Contribution of beef consumption to nutrient intake, diet quality, and food patterns in the diets of the US population

This study examined the association between the nutrient contribution of beef, in its lowest and highest fat forms, and diet quality and food patterns in individuals 4+ years of age. Beef consumers were categorized into three groups (lowest lean/highest fat [LLHF]; middle lean/middle fat content; and highest lean/lowest fat [HLLF]) based on the lean and fat content of beef consumed. Compared to non-beef consumers, HLLF consumers had higher intakes of vitamins B₆ and B₁₂, iron, zinc, and potassium. Non-beef consumers had higher intakes of thiamin, folate, calcium, and magnesium than HLLF beef consumers. The HLLF group had significantly higher intakes of vitamins A, C, B₆, and B₁₂; niacin; phosphorus; magnesium; iron; zinc; and potassium, protein and lower intakes of total energy; total fat; SFA; MUFA; total carbohydrates. There was no difference in diet quality between HLLF beef consumers and non-beef consumers. Moderate consumption of lean beef contributes to intakes of selected nutrients and diet quality was similar to non-beef consumers.     

Towards Measuring the Food Quality of Grocery Purchases: An Estimation Model of the Healthy Eating Index-2010 Using only Food Item Counts

Measuring the quality of food consumed by individuals or groups in the U.S. is essential to informed public health surveillance efforts and sound nutrition policymaking. For example, the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI) is an ideal metric to assess the food quality of households, but the traditional methods of collecting the data required to calculate the HEI are expensive and burdensome. We evaluated an alternative source: rather than measuring the quality of the foods consumers eat, we want to estimate the quality of the foods consumers buy. To accomplish that we need a way of estimating the HEI based solely on the count of food items. We developed an estimation model of the HEI, using an augmented set of the What We Eat In America (WWEIA) food categories. Then we mapped ∼92,000 grocery food items to it. The model uses an inverse Cumulative Distribution Function sampling technique. Here we describe the model and report reliability metrics based on NHANES data from 2003-2010.     

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Traditional Risk Factors

A strict adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has repeatedly been linked to a low risk of cardiovascular disease in several situations. Initially, the mechanisms considered as possible causes of this were based on the effects of this dietary pattern on the so-called traditional risk factors (especially lipids and blood pressure). However, the high relative reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not proportional to the limited findings about regulation of those traditional risk factors. In addition to several studies confirming the above effects, current research on the MedDiet is being focused on defining its effects on non-traditional risk factors, such as endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress, or on controlling the conditions which predispose people to cardiovascular events, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the current article, after briefly reviewing the known effects of the MedDiet on the traditional risk factors, we will mainly focus on reviewing the current evidence about the effects that this dietary pattern exerts on alternative factors, including postprandial lipemia or coagulation, among others, as well as providing a short review on future directions.     

应用24h膳食回顾询问法估计北京地区居民丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量的研究

为了解北京地区居民丙烯酰胺的膳食摄入量,应用24h回顾询问法,估计北京地区居民丙烯酰胺摄入量。采用GC-MS方法检测在北京市场上购买的24类(162份)食物,并应用检测结果计算2460份食谱(820人×3d)的丙烯酰胺含量。北京地区居民的丙烯酰胺的每天每人平均摄入量为:男性18.6μg,女性16.6μg;97.5分位数为:男性59.0μg,女性50.4μg。每天每公斤体重摄入量均值:男性0.282μgkgBWd-1,女性0.284μgkgBWd-1;97.5分位数:男性0.898μgkgBWd-1,女性1.007μgkgBWd-1。各餐丙烯酰胺摄入比例为:早餐20.48%,午餐38.99%,晚餐39.42%,零食1.17%。检测结果表明午餐和晚餐食品是北京地区居民丙烯酰胺的主要来源,改变北京地区居民的正餐的烹调方式和控制北京传统早餐食品中的丙烯酰胺含量是减低北京地区居民丙烯酰胺暴露量的主要措施。     

Peanut and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Several studies have been conducted on the effects of peanut consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors. However, the findings are conflicting and appear inconsistent. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the effect of peanut consumption on the risk factors of CVDs. We used relevant keywords and searched through PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for articles published studies up to November 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis. Random or fixed-effects meta-analysis method depending on the results of heterogeneity tests was used to estimate the effect size. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by Q test and I² index. Subgroup analysis was conducted to find any excess relationship. Publication bias was checked by Egger’s test and funnel plot. Quality of studies was assessed by the Cochrane criteria. According to the results of 13 RCTs, peanuts has no significant effect on weight (WMD: ?0.11?kg, P?=?0.773), waist circumference (WMD: ?1.41?cm, P?=?0.139), body mass index (WMD: ?0.14?kg/m², P?=?0.428), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: ?0.09?mmHg, P?=?0.939 and WMD: 0.60?mmHg, P?=?0.652, respectively), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: ?3.31?mg/dl, P?=?0.472), triglyceride (WMD: ?7.59?mg/dl, P?=?0.180), total cholesterol (WMD: 3.15?mg/dl, P?=?0.171), fasting blood sugar (WMD: 0.57?mg/dl, P?=?0.604) and serum insulin (WMD: ?0.40, P?=?0.582). Also, this meta-analysis showed that peanut had a positive significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (WMD: 2.72?mg/dl, P?=?0.001). Peanuts consumption has a positive significant effect on HDL especially at the type of peanut oil, high-oleic peanut and peanut sprout and in healthy subjects and for consumption more than 12?weeks, while has no significant effect on other CVD risk factors.     

中国8城市15岁及以上人群在外就餐与腹泻的相关性研究

目的 探讨我国居民在外就餐与腹泻的相关性。方法 利用2017全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测项目中对中国8城市重点疾病流行因素调查数据,采用SPSS分析在外就餐与腹泻的关系。结果 共14 000人纳入分析,男性7 172人（51.2%）,平均年龄（34.6±10.1）岁,腹泻2 419人,腹泻患病率17.28%。单因素分析结果显示,性别、年龄、民族、学历、饮用水类型、是否经常吃凉菜、厨房刀和砧板是否生熟分开及不同餐次的就餐类型与腹泻有统计学关联,均P<0.05。校正性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、婚姻状况等9个影响因素后,Logistic回归分析显示,相比于在家就餐,以单位食堂为主的就餐方式患腹泻的OR（95%CI）为1.45（1.19~1.77）;仅一餐在外就餐、两餐在外就餐和三餐均在外就餐者校正后患腹泻的OR（95%CI）分别为1.28（1.14~1.44）、1.58（1.25~1.94）和2.28（1.58~3.29）。结论 在外就餐尤其是以外卖/街边摊/快餐店等为主的就餐方式将增加腹泻的患病风险,应倡导居民慎重选择在外就餐。     

膳食中多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病防治研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病(CVD)的防治作用,近年来受到了广泛关注。综述了多不饱和脂肪酸(主要是ω-3和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸)的代谢、对CVD危险因素(血压、血脂、炎症)的影响、对心血管疾病的影响、膳食来源及摄入量,以期对CVD的膳食防治提供理论依据。     

Evolving varietal and quality distinctiveness of Australia’s wine regions

In an ever-more-competitive global market, vignerons compete for the attention of consumers by differentiating their product while responding to technological advances, climate changes and evolving demand patterns. In doing so, they increasingly highlight their regional and varietal distinctiveness. This paper examines the extent to which the mix of winegrape varieties in Australia differs from the rest of the world and differs across wine regions within the country, and how that picture has altered over the first decade of this century. It reports varietal intensity indexes for different regions, indexes of similarity of varietal mix between regions and over time, and quality indexes across regions and varieties within Australia. The study is based mainly on a new global database of vine bearing areas circa 2000 and 2010, supplemented by a more detailed database for Australia back to the 1950s. It reveals that the varietal distinctiveness of Australia vis-à-vis the rest of the world, and varietal differentiation between regions within the country, is far less than for most other countries – a pattern that has become even more pronounced since 2000. It concludes that there is much scope for Australia’s winegrape plantings to become more diversified as producers respond to market and climate changes.     

杂粮的有效利用——低GI(Glycaemic Index)食品的必要性

研究了在体重过多人群的食生活里导入杂粮的有效性以及杂粮食谱的营养价值。营养价值参考了日本厚生劳动省发表的"日本人食事摄取基准",这资料标示了目标热量、各种营养成分的目标摄取量以及许多项目的极限程度。因为极限程度与年龄、性别和生理状态有关,在此我们以普通生活的成人作为基准。杂粮中的营养成分,苋的热量358kcal、蛋白质12.7g、脂肪6.0g、糖质64.9g、食物纤维7.4g、Na 1.0mg、P540mg、Fe 9.4mg、Ca 160mg、K 600mg、Cu 0.92mg、Zn 5.8mg、Mn 6.14mg、维生素A 2.0ug以及微量的维生素C。经过研讨设计了营养平衡最佳的食谱为:糙米200g、苋50g、andeskinua50g、大豆110g、甘薯200g、绿黄色蔬菜(小青菜)300g、鸡蛋55g以及泥鳅100g。食用这个食谱可以摄取热量2007 kcal(是基准摄取量的100%),其他营养成分的摄取量与基准摄取量相比分别为:蛋白质173%、脂肪72%、碳水化物105%、K 332%、Ca262%、Mg 267%、P 250%、Fe 420%、Zn 183%、Cu 343%、VA 126%、VD 100%、VE 142%、VK 940%、VB1237%、VB2174%、烟碱酸201%、VB6218%、VB12375%、叶酸350%、泛酸160%、VC 176%、食物纤维185%、盐分5%以及Mn 273%。不足的盐分可以使用调味料来补充。氨基酸的摄取量推测是基准值的100%。蛋白质:脂肪:碳水化物的比例是19.0∶18.0∶63.0,与理想的平衡比接近。     

反刍动物源和工业源反式脂肪酸的摄入对心脏代谢风险标志物的影响

反式脂肪酸(TFA)主要来源于氢化植物油和反刍动物(瘤胃中通过生物氢化途径合成)源食品。人类膳食中总反式脂肪酸的摄入量与心血管代谢疾病危害因子的升高和心血管疾病的发展紧密相关。但有关工业源反式脂肪酸(iTFA)与反刍动物源反式脂肪酸(rTFA)对心血管代谢疾病危害因子影响的差异仍存争议。鉴于此,本研究查阅国内外有关反式脂肪酸对心血管代谢疾病影响的最新研究成果,在综合考虑研究对象性别、年龄、反式脂肪酸摄入量以及食物营养构成等因素的基础上,系统分析工业源和反刍动物源反式脂肪酸的摄入量对成人心血管代谢疾病危害因子的影响。结果表明:两种来源的反式脂肪酸都会增加心血管疾病代谢风险因子,反刍动物源反式脂肪酸对心血管疾病代谢风险的影响要高于工业源反式脂肪酸,并且对女性的影响要高于对男性的影响。此外,引起风险的大小除了与TFA来源有关外,还与性别、摄入量以及膳食结构存在紧密的关系。建议加大对不同人群、不同膳食模型条件下反式脂肪酸对心血管疾病风险影响的研究,为指导并制定我国居民膳食中反式脂肪酸的允许安全摄入量提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省粳米食用品质评价模型的建立

以15种黑龙江省常见粳米为原料,测定其理化特性、糊化特性和质构特性,并用感官评价方法对其食用品质进行评价。对理化特性、糊化特性和质构特性进行单因素方差分析,结果表明,直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、含水量、糊化温度、崩解值、回生值、硬度、黏性和凝聚性等共计16项指标在品种间存在显著性差异。通过对理化特性、糊化特性、质构特性进行主成分分析,结果表明前5个主成分的贡献率分别为43.59%、14.19%、9.22%、8.54%、6.44%,累计贡献率为81.98%。根据主成分分析结果,建立了黑龙江省粳米食用品质评价模型。采用该模型评价15种常见的黑龙江省粳米食用品质的结果与感官评价方法的结果有80%的一致性。     

Effect of virtual eating environment on consumers’ evaluations of healthy and unhealthy snacks

Immersive technologies such as virtual reality and augmented reality have been recently explored in the field of food consumption studies from different perspectives. The present study utilized virtual reality technology in a within-subject experiment with three conditions to examine whether a varying virtual eating environment can alter consumers’ emotional responses (positive, negative, neutral) to the eating situation and whether the resulting emotional responses correlate with consumers’ wanting, liking, and hedonic evaluations of healthy and unhealthy snacks. In addition, the study analyzed whether a virtual eating environment that generates a positive emotional response can raise consumers’ rating of a healthy snack to the same level as an unhealthy snack consumed in a plain, unimmersed environment. The results showed a correlation between positive emotional responses and the pre-tasting evaluations of both snacks. In terms of hedonic evaluations, positive emotional responses correlated mainly with consumers’ evaluation of the unhealthy snack. When pre-tasting wanting and liking evaluations are compared between experimental conditions, the results indicate that a healthy snack is rated higher in a virtual reality environment that induces a more positive emotional response. The healthy snack was also rated at the same level as the unhealthy snack consumed in a plain environment. No differences between conditions were observed in consumers’ hedonic evaluations of the products. EEG and heart rate measurement results indicate that this might be because tasting a healthy snack generates more cognitive processing than an unhealthy snack. This might reduce the influence of the virtual eating environment on consumers’ evaluations. To conclude, virtual reality technologies might have the potential to support consumers’ eating experiences and healthy food choices by improving their evaluations of the products.     

Use of Automated Self-administered 24-hour Recalls (ASA24-2011) and Diet Quality Scores to Characterize Women who Met or Exceeded Weight Gain Recommendations during Pregnancy

Understanding dietary patterns of women who exceed gestational weight gain (GWG) recommendations is crucial to promote healthier pregnancies. This study assessed nutrient intake, diet quality and GWG of participants in the Pregnancy, Exercise, and Nutrition (PEN) feasibility study who met or exceeded weight gain recommendations during pregnancy. The ASA24-2011, a web-based tool, was used to collect dietary intake data and dietary quality was assessed with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 and the Diet Quality Index-Pregnancy (DQI-P). Fifty-three percent of PEN participants exceeded the 2009 IOM GWG recommendations; no significant associations were found between reported dietary quality and gestational weight gain.     

Physical attributes and chemical composition of organic strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch, Cv. Albion) at six stages of ripening

Organic strawberry fruits (Cv. ‘Albion’) were harvested at six different ripening stages and evaluated for physical and chemical parameters. Biometrical characteristics and moisture content did not change significantly during ripening. Total soluble solids, pH and colour development increased while titratable acidity and fruit firmness decreased 14.7% and 91%, respectively. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose followed similar tendencies. Final contents of these sugars were 2323.4, 1988.5, and 1578.4 mg/100 g. Citric, malic, and ascorbic acids followed a descending, irregular, and increasing tendency during ripening, respectively. Final contents of these acids were 822.8, 245.8, and 78.1 mg/100 g. Total anthocyanins content (TAC) increased during ripening, while the opposite was observed for total phenolic content (TPC). TAC and TPC in ripe fruit were 56.4 mg/100 g and 196 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g. Twenty eight phenolic compounds, mainly glycosides, were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD–MS analysis. The concentration of these compounds was ripening dependent.