂苷研究进展

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)是南美洲特有的一种植物,其叶片、花、果实、籽实和种皮中富含皂苷,藜麦皂苷是一种苦味物质和抗营养因子。目前常用的皂苷提取方法主要有溶剂提取法、酸碱水解法、沉淀法、超临界CO_2法及超声波萃取法等。近年来的研究表明,藜麦皂苷具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抑菌、免疫调节等药理活性,这些特性都使藜麦皂苷成为医学、保健品、食品等行业的重点研究对象。本文主要对藜麦皂苷的研究现状、结构组成、提取方法、分离纯化、分析测定、生物活性、以及环境对藜麦皂苷的影响进行了概述,以期为藜麦的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

Innovations in Health Value and Functional Food Development of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Amaranthaceae) is a grain‐like, stress‐tolerant food crop that has provided subsistence, nutrition, and medicine for Andean indigenous cultures for thousands of years. Quinoa contains a high content of health‐beneficial phytochemicals, including amino acids, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, saponins, phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids, phenolics, betalains, and glycine betaine. Over the past 2 decades, numerous food and nutraceutical products and processes have been developed from quinoa. Furthermore, 4 clinical studies have demonstrated that quinoa supplementation exerts significant, positive effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal health in humans. However, vast challenges and opportunities remain within the scientific, agricultural, and development sectors to optimize quinoa's role in the promotion of global human health and nutrition.     

挤压膨化处理对藜麦营养成分及体外酵解特性的影响

本研究采用挤压膨化技术对藜麦进行处理,分析处理后藜麦营养成分变化,并结合体外酵解实验,探究挤压膨化处理对藜麦酵解特性的影响。结果表明,挤压膨化能显著降低藜麦中直链淀粉、脂肪、总膳食纤维和不可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）,并显著增加可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）。体外酵解实验中,随着酵解时间的延长,培养基中产气量不断增加,pH值在发酵前期显著降低（P＜0.05）。相较于空白对照,挤压膨化处理后藜麦能显著上调体外酵解过程中普雷沃氏菌、巨单胞菌、巨球形菌、考拉杆菌、双歧杆菌以及拟杆菌等的相对丰度（P＜0.05）,显著下调瘤胃菌科和肠杆菌科的相对丰度（P＜0.05）。同时,各组发酵产物中短链脂肪酸浓度均增加,且发酵48 h结束时挤压膨化处理后藜麦组高于空白对照组。综上,挤压膨化能影响藜麦的营养组成,其制品作为发酵底物能有效改善肠道菌群,有益于肠道健康。该研究可为通过挤压膨化处理获得藜麦制品及其促进肠道健康产品的开发提供数据支持。     

Afrosimetric estimation of threshold saponin concentration for bitterness in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

Taste testings and saponin estimation by a simple afrosimetric method showed that quinoa containing 0·11% saponins or less (corresponding to foam heights of 1·0 cm or less) can be considered sweet. A variation of the standard afrosimetric method is described which reduces total analysis time from 73 to 7 min. Used with the proper precautions, this rapid method, in which quinoa producing foam heights of 1·3 cm or less is considered sweet, is suitable for selecting promising low-saponin varieties in field trials and for monitoring the efficacy of abrasive dehulling (polishing) as a debittering process.     

Antioxidant Activity of Free and Bound Compounds in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds in Comparison with Durum Wheat and Emmer

Abstract: Antioxidant activity (AA) of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds, as well as of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf.) and of emmer (T. turgidum L. ssp. dicoccum Schübler) grains, was evaluated by studying hydrophilic (H), lipophilic (L), free‐soluble (FSP) and insoluble‐bound (IBP) phenolic extracts using the new lipoxygenase/4‐nitroso‐N,N‐dimethylaniline (LOX/RNO) method, able to simultaneously detect different antioxidant mechanisms, as well as using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assays, which measure the scavenging activity against peroxyl and ABTS [2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate)] radicals, respectively. The species under study were compared with respect to the sum of AA values of H, L and FSP extracts (AA_H+L+FSP), containing freely solvent‐soluble antioxidants, and AA values of IBP extracts (AA_IBP), representing the phenolic fraction ester‐linked to insoluble cell wall polymers. The LOX/RNO and ORAC methods measured in quinoa flour a remarkable AA_H+L+FSP higher than durum wheat, although lower than emmer; according to the same assays, the IBP component of quinoa resulted less active than the durum wheat and emmer ones. The TEAC protocol also revealed a high AA_H+L+FSP for quinoa. Interestingly, the ratio AA_H+L+FSP/AA_H+L+FSP+IBP, as evaluated by the LOX/RNO and ORAC assays, resulted in quinoa higher than that of both durum wheat and emmer, and much higher than durum wheat, according to the TEAC protocol. This may suggest that antioxidants from quinoa seeds may be more readily accessible with respect to that of both the examined wheat species. Practical Applications: Quinoa seeds may represent an excellent source of natural antioxidant compounds and, in particular, of the free‐soluble antioxidant fraction. These compounds may improve nutritive and health‐beneficial properties of quinoa‐based gluten‐free products, thus expanding interest for quinoa utilization from celiac patients to the general population.     

藜麦芽多肽制备及其应用研究

该研究以白藜麦为原料,通过人工调控藜麦萌芽的培养条件,促进藜麦萌发过程中蛋白质向多肽的转变,制备富含多肽的藜麦芽(多肽藜麦芽)。考察浸泡温度、浸泡时间、培养时间3个因素对藜麦芽中多肽富集的影响,在单因素的基础上采用正交试验方法对藜麦芽培养条件进行优化,得出最佳培养条件为浸泡温度25℃,浸泡时间4 h,培养时间48 h,在此条件下,藜麦芽中多肽含量为(12.4±1.13)mg/g。将培养得到的多肽藜麦芽进行低温打浆处理,以冷冻干燥技术得到多肽藜麦芽粉,所得多肽藜麦芽粉呈乳白色,易溶解,在饮料等食品当中可作为营养型添加剂加入使用。     

Cell wall phenolics and polysaccharides in different tissues of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is an Andean pseudo-cereal, of the Chenopodiaceae family, which is currently being studied for introduction in Northern Europe as an alternative to industrial crops. The aim of this work was to verify existence in quinoa of the distinctive cell wall features identified in other Chenopodiaceae, ie presence of pectin-bound ferulic acid and dehydrodiferulic acids. Alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) were prepared from leaves, stems and roots of mature quinoa plants, representing 0.10, 0.20 and 0.47 g g⁻¹ respectively of the fresh weight. Ferulic acid and dehydrodiferulic acid derivatives were present in all the organs, with the highest concentrations in the leaves with 2.1 and 0.5 mg g⁻¹ AIS respectively. The ratio of dehydrodiferulic acid to ferulic acid was highest in the roots. Pectins extracted by hot HCl from AIS of leaves were rich in ferulic acid (3.4 mg g⁻¹), but also highly acetylated (DAc 20), and rich in rhamnose, two characteristics encountered in other Chenopodiaceae. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

藜麦发芽过程中蛋白质与皂苷及淀粉消化特性的变化规律

发芽是改善谷物质构及其营养价值的一种高效的加工方式。本文研究了藜麦发芽过程中蛋白质与皂苷及淀粉消化特性的变化规律。结果显示,发芽显著地提高了藜麦中粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了5.38%和17.55%。随着发芽时间不断增加,藜麦总淀粉、直链淀粉及支链淀粉含量分别减少25.95%、4.86%和29.53%,而还原糖含量增加了26.60%。发芽处理显著改善了藜麦种子的淀粉消化性能。发芽前藜麦种子中快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉的百分含量分别为38.45%、43.64%和17.90%。发芽48h后,快消化淀粉的百分含量显著地增加至53.46%,而慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉的百分含量分别下降至40.42%和6.11%。此外,发芽后藜麦种子中总皂苷含量显著增加了16.46%。研究表明,发芽的藜麦种子含有更好的营养价值和消化性能,可以用于加工功能性食品,促进人体健康。