A Novel RFID Tag Identification Protocol: Adaptive n-Resolution and k-Collision Arbitration

Since radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has become increasingly common in numerous applications, including large-scale supply chain management, improving the efficiency of RFID tag identification is an important task. In practical settings, the identification of RFID tags often occurs in a dynamic environment, in which tags move through a specific interrogation range. However, the literature contains few studies on the design of efficient identification protocols in dynamic environments. This study proposes a novel tag identification protocol that is particularly efficient in dynamic environments. the proposed protocol involves two anti-collision techniques: adaptive n-Resolution (AnR) and k-Collision Arbitration (kCA). These two techniques significantly improve the tag identification delay and communication overhead. This improvement is primarily due to the use of a newly designed challenge-response bit sequence mechanism and the information obtained from the previous tag identification procedure. As a result, AnR requires only a constant number of interrogation times regardless of the number of target tags, while kCA further improves the efficiency of tag identification with \(k\) -splitting collision arbitration. Rigorous analysis and simulation experiments show that this tag identification protocol significantly outperforms related methods (by at least 48.85 % identification delay and 23.87 % communication overhead can).     

A Pair-Resolution Blocking Algorithm on Adaptive Binary Splitting for RFID Tag Identification

For RFID tag identification, this research proposes a novel anti-collision method, the Pair-Resolution Blocking algorithm (PRB). It inherits the essence of a previous algorithm, the Adaptive Binary Splitting algorithm (ABS), and thus uses the information of recognized tags obtained from the last process of tag identification. Furthermore, PRB adopts a blocking technique which prevents recognized tags from being collided by unrecognized tags and utilizes a pair resolution technique which couples recognized tags to significantly reduce the identification delay. The analytical and simulation results show that PRB significantly outperforms ABS.     

一种新型的有源标签防碰撞算法

有源射频识别系统被广泛应用在现代物流、人员追踪与定位中。随着标签数增加,防碰撞问题越来越重要,目前有源标签防碰撞算法普遍比较简单,算法效率不高,而有源标签硬件资源丰富也为设计更好算法提供了可能。提出一种防碰撞算法,采用主从读写器包拯救机制和空闲时隙利用机制,并动态控制帧结束和标签接入,调整接入期收集期顺序。通过对归一化吞吐量的研究与仿真表明,这种新的防碰撞协议性能远优于目前已有研究成果。     

Tree-based backoff protocol for fast RFID tag identification

This paper proposes a tree-based backoff (TBB) protocol that reduces the number of iterations implemented in the procedure of tag collision arbitration in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. This is achieved by employing the following mechanisms: one is send the request command iteratively to all tags in the interrogation zone until a single tag is identified. The other is backward to the parent node instead of root node to obtain the request parameters and send the request command again until all tags are identified. Compared with the traditional tree-based protocol, on average, simulated results show that the TBB protocol reduces the number of the iterations by 72.3% and the identification delay by 58.6% and achieves the goal of fast tag identification.     

一种新型混合帧ALOHA和BS防冲突算法

冲突作为RFID系统设计中重要的问题之一。已有多种算法旨在最终减少冲突或在一个可接受的时段内获得精确的识别过程。文中提出的算法能够提供均衡的总体性能及在少量或中等数量标签环境中的良好性能,能够减少数据的冲突,识别起初因冲突而没有被识别的标签。为更好地说明,用仿真的方法展示了算法的与众不同。     

按需时隙分配RFID防碰撞协议研究

为进一步提高射频识别阅读器的标签识别效率,提出一种按需时隙分配高效防碰撞协议.该协议将识别循环分为预约帧时隙阶段和在帧时隙内读取标签两个阶段,通过帧前预约机制消除读取阶段的空闲时隙,采用预约冲突捕获机制有效地减少了读取阶段的碰撞时隙数.在此基础上,通过选择最优预约时隙随机码位数和最优预约时隙数,实现了该防碰撞协议的识别效率最优化,分析了该协议标签电路复杂性,并给出了适用于本协议的标签数估计方法.性能评估表明:该防碰撞协议的平均识别效率达到91.28%,在通信复杂性和识别速度方面明显优于现有典型防碰撞协议.     

一种基于二进制树的RFID防冲突算法研究

在射频识别系统中,如何快速有效地识别多个标签,即防冲突问题,是RFID技术必须解决的关键问题之一。文中通过对查询树算法及其性能的研究,给出了一种查询树算法的改进算法一冲突跟踪树型算法。举例对比分析表明,该算法在时间复杂度和通信复杂度两个方面都有良好的改善。     

一个针对低成本RFID标签的双向认证协议

文中提出了一种为低成本RFID标签设计的双向认证协议。分析RFID系统可能存在的安全和隐私威胁,包括重放、冒充、后向和前向跟踪、异步攻击和标签位置跟踪。该协议能够有效地防护以上攻击并且与相关方案具备更优的计算性能。     

基于比特查询的多进制树标签防碰撞识别协议

多标签碰撞问题被认为是射频识别系统中的一个关键问题.近来,许多基于比特追踪技术的查询树算法被提出用于有效的解决标签碰撞问题,然而由于无用的碰撞比特信息和空闲时隙的存在,这些查询树算法的性能都有待进一步提升.本文提出了一种基于比特查询的查询方法,该算法使得标签返回一个映射过比特串来取代原始的ID序列.同传统的ID查询相比较,比特查询不仅可以消除空闲查询还可以将碰撞标签分成更多子集并充分利用碰撞比特信息.基于该比特查询方法,我们提出了一种基于比特查询的多进制树（Bit query based M-ary tree,BQBMT）新型查询树算法,它通过多进制树迭代的分离碰撞,并通过比特查询模式和ID查询模式之间的最佳切换来快速识别标签.理论分析和仿真结果显示,BQBMT算法的的系统效率接近0.89,超过了现有的QT算法和混合防碰撞算法.     

一种有源RFID标签的简单功率控制算法

有源电子标签具有传输距离远、数据处理能力较强等特点。因此,远距离RFID系统被用于集装箱扫描和冷链物流等场合。但是有源标签一般以恒定功率工作,会导致电能的不必要消耗。针对该问题,提出一种有源标签的分布式功率控制算法,通过运用matlab对算法进行仿真分析,结果表明该算法能明显降低有源电子标签的功耗从而延长标签使用寿命。所以随着物联网技术的高速发展,该算法具有一定的商业应用价值。     

Two Blocking Algorithms on Adaptive Binary Splitting: Single and Pair Resolutions for RFID Tag Identification

In radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, the reader identifies tags through communication over a shared wireless channel. When multiple tags transmit their IDs simultaneously, their signals collide, increasing the identification delay. Therefore, many previous anti-collision algorithms, including an adaptive query splitting algorithm (AQS) and an adaptive binary splitting algorithm (ABS), focused on solving this problem. This paper proposes two blocking algorithms, a single resolution blocking ABS algorithm (SRB) and a pair resolution blocking ABS algorithm (PRB), based on ABS. SRB not only inherits the essence of ABS which uses the information of recognized tags obtained from the last process of tag identification, but also adopts a blocking technique which prevents recognized tags from being collided by unrecognized tags. PRB further adopts a pair resolution technique which couples recognized tags and thus only needs half time for next identifying these recognized tags. We formally analyze the performance of SRB and PRB. Finally, the analytic and simulation results show that SRB slightly outperforms ABS and PRB significantly surpasses ABS.     

用自适应图着色算法解决RFID阅读器冲突问题

建立了阅读器网络的图模型,阐述了阅读器网络拓扑结构固定和可随机改变情况下对解决阅读器冲突问题的不同要求。对于动态阅读器网络应用中的阅读器冲突问题,基于图着色方法提出了一种自适应分布式的颜色选择算法,这种算法能降低相邻阅读器冲突概率,并且使获得特定百分率的成功传输所需的总时隙数最少。     

多枝查询树协议在解决射频识别碰撞问题中的应用

数据碰撞是影响射频识别(RFID)系统识别效率的主要因素。目前,常用的防碰撞算法是ALOHA算法和二进制树搜索算法,但这两类算法都还不能完全解决标签碰撞问题,尤其是当待识别的标签数量较大且标签ID序列号较长时,识别速度相当慢。为此提出一种多枝查询树协议,采用均衡不完全区组设计(BIBD)对标签ID进行编码,并用16位的BIBD码作为读写器查询前缀符号。理论分析和仿真结果表明,这种协议的性能较传统的防碰撞协议有明显改善。     

Built-in ESD Protection for RFID Tag ICs

The built-in Electro-Static discharge (ESD) protection circuits for Radio frequency identification (RFID) tag ICs are proposed.The ESD protection function is built into the rectifier and amplitude limiter.The rectifier and limiter are connected directly to the RF interface,and some transistors can discharge the larger current.These transistors can be used to build ESD protection circuits,through the redesign and optimization.The built-in ESD protection circuits can improve the ESD protection level and reduce the layout area.The circuits have been fabricated in 0.18μm CMOS process.The test results show that the built-in ESD protection circuits work well under 4kV ESD pressure and save as much as 72％ of the layout area compare with foundry standard ESD protection cells.     

一种双偶极子RFID 标签天线设计*

设计了一款由两个弯折的偶极子天线,一个矩形环馈构成的新型超高频(UHF)射频识别(RFID)标签天线,尺寸为76 mm×31.4 mm×0.508 mm.该天线具有宽带,高增益和良好的辐射性能.为了降低制造成本,天线被印制在一个没有地平面和短路探针的单层基片上.我们制作了相应的实物天线,实验结果表明提出的天线在915MHz谐振频率时带宽能覆盖全球超高频射频识别频段840-960 MHz(S11＜-10 dB).此外,我们对天线的输入阻抗和自由空间中的阅读距离进行了测试.仿真和测试结果表明所设计的天线满足RFID标签应用要求.     

一种面向卷烟包装新型超高频rfid标签天线设计

本文设计了一种新型的抗金属无源UHF射频识别(RFID)印刷标签天线.该天线可以应用在卷烟包装上,仿真和实测数据证明,在915MHz处天线的阻抗为(20+j149)Ω,能和Alien Higgs -2芯片很好的实现共轭匹配.该标签天线的工作带宽为31MHz,通过RFID阅读器实测表明,所设计的标签天线读取距离可达到0.8m.     

一种改进的RFID系统多状态防碰撞算法

标签防碰撞技术是RFID系统中的关键技术和研究热点.详细分析了典型的二进制及其他改进防碰撞算法原理,并在多状态二进制搜索算法的基础上进行了改进和创新.新算法根据标签碰撞的特点,充分利用已得到的冲突信息,取消了激活命令,大大节省了算法时间,并且新算法能够动态选择分叉数量,使得标签的识别效率得到了提高.性能分析表明,该算法比已有的二进制及动态二进制反碰撞算法具有更明显的优势.     

一种改进的RFID多标签防碰撞算法

在射频识别系统中,需要一种防碰撞算法使阅读器在可读范围内快速地识别出所有标签。提出了一种改进的ID预测算法以解决标签碰撞问题。该算法的最大特点是：阅读器向标签发出一次询问命令,有可能同时识别多个标签。此算法能有效地减少阅读器发送询问指令的次数,从而缩短识别出所有标签的时间。     

一种无源UHF RFID电子标签验证开发平台

提出了一种符合ISO/IEC 18000-6B标准的无源UHF RFID电子标签验证开发平台,其工作在915MHz ISM频带下.该平台有效减少了设计开发时间及成本,并实现了电子标签的快速原型设计.该平台包括RFID模拟前端以及采用Altera ACEX FPGA实现的标签控制逻辑.RFID模拟前端采用Chartered 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺进行流片,包括本地振荡器、时钟产生电路、复位电路、匹配网络和反向散射电路、整流器、稳压器以及AM解调器等,通过调整FPGA中的标签控制逻辑,该平台实现了快速、灵活而高效的RFID验证开发.