Absolute Measurements for Small Loop Antennas for RF Magnetic Field Standards

A method to determine accurately the strength of magnetic fields produced by a transmitting small loop antenna for the RF field standards is presented. The field strength can be determined by the magnetic dipole moment of the loop. A loop antenna factor is introduced to express the magnetic dipole moment of a transmitting small loop antenna in terms of the incident power to the antenna input port. The emergent power from the output port of a receiving small loop antenna can also be expressed in terms of the magnetic field to be detected and of the loop antenna factor. The insertion loss method (or the three antenna method) is applied to measuring the loop antenna factor. Small loop antennas with diameters 10 cm were designed, and loop antenna factors were measured by the insertion loss method over frequencies up to 30 MHz with a systematic error of 0.08 dB.     

Piezoelectric components wirelessly driven by dipole antenna-like electric field generator

A new technique of transmitting electric energy wirelessly to piezoelectric components by using a dipole antenna-like electric field generator is explored. Two square size brass plate-shaped live and ground electrodes are used to form a dipole antenna-like electric field generator. When the dipole antenna-like electric field generator in electric resonance with an inductor, a maximum output power of 2.72 mW and an energy conversion efficiency of 0.0174% have been achieved wirelessly by the piezoelectric plate area of 40 mm² operating in the thickness vibration mode, placed at the center 4 mm away from the antenna plane with an optimum electrical load of 1365 Ω, resonant frequency of 782 kHz, 1 cm electrodes separation, 2500 cm² electrode area of dipole antenna-like structure, and input ac source power of 15.58 W applied to the series of dipole antenna-like structure and inductor. The theoretically calculated results have been validated by the experimental studies. It is seen that at the resonance frequency and optimum electrical load, the output power of the wirelessly driven piezoelectric component decreases with the size of piezoelectric component, distance of piezoelectric component from the electrode of antenna plane, but increases with the antenna electrode area.     

Voltage response and field reconstruction for a miniature fieldprobe in a spatially nonuniform electric field

A miniature E-field probe employing a 0.6-mm linear dipole antenna has been developed. The authors describe an analytical study of the probe's response to a spatially varying electric field. On the basis of the Nyquist sampling theorem, the spatial sampling frequency at which an electric field should be measured for good reconstruction is established. Using antenna theory, the voltage response of the probe is found in terms of the antenna's transmitting current and the measured electric field. This relationship is used to reconstruct the electric field from a set of discrete voltage responses. A method-of-moments program has been developed to determine numerically the voltage response of the antenna structure to a spatially varying electric field. Numerical results, which allow for the testing of certain theoretical findings important for analyzing measurement data, are presented. Although developed for only one-dimensional fields, the methodology can be applied to general three-dimensional fields     

Frequency Characteristics of Misaligned Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 Thin-Film Intrinsic Josephson Junction Arrays Irradiated by Millimeter-Wave

We have investigated the millimeter wave irradiation characteristics of misaligned Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂O₈ thin-film intrinsic Josephson junction arrays at a liquid nitrogen temperature in an antenna system by both simulation and experiments. The dielectric substrate was regarded as a dielectric resonance antenna to improve high-frequency electromagnetic coupling between the intrinsic Josephson junction array and a horn antenna. A useful model for simulating the microwave system was devised to demonstrate and analyze the optimization of the irradiation in the antenna system. The electric field distribution in the antenna system was computed and displayed. Also, the near-field and far-field frequency characteristics of the receiving antenna and transmitting antenna were calculated and analyzed to study the mechanism of the irradiation. In the experiment, by detecting the suppressed critical current of the IJJA, an optimum transmission frequency range was measured and the frequency characteristic was studied in the transmitting and receiving antenna system. The critical current of the IJJA was suppressed to 37 % and the optimum coupling effect was achieved at 74.8 GHz. And the electromagnetic simulation matched up well with the experimental result. Potential reasons of the acceptable nuances between the simulation and experiment results were also taken into account. The influence the size of the microbridge had on the frequency characteristic of the dielectric antenna were elaborately discussed.     

An Isolated Sensor Determining the Poynting Vector in the near Field of a Radiating Antenna

A system is described comprising of an isolated sensor to measure the polarization ellipses of the electric and magnetic vectors in the near field around a transmitting antenna or a scatterer in the frequency range from 0.5 to 10 MHz. The locus of the time-dependent Poynting vector is derived by numerical calculation. Results are displayed as a stereoscopic image.     

Calibration of circular loop antennas

The calibration of a measuring loop antenna means assigning an antenna factor K for each frequency in the entire measurement band. Such a loop antenna factor can be found either by calculating the impedances of the loop, or by using a well-defined standard magnetic field of a transmitting antenna. For both methods, it is necessary to obtain an accurate relation between the magnetic field and the geometrical dimensions of the loops. Generally, a manufactured loop has a complex geometric shape with complex electrical behavior so that its impedances cannot be accurately determined. The standard magnetic field method must then be used for traceability of the calibration. The necessary expressions, taking into account the dimensions of the loops with finite conductor radii including the current distribution along the loop, are given. Greene's equations are accurately calculated with mathematics software on a personal computer for the near-zone as standard average magnetic field. With the procedure presented here, the calibration is reduced to an accurate measurement of attenuation     

General formulas for calculating magnetic field at a receiving loopplaced at an arbitrary position from a radiating loop in a shielded room

The standard magnetic field radiated by a small loop antenna is used for sensitivity testing of radio receivers. To avoid interference from external sources, the test is often carried out in a shielded room. A formula to obtain the intensity of the magnetic field at the receiving loop, when a small radiating loop antenna and the receiving loop antenna are placed at random locations in a shielded room, is derived. The convergence of the formula is analyzed. Using the formula, an equation is derived which expresses the shielded room error or the effect of the room on the standard magnetic field. The correlations between the calculated values of the error and the measured results are reported     

柱形单极表面波等离子体天线控制模型研究

由气体分子动力学及波尔兹曼方程建立了基于柱形单极表面波等离子天线结构的控制模型,通过推导和计算得出了一系列模型方程。通过与实验数据的分析对比,发现在一定条件下模型数据与实验测试结果吻合良好。模型可用于等离子体天线参数控制、预测以及等离子天线的参数重构控制。     

The assessment of human exposure to low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic fields using the boundary element analysis

Analysis of the human body exposed to low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic fields is presented in this work. The formulation of the problem is based on a simplified thick wire model of the human body. The current distribution induced in the body is determined by solving the Pocklington integral equation for a straight thick wire via the Galerkin–Bubnov boundary element method. Once the axial current along the equivalent antenna of the body is obtained, one may calculate the induced current density, electric field, specific absorption rate, and the total absorbed power in the human body. Several realistic exposure examples are given.     

Surface crack problem for functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic coating-homogeneous elastic substrate system under anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric and magnetic loading

A functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic material layer bonded to a homogeneous elastic substrate is investigated. The functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic layer contains a surface crack that is perpendicular to the surface of the medium. The structure is subjected to anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric and magnetic loads, the crack problem involves the anti-plane elastic field coupled with the in-plane electric and magnetic field. The elastic layer can be an ideal insulator or an ideal conductor. Integral transform and dislocation density functions are employed to reduce the problem to the solution of a system of singular integral equations. Numerical results show the influences of the material gradient parameter and crack configuration on field intensity factors and energy release rates of the functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic coating-homogeneous elastic substrate structure.     

Plasma parameters in the vicinity of the quartz window of a low pressure surface wave discharge produced in O2

Plasma parameters in the vicinity of the dielectric window of a low density, microwave discharge produced in O₂ at 915 MHz are investigated by a spherical probe and optical emission spectroscopy while the microwave field distribution is measured by a spectrum analyzer. The electron energy distribution function is found to be strongly dependent on the position with respect to the slot antenna, exhibiting a group of energetic electrons at locations where the electric field and the optical intensity exhibit maximum values. The density of energetic electrons decreases sharply just a few cm away from the dielectric.     

A Method for Accurately Measuring the Vertical Electric Field Strength of a Propagating VLF Wave

Ideally, the vertical electric field strength of a propagating VLF wave can be measured by observing the terminal voltage of a short dipole antenna placed in the field; but, in applying this principle a number of practical difficulties are encountered. Methods of overcoming these difficulties have been studied using a working-model field-strength meter of convenient dimensions. Such a device can be calibrated with reference to standards of voltage and length and, hence, offers a fundamental advantage over the use of vertical antennas and ground screens. It also provides an alternative to the common practice of estimating the electric field by measuring the associated magnetic field and applying a conversion factor. Evidence is presented to indicate that this latter method may sometimes be subject to experimental or interpretational difficulties. Error analysis shows the present working model is capable of measuring VLF field strengths to an accuracy of about 5 per cent.     

压电-压磁板条中反平面裂纹的电-磁-弹性分析

基于线性电磁弹性理论,获得了压电-压磁板条中反平面裂纹尖端附近的奇异应力、电场和磁场。假设裂纹位于和板条边界平行的中心位置,并且裂纹是电磁渗透型的。利用Fourier变换,将裂纹面的混合边值问题化为对偶积分方程,即而归结为第二类Fredholm积分方程。通过渐近分析,得到了裂纹尖端附近应力、应变、电位移、电场、磁场和磁感的封闭表达式。结果表明,对于电磁渗透裂纹,电场强度因子和磁场强度因子总为0;板条的宽度对应力强度因子有显著的影响;能量释放率总为正值。     

Electromagnetoelastic behavior induced by a crack under antiplane mechanical and inplane electric impacts

Based on the piezoelectromagnetism theory, the dynamic problem of a crack of finite length embedded in a polarized ceramic under the action of antiplane mechanical impact and inplane electric impact is considered. The basic equations are simplified to two decoupled wave equations. Integral transform techniques are employed to reduce the associated initial-boundary value problem to integral equations. By using numerical methods, the resulting integral equations are solved and dynamic field intensity factors are presented graphically. A comparison of the dynamic results and the quasi-static results for dynamic field intensity factors near the crack tips is made, and the effect of mechanical impact on the dynamic magnetic field intensity factor is examined.     

Automated Precision Polarimeter for the HF-VHF Range

An automated system for Stokes parameter-polarization analysis over the HF-VHF range is described. Axial ratio, orientation angle, polarization fraction, and polarization sense are determined by amplitude measurements using a conventional fieldintensity receiver. Six amplitude measurements from four crossed nonresonant dipoles, including quadrature sum and difference, eliminate the requirement for phase measurement. The antenna does not use active components and is adaptable for mobile or stationary operation. VSWR measurements on the antenna output cables show less than 1.2:1 (50 ohms) over the 2-70 MHz range. The antenna aperture increases from 1 × 10-5 square meters at 2.0 MHz to 0.019 square meters at 70 MHz. A solid-state sequencer processes each amplitude measurement separately through the receiver and digital conversion circuits (providing BCD output) to an incremental tape recorder. The Stokes parameter analysis is performed by an off-line digital computer using the magnetic tape data. This analysis permits computation of total received power from either set of orthogonal element measurements. When combined with the measured antenna aperture, power density (or field strength) also can be derived. Polarization fraction measurements for locally controlled signals show a mean of 1.02 as compared to a theoretical value of 1.00 (standard deviation of 0.1) over the 2-70 MHz range and polarization results consistent with propagation predictions.     

A magneto-electro-elastic material with a penny-shaped crack subjected to temperature loading

Summary The analysis of intensity factors for a penny-shaped crack under thermal, mechanical, electrical and magnetic boundary conditions becomes a very important topic in fracture mechanics. An exact solution is derived for the problem of a penny-shaped crack in a magneto-electro-thermo-elastic material in a temperature field. The problem is analyzed within the framework of the theory of linear magneto-electro-thermo-elasticity. The coupling features of transversely isotropic magneto-electro-thermo-elastic solids are governed by a system of partial differential equations with respect to the elastic displacements, the electric potential, the magnetic potential and the temperature field. The heat conduction equation and equilibrium equations for an infinite magneto-electro-thermo-elastic media are solved by means of the Hankel integral transform. The mathematical formulations for the crack conditions are derived as a set of dual integral equations, which, in turn, are reduced to Abel's integral equation. Solution of Abel's integral equation is applied to derive the elastic, electric and magnetic fields as well as field intensity factors. The intensity factors of thermal stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction are derived explicitly for approximate (impermeable or permeable) and exact (a notch of finite thickness crack) conditions. Due to its explicitness, the solution is remarkable and should be of great interest in the magneto-electro-thermo-elastic material analysis and design.     

The central crack problem for a functionally graded piezoelectric strip

In this paper the dynamic anti-plane problem for a functionally graded piezoelectric strip containing a central crack vertical to the boundary is considered. The crack is assumed to be electrically impermeable or permeable. Integral transforms and dislocation density functions are employed to reduce the problem to Cauchy singular integral equations. Numerical results show the effects of loading combination parameter, material gradient parameter and crack configuration on the dynamic response. With the permeable assumption, the electric impact has no contribution to the crack tip field singularity. With the impermeable assumption, the direction of applied electric impact loading plays a great role in the behavior of dynamic stress intensity factor, and the existence of electric load always enhances the crack propagation. However, the crack is easier to propagate under the negative electric load than that under the positive electric load.     

High-power terahertz radiation emitter with a diamond photoconductive switch array

A photoconductive switch-arrayed antenna with a chemical vapor-deposited diamond film was developed to generate high-power terahertz (THz) radiation. With this device, an electric field stress of 2 x 10(6) V/cm can be applied to photoconductive gaps because of the high breakdown threshold of diamond and the overcoated gap structure for the prevention of surface flashover. This level of field stress can alleviate the current problem of saturation in THz emission by use of a photoconductive antenna. The device consists of more than two thousand 20 mum x 2.8 mm emitters. In an experiment using an ultrashort pulse Kr*F laser, we obtained an energy density of 10 muJ/cm(2) on the emitter surface at E = 10(5) V/cm. This density was larger than that of the current large-aperture antenna. There was no severe saturation in photoconductive current up to E = 10(6) V/cm, and a focused intensity of 200 MW/cm(2) can be expected.     

Plasmonic coupling of bow tie antennas with Ag nanowire

Ag nanowire with the receiving and transmitting Ag bow tie antenna pairs at its incident and emission ends was patterned on the SiO(2) substrate to realize an enhanced surface plasmon emission with a factor of 45 compared to the single Ag nanowire without antenna pairs. The receiving and transmitting bow tie antenna pairs enhanced the plasmon coupling and emission efficiencies of the Ag nanowire. And the maximum plasmon emission sensitively depended on the length of Ag nanowire, the arm length of bow tie antennas, and the incident angle of optical excitation. This enhanced plasmon emission was confirmed by finite-difference time-domain simulations and explored with analytical calculations using the impedance matching theory at optical frequency.     

Transmitting electric energy through a metal wall by acoustic waves using piezoelectric transducers

The feasibility of transmitting electric energy through a metal wall by propagating acoustic waves using piezoelectric transducers is examined by studying the efficiency of power transmission and its dependence upon the relevant system parameters for a simplified system consisting of an elastic plate sandwiched by two piezoelectric layers. One of these layers models the driving transducer for generating acoustic wave, and the other layer models the receiving transducer for converting the acoustic energy into electric energy to power a load circuit. The output voltage, the output power, and the efficiency of this system are expressed as explicit functions of the system parameters. A numerical example is included to illustrate the dependence of the system performance upon the physical and geometrical parameters.