中国植物油料生产和贸易:现状、变化及前景

我国作为植物油料生产大国、消费大国及贸易大国,研究入世对我国油料生产和贸易影 响、进而判断未来变动趋势有着重要意义。该文首先对我国植物油料生产、贸易情况进行简单梳理; 在此基础上,重点分析入世后植物油料生产贸易变化及主要影响因素;最后对中国植物油料生产、 贸易未来发展趋势进行简单判断,并提出对策建议。     

花椒籽的研究进展

就近年来有关花椒籽的研究利用作一介绍，并阐述了花椒籽油中α-亚麻酸的生理功能、富集纯化方法、应用及抗氧化研究，旨在促进花椒籽的综合开发利用。     

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Oils Extracted from Noni,Spinach, Lady’s Finger,Bitter Gourd and Mustard Seeds,and Copra

The physico-chemical properties of solvent-extracted oil from the seeds of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch), and the dried kernel (copra) of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) were characterized. Among these sources, spinach seed had the lowest oil content (4.5 ± 0.4%) while coconut kernel had the highest oil content (63.1 ± 2.8%). Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for spinach, lady’s finger and noni seed oils, while erucic, eleostearic, and lauric acids were the major fatty acids for mustard seed oil, bitter gourd seed oil, and coconut kernel oil, respectively. All of the oils possessed at least three major peaks in their triacylglycerol profiles except for bitter gourd seed oil which had only one major peak (1-stearoyl, 2,3-dieleostearoyl). The last endothermic peaks were –12.4, –6.0, 6.8, 57.7, 2.7, and 24.3ºC for noni, spinach, lady’s finger, bitter gourd and mustard seed oils, and coconut oil, respectively. Initially, the solid fat content of bitter gourd seed oil decreased gradually, but became rapidly after 50 until 60ºC. Coconut oil had its solid fat content reduced rapidly around 14 to 28ºC.     

石榴籽多酚的提取及其种壳种仁抗氧化活性研究

以安徽怀远所产的"玉石籽"石榴为试材,研究乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、螯合剂六偏磷酸钠的添加量、pH值及料液比对提取效果的影响,并对提取工艺进行优化;分别提取石榴籽种壳及种仁中的多酚类物质,比较石榴籽种壳及种仁提取物中总酚、黄酮及原花色素含量及体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:在pH4.0、提取温度60℃、六偏磷酸钠添加量0.4%、液料比20:1的条件下,用60%乙醇提取100min,石榴籽中多酚的提取效果较好;石榴籽富含原花色素,原花色素是石榴籽抗氧化成分中的主要成分,石榴籽中多酚类物质——尤其是原花色素主要集中于种仁部位。     

酿酒后葡萄籽综合利用的研究进展

酿制葡萄酒时,会产生大量的废弃物,其中包括葡萄籽。该文对酿酒后的副产品-葡萄籽的综合利用进行了综述,介绍了葡萄籽中葡萄籽油、多酚物质和蛋白质的提取及其应用技术。将葡萄籽进行合理开发利用,不仅可以避免环境污染,而且将增加葡萄酒的附加值。     

茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层生产茶叶籽油及淀粉

茶叶籽油贮藏在茶叶籽油脂体内,茶叶籽油脂体具有明显的边界膜,因此将茶叶籽油脂体从茶叶籽仁水浆中分离出来是完全可能的,利用茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象可以实现茶叶籽油脂体的有效分离。茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象表现为:茶叶籽仁在适宜温度条件下充分自然发酵后,发酵液自然分离为3层;上层为茶叶籽油脂体、中层为茶皂甙溶液、底层为茶叶籽淀粉;经过两次发酵,上层茶叶籽油脂体的纯度可达到95%。将纯化的茶叶籽油脂体进行加热处理,可以生产出高质量的茶叶籽毛油。利用茶叶籽仁水浆静置发酵分层现象可使茶叶籽毛油产率达16%、淀粉产率达8%;并且有效避免了茶叶籽中其他成分对茶叶籽油的污染与吸附作用,大幅度简化了茶叶籽毛油的后续精炼工作。     

Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of reducing enteric methane production from dairy cows by incorporating into the diet various sources of long-chain FA varying in their degree of saturation and ruminal availability. The experiment was conducted as a crossover design with 16 lactating dairy cows maintained in 2 groups and fed 4 dietary treatments in four 28-d periods. Eight ruminally cannulated primiparous cows (96 ± 18 d in milk) were assigned to group 1 and 8 multiparous cows (130 ± 31 d in milk) were assigned to group 2. The dietary treatments were: 1) a commercial source of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CTL), 2) crushed sunflower seeds (SS), 3) crushed flaxseed (FS), and 4) crushed canola seed (CS). The oilseeds added 3.1 to 4.2% fat to the diet (DM basis). All 3 oilseed treatments decreased methane production (g/d) by an average of 13%. When corrected for differences in dry matter intake (DMI), compared with CTL, methane production (g/kg of DM intake) was decreased by feeding FS (−18%) or CS (−16%) and was only numerically decreased (−10%) by feeding SS. However, compared with the CTL, feeding SS or FS lowered digestible DMI by 16 and 9%, respectively, because of lowered digestibility. Thus, only CS lowered methane per unit of digestible DM intake. Feeding SS and CS decreased rumen protozoal counts, but there were no treatment effects on mean ruminal pH or total volatile fatty acid concentration. Milk efficiency (3.5% fat corrected milk/DMI), milk yield, and component yield and concentrations were not affected by oilseed treatments. The study shows that adding sources of long-chain fatty acids to the diet in the form of processed oilseeds can be an effective means of reducing methane emissions. However, for some oilseeds such as SS or FS, the reduction in methane can be at the expense of diet digestibility. The use of crushed CS offers a means of mitigating methane without negatively affecting diet digestibility, and hence, milk production.     

新兴的油料资源--南瓜籽

南瓜籽是南瓜的副产物，本文对南瓜籽的成分进行了简单的分析，发现南瓜籽中含有人体必需脂肪酸，而且含量丰富，因而对如何开发利用南瓜籽，提出一些建议。     

葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油抗氧化活性的研究

研究葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油的抗氧化性能,实验证实葡萄籽提取物对油脂氧化有很好的抑制作用。在油脂中葡萄籽提取物的抗氧化性强于Vc、VE,预示其在粮油食品中具有广阔的应用前景。     

茶叶籽水浆发酵分层过程及其间总重量动态研究

为了更好地完善茶叶籽油发酵生产工艺,对茶叶籽水桨的发酵分层过程进行了深入研究,结果如下。茶叶籽水桨发酵开始时上下是浑然一体的,呈乳白色,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液分层逐渐由模糊变为清晰,发酵进行到4.5h左右,发酵液明显分为3层,乳白色顶层、淡棕色中层及纯白色底层;此后,各层逐渐变得坚实,到16h左右,发酵液各层厚度已经稳定,顶层、中层及底层的相对厚度分别为： 25%、49%、26%。茶叶籽水桨的发酵分层效果以茶叶籽水桨原液效果最好。茶叶籽水浆总重量在发酵分层过程中的变化分为3个阶段：前期发酵液总重量的降低量明显高于清水对照,最大降低量比清水对照高出48%;中期发酵液总重量的降低量与清水对照持平,后期发酵液总重量的降低量明显低于清水对照,发酵16h时,降低量比对照减少18.3%。茶叶籽内种皮能使茶叶籽水桨发酵液颜色变深,但对发酵液顶层厚度没有显著影响。     

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..     

Functional properties of protein isolates,globulin and albumin extracted from Ginkgo biloba seeds

In this study, the functional properties of Ginkgo seed protein isolate (GPI), Ginkgo seed globulin protein (GGP) and Ginkgo seed albumin protein (GAP) extracted from Ginkgo biloba seeds were investigated. The protein contents of GPI, GGP and GAP were 91.0%, 93.4% and 87.8%, respectively in the samples in which the sugar, polyphenol and crude fibre were removed by the preparation procedure. For functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins in the natural state, GAP showed the highest oil-absorption capacity (9.3 ml/g), foaming capacity (67.8%), emulsifying capacity (65.4%) and emulsion stability (90.6%); while GPI showed the highest water absorption capacity (1.93 ml/g), and GGP showed the highest foam stability (55.5%). The differences of the chemical components, surface hydrophobicity, disulphide bond (SS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) contents of GPI, GGP and GAP, which were correlated significantly with functional properties of Ginkgo seed proteins, were also investigated. The improved functional properties, such as water absorption capacity, solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of Ginkgo seed proteins were observed in a pH range of 8.0–10.0 or sodium chloride concentration of 0.5–0.75 M.     

草莓籽油脂肪酸组分分析

采用气相色谱法分析了草莓籽油的脂肪酸组成,并对其理化特性进行了研究。分析结果表明,草莓籽油主要由不饱和脂肪酸组成(94.52%),其中油酸13.29%,亚油酸39.92%,亚麻酸39.50%。亚油酸与亚麻酸的含量非常接近。     

酶法提取黑加仑籽油

对于酶法提取黑加仑籽油进行了初步探讨。经对比实验筛选出从黑加仑籽中提油的3种酶:复合纤维素酶、果胶酶和中性蛋白酶。通过正交实验分别对3种酶的酶解条件进行优化,得到的结果为,果胶酶:添加量0.5%,pH 6,酶解时间4 h,料液比1∶5,酶解温度50℃,在此条件下提油率为8.03%;复合纤维素酶:添加量1.5%,pH 6,酶解时间4 h,料液比1∶6,酶解温度55℃,在此条件下提油率为10.73%;中性蛋白酶:添加量1.0%,pH 8,酶解时间5 h,料液比1∶5,酶解温度45℃,在此条件下提油率为11.43%。将3种酶复合使用后提油率达到13.89%,显示复合酶法的提取效果要好于单一酶法。     

水代法提取枸杞籽油工艺的研究

以枸杞籽为原料,经过炒制、振荡分油,离心等工艺制得了枸杞籽油。通过单因素和正交实验设计确定了水代法提取枸杞籽油的最佳工艺条件,即炒籽的温度130℃、料水比1:1.5、振荡分油的时间6h、温度80℃;出油率可达17.01%。其中料水比是影响出油率的主要因素。     

不同方法提取茶籽蛋白及其抗氧化活性研究

以茶籽粕为原料,用碱法、盐法和缓冲液法提取茶籽蛋白,并测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明:盐法的茶籽蛋白得率和蛋白质含量均高于其他两种方法;盐法最佳提取条件为硫酸铵浓度0.005mol/L,料液比1∶50,时间180 min,pH 10;在盐法最佳提取条件下,茶籽蛋白得率为5.24%,蛋白质含量为82.65%。3种提取方法所得茶籽蛋白对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、Fe3+都具有抗氧化活性,当盐法所得茶籽蛋白在质量浓度8.0 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基的清除率为74.78%,优于碱法和缓冲液法所得茶籽蛋白。     

橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺研究

橡胶籽油是一种新的油源.为提高其食用价值,对橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺条件进行了研究.通过磷酸中和,水洗,脱色,水蒸汽蒸馏得到的精炼油达到国家食用油标准和卫生标准.实验结果表明,精炼后的橡胶籽油可以作为一种食用植物油的新油源.     

高低海拔生产的烟草种子其活力及出苗、成苗时间差异

为阐明高海拔和低海拔产地生产的烟草种子是否存在活力及出苗差异,将低海拔产地（西双版纳）和高海拔产地（曲靖、昭通）生产的MS云烟85、MS云烟87、MS K326种子在光照培养箱中分别进行常温（26℃）、低温（13℃）萌发,2012—2013年分别在6个高海拔烟叶产区进行漂浮育苗,比较不同产地收获的种子室内发芽以及室外出苗和成苗速率。结果表明,不同海拔产地生产的烟草种子在常温下萌发,其发芽时间、发芽率没有明显差异,低温条件下,低海拔产地（西双版纳）生产的MS云烟85和MS云烟87种子的发芽率分别优于高海拔产地（曲靖、昭通）生产的种子;不同海拔产地生产的烟草种子在同一年份同一烟区的出苗时间差异不大,成苗时间相同。因此,种子产地的海拔高度不影响烟草种子的活力及出苗速率,种子活力的高低以及出苗的快慢与萌发及出苗时的温度有关。     

葵花籽分离蛋白及葵花籽色拉油生产工艺的研究

通过对葵花仁中绿原酸的提取，解决了葵花蛋白的色泽问题，同时采用特殊方法，提取油脂而不影响蛋白的性状，最终得到葵花籽色拉油和葵花籽分离蛋白。