Peanut and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Several studies have been conducted on the effects of peanut consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors. However, the findings are conflicting and appear inconsistent. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the effect of peanut consumption on the risk factors of CVDs. We used relevant keywords and searched through PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for articles published studies up to November 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis. Random or fixed-effects meta-analysis method depending on the results of heterogeneity tests was used to estimate the effect size. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by Q test and I² index. Subgroup analysis was conducted to find any excess relationship. Publication bias was checked by Egger’s test and funnel plot. Quality of studies was assessed by the Cochrane criteria. According to the results of 13 RCTs, peanuts has no significant effect on weight (WMD: ?0.11?kg, P?=?0.773), waist circumference (WMD: ?1.41?cm, P?=?0.139), body mass index (WMD: ?0.14?kg/m², P?=?0.428), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: ?0.09?mmHg, P?=?0.939 and WMD: 0.60?mmHg, P?=?0.652, respectively), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: ?3.31?mg/dl, P?=?0.472), triglyceride (WMD: ?7.59?mg/dl, P?=?0.180), total cholesterol (WMD: 3.15?mg/dl, P?=?0.171), fasting blood sugar (WMD: 0.57?mg/dl, P?=?0.604) and serum insulin (WMD: ?0.40, P?=?0.582). Also, this meta-analysis showed that peanut had a positive significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (WMD: 2.72?mg/dl, P?=?0.001). Peanuts consumption has a positive significant effect on HDL especially at the type of peanut oil, high-oleic peanut and peanut sprout and in healthy subjects and for consumption more than 12?weeks, while has no significant effect on other CVD risk factors.     

Contribution of beef consumption to nutrient intake, diet quality, and food patterns in the diets of the US population

This study examined the association between the nutrient contribution of beef, in its lowest and highest fat forms, and diet quality and food patterns in individuals 4+ years of age. Beef consumers were categorized into three groups (lowest lean/highest fat [LLHF]; middle lean/middle fat content; and highest lean/lowest fat [HLLF]) based on the lean and fat content of beef consumed. Compared to non-beef consumers, HLLF consumers had higher intakes of vitamins B₆ and B₁₂, iron, zinc, and potassium. Non-beef consumers had higher intakes of thiamin, folate, calcium, and magnesium than HLLF beef consumers. The HLLF group had significantly higher intakes of vitamins A, C, B₆, and B₁₂; niacin; phosphorus; magnesium; iron; zinc; and potassium, protein and lower intakes of total energy; total fat; SFA; MUFA; total carbohydrates. There was no difference in diet quality between HLLF beef consumers and non-beef consumers. Moderate consumption of lean beef contributes to intakes of selected nutrients and diet quality was similar to non-beef consumers.     

膳食中多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病防治研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病(CVD)的防治作用,近年来受到了广泛关注。综述了多不饱和脂肪酸(主要是ω-3和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸)的代谢、对CVD危险因素(血压、血脂、炎症)的影响、对心血管疾病的影响、膳食来源及摄入量,以期对CVD的膳食防治提供理论依据。     

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Traditional Risk Factors

A strict adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has repeatedly been linked to a low risk of cardiovascular disease in several situations. Initially, the mechanisms considered as possible causes of this were based on the effects of this dietary pattern on the so-called traditional risk factors (especially lipids and blood pressure). However, the high relative reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not proportional to the limited findings about regulation of those traditional risk factors. In addition to several studies confirming the above effects, current research on the MedDiet is being focused on defining its effects on non-traditional risk factors, such as endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress, or on controlling the conditions which predispose people to cardiovascular events, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the current article, after briefly reviewing the known effects of the MedDiet on the traditional risk factors, we will mainly focus on reviewing the current evidence about the effects that this dietary pattern exerts on alternative factors, including postprandial lipemia or coagulation, among others, as well as providing a short review on future directions.     

Dietary fruits and vegetables and cardiovascular diseases risk

Diet is likely to be an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. In this article, we will review the evidence linking the consumption of fruit and vegetables and CVD risk.

The initial evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption has a protective effect against CVD came from observational studies. However, uncertainty remains about the magnitude of the benefit of fruit and vegetable intake on the occurrence of CVD and whether the optimal intake is five portions or greater. Results from randomized controlled trials do not show conclusively that fruit and vegetable intake protects against CVD, in part because the dietary interventions have been of limited intensity to enable optimal analysis of their putative effects.

The protective mechanisms of fruit and vegetables may not only include some of the known bioactive nutrient effects dependent on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and electrolyte properties, but also include their functional properties, such as low glycemic load and energy density. Taken together, the totality of the evidence accumulated so far does appear to support the notion that increased intake of fruits and vegetables may reduce cardiovascular risk. It is clear that fruit and vegetables should be eaten as part of a balanced diet, as a source of vitamins, fiber, minerals, and phytochemicals.

The evidence now suggests that a complicated set of several nutrients may interact with genetic factors to influence CVD risk. Therefore, it may be more important to focus on whole foods and dietary patterns rather than individual nutrients to successfully impact on CVD risk reduction.

A clearer understanding of the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular risk would provide health professionals with significant information in terms of public health and clinical practice.     

Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence

Background and aims: Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains as the main cause of mortality. Observational studies supports an association between intake of tomato products or lycopene with a reduced CVDs risk. Our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the topic.

Methods: Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception until July 2017. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reporting associations between lycopene and tomato consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among adult subjects. Random-effects models were used to determine the pooled effect sizes.

Results: Twenty-eight publications met our inclusion criteria and 25 studies provided quantitative data for meta-analysis. Results showed that individuals in the highest consumption category of, or with the highest serum concentration of, lycopene had significantly lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 0.62–0.89, p = 0.02; I² = 32) and CVDs (HR 0.86, 0.77–0.95, p = 0.003; I² = 0). In addition, individuals categorised in the highest serum concentration of lycopene also had significantly lower risk of mortality (HR 0.63, 0.49–0.81, p<0.001; I² = 46). Lycopene was not significantly associated with myocardial infarction, while scarce evidence on the association of lycopene with atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, or atrial fibrillation was evident. Evidence from three studies suggested that higher intakes of tomato were associated with non-significantly lower stroke, CVDs and CHD.

Conclusions: This comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that high-intakes or high-serum concentration of lycopene are associated with significant reductions in the risk of stroke (26%), mortality (37%) and CVDs (14%).     

北京市郊玉米质量安全风险因子及影响因素分析

以北京郊区10个农户的玉米种植地为研究对象,扦取种植期土壤样品、扬花期花穗样品、收获期及不同储藏时期的玉米样品,检测菌相、带菌量和真菌毒素等。结果表明,玉米产后整个自然晾晒储藏期间,储藏前期(产后一个月内)的发霉风险最高,其中镰刀菌属一直是优势菌群,其产生的毒素主要包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和伏马菌素(FB1、FB2),检出率分别为100%、95%和93%,且DON和ZEN在储藏期的超标率均大于40%,而其他毒素,如AFBs、OTA、ST、T-2、HT-2等均未检出。另外,采用高通量测序技术分析了土壤和花穗样品中真菌多样性与农艺因素的关系,发现,种植方式(清种/兼做)、灌溉情况、上季秸秆处理方式等因素会影响玉米植株污染真菌的种类和数量,进而导致玉米籽粒真菌毒素的污染水平出现差异。     

Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was conducted to examine the relation between fruit and vegetables (FV) consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We searched PubMed and EMBASE up to June 2014 for relevant studies. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated and dose–response relationship was assessed. Thirty-eight studies, consisting of 47 independent cohorts, were eligible in this meta-analysis. There were 1,498,909 participants (44,013 CVD events) with a median follow-up of 10.5 years. The pooled RR (95% confidence interval) of CVD for the highest versus lowest category was 0.83 (0.79–0.86) for FV consumption, 0.84 (0.79–0.88) for fruit consumption, and 0.87 (0.83–0.91) for vegetable consumption, respectively. Dose–response analysis showed that those eating 800 g per day of FV consumption had the lowest risk of CVD. Our results indicate that increased FV intake is inversely associated with the risk of CVD. This meta-analysis provides strong support for the current recommendations to consume a high amount of FV to reduce CVD risk.     

Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

Abstract

Since the associations of fermented dairy foods intake with risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remained inconsistent, we carried out this meta-analysis on all published cohort studies to estimate the overall effect. We searched the PubMed and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases for all articles within a range of published years from 1980 to 2018 on the association between fermented dairy foods intake and CVD risk. Finally, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for this study, with 385,122 participants, 1,392 Myocardial infarction, 4,490 coronary heart disease (CHD), 7,078 stroke, and 51,707 uncategorized CVD cases. Overall, statistical evidence of significantly decreased CVD risk was found to be associated with fermented dairy foods intake (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76–0.91). In subgroup analysis, cheese and yogurt consumptions were associated with decreased CVD risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80–0.94 for cheese and OR = 0. 78, 95% CI = 0.67–0.89 for yogurt). Our meta-analysis indicated that fermented dairy foods intake was associated with decreased CVD risk.     

不同种类乳制品对心脑血管疾病防控的影响

综述了近年来国内外有关乳制品对心脑血管疾病防控相关的流行病学研究证据和可能机制.研究表明,总乳制品、低脂乳制品以及牛奶摄入有利于高血压的防控,低脂乳制品以及发酵乳制品有利于脑卒中的防控,而对于冠心痛患者以及超重者,摄入乳制品对于疾病的控制有正面效果,但关于乳脂肪的作用研究证据不一致.     

Dietary intake of anthocyanins and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests flavonoid intake is associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. We aimed to systematically determine and quantify the potential association between dietary anthocyanin intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A systematic literature search of studies reporting anthocyanin intake and risk of fatal or nonfatal CVD was performed using SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. The relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) of highest category of anthocyanin foods were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis were conducted to determine possible sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis suggested intake of dietary anthocyanins and reduced risk of CHD (RR?=?0.91, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99; I²?=?12.0, P_h?=?0.337) and CVD mortality (RR?=?0.92, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.97; I²?=?0.0, P_h?=?0.584). However, there was no relationship between the intake of these compounds and reduced risk of MI, stroke or total CVD. Subgroup analysis determined reduced risk of CHD and CVD mortality was more prominent for anthocyanidin intake, as opposed to anthocyanin or berries. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that anthocyanins, specifically anthocyanidins, reduce the risk of CHD and CVD mortality. Further randomized controlled trials on anthocyanin intake and CVD risk factors are needed to support these findings.     

Effects of Dichrostachys glomerata spice on cardiovascular diseases risk factors in normoglycemic and type 2 diabetic obese volunteers

Previous in vivo and in vitro experimental studies have shown Dichrostachys glomerata (DG), a spice used in western Cameroon, to have potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of orally administered DG on various cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese normoglycemic and obese type 2 diabetic human subjects. The study was an 8 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design with obese and obese/diabetic participants (20 males, 72 females, ages 25-65). The subjects were randomly divided into four groups: 2 normoglycemic obese groups (active; placebo) and two type 2 diabetic obese groups (active; placebo). Capsules containing the active (400 mg DG) or placebo formulation were administered 30-60 min before lunch and dinner throughout the study period. A total of 7 anthropometric and hemodynamic as well as 7 biochemical measurements were taken at the beginning of the study and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. All diabetic patients maintained their prior lifestyle intervention and dietary control for the duration of the study. Compared to the two placebo groups, the two active groups showed statistically significant differences on all 14 variables between Weeks 0 and 8. These included body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, body fat, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobulin. The results confirm the hypothesis that DG appears to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese normoglycemic and obese type 2 diabetic human subjects.     

植物油常见风险因子及控制措施

植物油作为日常生活必需品, 其食品安全性是老百姓和政府非常关心的问题, 植物油的风险因子有很多, 本文根据植物油生产中实际面临的问题并结合目前研究热点, 选取了7个风险因子进行论述, 分别为黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、多环芳烃、矿物油、塑化剂、3-氯丙醇脂和反式脂肪。针对每个风险因子, 从危害分析入手, 对国内和国际限量标准进行了对比, 并结合国家或机构风险监测结果, 阐述了其含量大约范围, 最后根据风险因子的来源给出了控制措施和建议。     

浅析我国食品安全的风险因素与责任主体

食品安全问题一直是世界关注的焦点问题,食品安全与风险总是协调统一、动态存在的。目前,我国食品安全的监管工作更侧重于风险监测,只有正确识别、监测、评估和预防风险,才能将食品安全事件扼制在初始状态。本文通过近几年发生的食品安全事件识别出我国食品安全主要的风险因素,找到可能引起风险的责任主体,并将责任主体划分为人、物和管理3个方面。从分析中可以得出人的不安全行为是食品安全的首要风险,人的因素是第一责任主体。最后列举出我国辨析食品安全责任主体的3处难点:责任主体及责任大小较难界定、监管权限分工不明和掺杂感情因素。     

Long-chain n-3 fatty acids and classical cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Catalan population

The protective cardiovascular effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acids has been firmly established in populations with high fish consumption, like those from Mediterranean countries. The current fish consumption in a representative sample from Catalonia, a Mediterranean region, and its relationship with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) and some classical cardiovascular disease risk factors was evaluated. Mean fish and seafood intake was 78.5 ± 51.4 g/day. Mean plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA were respectively 0.48% and 1.99% of total fatty acids. Consumption of marine foods among the Catalan population, the main source of n-3 fatty acids, appears to beneficially affect some cardiovascular disease risk factors. Our results show that both EPA and DHA are negatively associated with triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations and the ratio of total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-cholesterol. Furthermore, EPA but not DHA has a beneficial effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol among the Catalan population. There were no significant associations between long-chain n-3 fatty acids and LDL-cholesterol, TC, glucose, insulin or blood pressure. Oily fish intake, which is richest in EPA and DHA, is currently at an order of only 1 serving per week in the Catalan population and its increase should therefore be promoted.     

动物及动物产品质量安全的风险评估与风险预警

本文针对动物及动物产品安全涉及到的多方面、多环节和多层次的问题, 确定影响动物及动物产品安全的主要因素, 指出动物疫病预警研究是公共卫生应急及城市预警应急系统的重要组成部分。本文提出如何构建动物及动物性食品质量安全风险预警框架、形成风险评估及预警决策的模型的方法, 提出采用基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)的数字化监控系统, 将流行病学数据库、地理图形、非空间应用模型和空间应用模型有机地结合, 实现图形和数据资源共享。系统可及时跟踪疾病的蔓延, 通过动物疫病流行病学图形分析, 可提出适宜的防治措施, 达到重大动物疫病的预警预报目的。借鉴国外成功经验, 提出适合国情的风险预警框架体系研究内容, 并指出在进行动物卫生评估和动物产品安全性评价时, 如何提高GIS系统与风险分析在预警体系中的应用。最终为开展风险评估工作提供更多的素材, 不仅能促进中国畜牧业的健康持续发展, 也能满足国家制定相关政策的需求。     

红茶发酵影响因素及品质调控技术研究进展

红茶是我国主要的消费茶类之一,其加工步骤为萎凋、揉捻、发酵和干燥,其中发酵是红茶品质特征形成的关键环节。关于红茶发酵过程中影响因素及品质调控技术,已有文献表明,多酚类物质含量及组成比例、酶种类及其活性、温度、湿度、pH,以及发酵过程中微生物等内部及环境因素均会影响红茶品质特征化合物的形成,从而影响其品质。目前常用的品质调控技术主要包括新发酵技术、冷冻萎凋技术、外源酶技术以及光质。未来研究重点将是优化红茶适制品种培育、环境因子间的交互作用机制、微生物对红茶发酵品质的影响机制和加工设备智能化等方面,因此本文通过对红茶发酵影响因素及品质调控技术的研究进展进行综述,以期为提升红茶的滋味品质和推进红茶新研究进展提供借鉴与参考。     

Potato consumption and risk of all cause,cancer and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was conducted to examine the association of potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus databases up to September 2018 for all relevant published papers. All analyses were performed on HRs or RRs and 95% CIs. In twenty prospective studies, 25,208 cases were reported for all-cause mortality, 4877 for cancer mortality and 2366 for CVD mortality. No significant association was found between potato consumption and risk of all-cause (0.90; 95% CI: 0.8, 1.02, p?=?0.096) and cancer (1.09; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.24, P?=?0.204) mortality. In addition, no significant linear association was found between each 100?g/d increments in potato consumption and risk of all-cause (P?=?0.7) and cancer (P?=?0.09) mortality. Moreover, nonlinear association between potato consumption and risk of cancer mortality was non-significant (P-nonlinearity?=?0.99). In addition, two of three studies which examined the association of potato consumption with CVD mortality did not find any significant relationship. There was no evidence for publication bias in this study. We failed to find significant association between potato consumption and risk of mortality. Further studies are required to confirm this issue.     

农产品质量安全风险评估研究进展

农产品质量安全问题不仅关系到消费者的身体健康,也成为我国加入WTO后保护国内产业、扩大农产品出口的巨大障碍。风险评估是解决当前农产品质量安全问题,确立农产品质量安全政策和指南的科学依据,对保护消费者健康和促进国际贸易至关重要。本文分析了影响农产品质量安全的危害因素及来源,并针对农产品化学性污染和生物性污染两种不同危害因素风险评估的4个方面:危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估、风险描述进行研究,总结了我国农产品质量安全风险评估研究现状。     

Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Lebanon

PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease (DED) and investigate its associated risk factors in the Lebanese population.MethodsPopulation-based cross-sectional study of 602 participants from Lebanon aged 18 years and older. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire on dry eye symptoms was used to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic DED. Chi-square test was used to investigate the association between DED status and risk factors such as age, gender and smoking tobacco.ResultsThe percentage of DED among the study population (271 males and 331 females) was 36.4% with OSDI score ≥ 13 (mild to moderate and severe OSDI status). The most reported DED symptom in the population was sensitivity to light. Smokers reported higher DED symptoms than non-smokers. Older and smoker populations were more likely to report significantly higher OSDI scores (p < 0.05). Moreover, gender was not statistically associated with DED (p > 0.05).ConclusionSymptomatic DED is substantial in Lebanon. It is statistically associated with the age of population and their tobacco exposure.