2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚合成工艺研究

文章采用1,2,3-三氯苯为起始原料对合成PBO纤维单体4,6-二氨基间苯二酚的重要中间体2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的合成方法进行了研究,并采用红外光谱法和氢核磁共振法对4,6-二硝基-1,2,3-三氯苯和2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的结构进行了表征;采用正交试验法对4,6-二硝基-1,2,3-三氯苯碱性水解合成2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的合成工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳工艺条件,在此条件下得到2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的收率为95.3%。     

溶析结晶分离提纯2-氯-4，6-二硝基间苯二酚的方法

在室温条件下,首次利用溶析结晶方法对2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚进行分离提纯。选择乙醇为主溶剂,蒸馏水为析出剂。提纯产物用高效液相色谱、红外光谱、氢核磁共振、x射线衍射等手段进行测试表征。结果表明所得提纯产物是目的产物2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚晶体,纯度大于99．9％。     

2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚合成工艺研究

2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚是合成BPO纤维单体4,6-二氨基间苯二酚的重要中间体。优化了以1,2,3-三氯苯为起始原料,经硝化、碱解制备2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的工艺条件,最优工艺条件为:硝化反应原料配比为1∶2.24,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为5h;碱解反应原料配比为1∶6.5,反应温度为75℃,反应时间为8 h。最优条件下2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚收率为90.4%。     

2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-三氟乙氧基-1，3，5-三嗪的合成研究

以三聚氯氰为初始原料,以丙酮为溶剂,先于-5℃下通入氨气,生成2-氨基-4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪,再在-10℃下与二甲胺水溶液反应生成2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-氯-1,3,5-三嗪,用乙醇重结晶,最后同三氟乙醇在金属钠存在下回流反应生成产物,用乙醇和水混合溶剂重结晶得到含量99%以上的2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-三氟乙氧基-1,3,5-三嗪。     

苯胺盐酸盐在乙醇-水体系中溶解度数据的测定和混合溶剂电解质模型

采用动态法测定了苯胺盐酸盐([HAE]Cl)在乙醇及乙醇-水溶液中288~348 K范围内的溶解度. 数据表明,苯胺盐酸盐在两个体系中的溶解度随温度升高而增大;当乙醇浓度大于30%(w)时,溶解度随乙醇浓度增大而迅速降低. 为研究苯胺盐酸盐在乙醇-水体系中的相平衡关系,用混合溶剂电解质NRTL模型对所测溶解度数据进行模拟计算,得到了[HAE]Cl与C6H5OH的相互作用能量参数,建立了[HAE]Cl-C6H5OH-H2O体系的混合溶剂电解质模型及其立体相图.     

乙醇-水溶剂中5′-尿苷酸二钠溶解度测定与关联

采用内置双光路激光检测器,在293.2—318.2 K温度范围内,测定了5′-尿苷酸二钠在纯水及不同乙醇-水混合溶剂中的溶解度。分别用R-K方程、λh方程和Wilson方程3种溶解度模型,采用最小二乘法关联实验数据,并对比不同溶解度模型。结果表明,在乙醇质量分数为0—0.65区间内,5′-尿苷酸二钠溶解度随着温度的升高而增大,随乙醇质量分数的增大而显著减小,λh方程对5′-尿苷酸二钠溶解度关联效果最好。将λ,h表达为乙醇质量分数的函数,并用于内插计算,精度满足工程要求。     

FOX-7在DMSO-H2O、DMSO-EtOHDMSO-ACE 二元混合体系中的溶解度及结晶

采用激光动态法测定了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)在4种纯溶剂(DMSO、H_2O、EtOH、ACE)和3种二元混合溶剂(DMSO-H_2O、DMSO-EtOH、DMSO-ACE)中的溶解度;用Apelblat、Yaws和van′t Hoff模型对溶解度数据进行拟合;以DMSO为溶剂,H_2O、EtOH、ACE为非溶剂,采用溶剂-非溶剂法对FOX-7进行重结晶,并采用电子显微镜对其形貌进行观察。结果表明,FOX-7在纯溶剂中的溶解度随温度的升高而增大,在混合溶剂中的溶解度随温度的升高和DMSO含量的增加而增大;在相同温度下、同等体积比的这3种二元混合溶剂,FOX-7在DMSO-H_2O中的溶解度最小,在DMSO-ACE中的溶解度最大,3个溶解度模型的相关系数(R~2)均大于0.96,因此可以采用这3个模型来关联溶解度数据;用电子显微镜观察到DMSO-ACE(体积比2∶1)体系中冷却结晶得到的晶体形貌规则统一且呈类球状,未出现团聚现象。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱的结晶热力学

在大气压力及298.15~338.15K下采用激光动态法测定了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在不同体积比的乙酸-水混合溶剂中的溶解度,用Apelblat和(CNIBS)/Redlich-Kister经验模型对溶解度数据进行拟合,根据溶解度实验数据估算了DNTF的标准溶解焓、标准溶解熵、标准吉布斯自由能、固-液表面张力以及表面熵因子。通过测定DNTF在乙酸-水混合溶剂中的超溶解度,得到DNTF的冷却结晶介稳区,探讨了溶剂组成和温度对溶解度的影响。结果表明,用Apelblat模型和(CNIBS)/Redlich-Kister模型计算的溶解度值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为1.698%和3.001%;DNTF在乙酸-水溶液中的溶解度随温度的升高和乙酸含量的增加而增大;介稳区宽度随温度的增加而变宽,随乙酸含量的增大而变窄。     

酒石酸钠二水合物的溶解度测定及关联

用动态法测定了酒石酸钠二水合物在不同质量配比的乙醇-水混合溶剂中的溶解度,以期为酒石酸钠二水合物提供结晶热力学数据。结果表明:酒石酸钠二水合物在乙醇-水混合溶剂中的溶解度随水质量分数和温度的增加而增加,但随着水质量分数的增加,升高温度对酒石酸钠溶解度的增加量逐渐变小。采用Modified Apelblat,Van't-JA及Apel-JA方程对溶解度数据进行了关联,均方根偏差最大为6.24×10~(-4)。所选热力学方程均能很好的关联溶解度数据,其中Modified Apelblat方程的关联效果最好。此外,采用Van't Hoff方程计算了酒石酸钠二水合物在乙醇-水混合溶剂中的表观溶解热力学数据,数据表明其溶解过程为非自发的吸热过程。     

4,5-二氯-2-硝基苯胺及其醚化物的溶解度测定和关联

测定了4,5-二氯-2-硝基苯胺和醚化物在二甲苯和甲苯中的溶解度。实验结果表明硝基苯胺和醚化物在二甲苯和甲苯中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增加。硝基苯胺在二甲苯中的溶解度要大于甲苯中的溶解度,而醚化物在两种溶剂中的溶解度相当。与二元体系相比,硝基苯胺在三元体系的溶解度增加,但醚化物的溶解度未发生变化。对硝基苯胺、醚化物的溶解度数据进行关联,计算值和实验值符合良好。     

CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF 2-CHLORO-4,6-DINITRORESORCINOL BY BATCH COOLING CRYSTALLIZATION METHOD

Crystallization kinetics of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol in ethanol was studied by the method of intermittent dynamic analysis. The nucleation rate and crystal growth rate of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol under different crystallization temperatures and stirring rates were estimated. The results show that with an increase of crystallization temperature, both the nucleation rate and crystal growth rate increase. It is further found that when the stirring rate increases, the nucleation rate increases and the crystal growth rate decreases. The technological conditions of cooling crystallization of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol were studied. It is found that when the stirring rate is 180 rpm and the solution is cooled slowly to - 8°C, the particle size of the products is even and the highest yield of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol is 40.6%.     

CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF 2-CHLORO-4,6-DINITRORESORCINOL BY BATCH COOLING CRYSTALLIZATION METHOD

Crystallization kinetics of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol in ethanol was studied by the method of intermittent dynamic analysis. The nucleation rate and crystal growth rate of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol under different crystallization temperatures and stirring rates were estimated. The results show that with an increase of crystallization temperature, both the nucleation rate and crystal growth rate increase. It is further found that when the stirring rate increases, the nucleation rate increases and the crystal growth rate decreases. The technological conditions of cooling crystallization of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol were studied. It is found that when the stirring rate is 180 rpm and the solution is cooled slowly to ? 8°C, the particle size of the products is even and the highest yield of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol is 40.6%.     

Antisolvent Crystallization Method and Mixed Solvent Solubility Model Study of 2-Chloro-4,6-Dinitroresorcinol

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - Antisolvent crystallization method of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol was proposed and discussed for the first time. The yield of the product...     

Measurement and correlation of solubility of xylitol in binary water+ethanol solvent mixtures between 278.00 K and 323.00K

The solubility of xylitol in ethanol+water solvent mixtures was measured at temperatures ranging from 278.00 K to 323.00 K at atmospheric pressure by using a laser technique. The results of these measurements were correlated by the combined nearly ideal binary solvent CNIBS/Redlich-Kister equation. The experimental solubility and correlation equation in this work can be used as essential data and models in the purification process of xylitol. The variant 2 in the CNIBS/R-K models was confirmed to be more adaptable to predict solubility of xylitol in binary ethanol +water system. Using the experimentally measured solubilities, the thermodynamic properties of dissolution of xylitol, such as Gibbs energy, molar enthalpy of dissolution, and molar entropy of dissolution, were calculated.     

2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶在不同溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联(英文)

2-Chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine is a crucial intermediate of pesticides. Its solid-liquid equilibrium data will provide essential support for industrial design and further theoretical studies. The solubilities of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine in water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, trichloromethane and toluene at different temperatures were measured using the synthetic method by a laser monitoring observation technique. The solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation and Wilson equation. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Solubility of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-tetralone in ethanol and acetone mixtures with the temperature range from 283.15 to 323.15K

The solubility of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-tetralone in the mixture of ethanol and acetone was measured by using a laser technique in the temperature range from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The results were correlated with a semiempirical equation. The experimental solubility and correlation equation in this work can be used as essential data and models in the purification process of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-tetralone.     

Determination and correlation solubility of m-phenylenediamine in (methanol,ethanol, acetonitrile and water) and their binary solvents from 278.15 K to 313.15 K

In this study, the solubility of m-phenylenediamine in four pure solvents(methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and water) and three binary solvent(methanol + water),(ethanol + water) and(acetonitrile + water) systems were determined in the temperature ranging from 278.15 K to 313.15 K by using the gravimetric method under atmospheric pressure. In the temperature range of 278.15 K to 313.15 K, the mole fraction solubility values of m-phenylenediamine in water, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile are 0.0093–0.1533, 0.1668–0.5589,0.1072–0.5356, and 0.1717–0.6438, respectively. At constant temperature and solvent composition, the mole fraction solubility of o-phenylenediamine in four pure solvents was increased as the following order:water b ethanol b methanol b acetonitrile; and in the three binary solvent mixtures could be ranked as follows:(ethanol + water) b(methanol + water) b(acetonitrile + water). The relationship between the experimental temperature and the solubility of m-phenylenediamine was revealed as follows: the solubility of mphenylenediamine in pure and binary solvents could be increased with the increase of temperature. The experimental values were correlated with the Jouyban–Acree model, van't Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model, modified Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree model, Sun model and Ma model. The standard dissolution enthalpy, standard dissolution entropy and the Gibbs energy were calculated based on the experimental solubility data. In the binary solvent mixtures, the dissolution of m-phenylenediamine could be an endothermic process. The solubility data,correlation equations and thermodynamic property obtained from this study would be invoked as basic data and models regarding the purification and crystallization process of m-phenylenediamine.     

Measurement and correlation of solubility of meropenem trihydrate in binary (water + acetone/tetrahydrofuran) solvent mixtures

The solubility of meropenem trihydrate in water + acetone mixtures and water + tetrahydrofuran mixtures were determined from T =(278.15 to 303.15) K by static method under atmospheric pressure.Effects of solvent composition and temperature on solubility of meropenem trihydrate were discussed.To extend the applicability of the solubility data,experimental solubility data in two kinds of binary solvent mixtures were correlated by the Apelblat equation and NIBS/Redlich-Kister model.It was found that the two models could satisfactorily correlate the experimental data and the Apelblat equation could give better correlation results.