不同水分含量巴西大豆储存期间的品质变化

为科学判定我国进口巴西大豆在储存期间的品质变化,采用模拟储存试验的方式,对不同水分含量巴西大豆在储存过程中粗脂肪、脂肪酸值和脂肪酸相对含量的变化进行监测。结果表明,巴西大豆在储存6周后,营养指标会出现不同程度的变化,储存28周时粗脂肪含量下降0.52~1.76个百分点,脂肪酸值(KOH)升高3.38~105.48 mg/100 g,亚油酸和亚麻酸的相对含量均呈现不同程度的下降。超过安全水分值(12%)越高,大豆品质下降越明显。低于安全水分值的大豆在储存18周后,品质开始发生较明显变化。因此,认为低水分含量(≤12%)大豆最佳储存期在18周内,高水分含量(>12%)大豆最佳储存期在6周内。通过试验不仅能够准确判定巴西大豆储存过程中的品质随时间的变化,也可以指导国家和地方大豆储备库对大豆的管理,保证大豆安全储存。     

紫草籽油的超临界CO2萃取及其脂肪酸含量分析

利用超临界CO2萃取技术,对紫草籽进行了萃取操作,得到紫草籽油,并利用毛细管气相色谱法,对脂肪酸含量进行了分析,为亚麻酸的进一步分离纯化提供了基础数据.分析结果表明,紫草籽油中饱和脂肪酸占7.9%,不饱和脂肪酸占91.3%,α-亚麻酸占30.2%,γ-亚麻酸占13.8%.     

Identification and characterization of a novel yeast omega3-fatty acid desaturase acting on long-chain n-6 fatty acid substrates from Pichia pastoris

A cDNA sequence putatively encoding a omega(3)-fatty acid desaturase gene was isolated from methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cloned cDNA showed high identity to known fungal omega(3)-fatty acid desaturases. Functional identification of this gene heterologously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INVScl indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited omega(3)-fatty acid desaturase activity. The newly identified omega(3)-fatty acid desaturase, named Pp-FAD3, is novel because it showed broad n-6 fatty acid substrate specificity by its ability to convert all the 18-carbon and 20-carbon n-6 substrates examined to the corresponding n-3 fatty acids, with an approximately equivalent high conversion rate. Pp-FAD3 is the first known yeast omega(3)-fatty acid desaturase to act on long-chain n-6 fatty acid substrates. Heterologous expression of the newly identified omega(3) desaturase in different hosts will be an alternative method to increase the flow of n-6 fatty acid intermediates into their n-3 derivatives.     

Accumulating mechanism of γ‐aminobutyric acid in soybean (Glycine max L.) during germination

γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been found accumulating significantly in soybean seeds during germination. However, the mechanism of the accumulating process is not clear. Therefore, gene expression, enzyme activity and metabolites associated with GABA shunt in ZH 13 soybean during germination were analysed in this paper. GABA content in 5‐day germinated soybean was 0.26 ± 0.016 mg g^?1 DW, which was equivalent to six times concentration of original soybean. The GAD activity has a positive effect on the accumulation of GABA, as well as the GABA‐T activity was found to play a significant role in the degradation of GABA. The expression levels of GmGAD and GmGABA‐T may affect the GABA content by regulating the respective enzyme activities. In conclusion, upregulation of GAD and downregulation of GABA‐T may cause the accumulation of GABA.     

Isolation and characterization of a Δ-9 fatty acid desaturase gene from the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus CBS 570

The oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus is of industrial interest because it can accumulate triacylglycerols up to 60% of the cell dry weight. We are aiming at genetic modification of fatty acid biosynthesis for the production of tailor-made triacylglycerols in C. curvatus. As a first step in the development of a transformation and expression system a gene encoding the Δ-9 fatty acid desaturase of C. curvatus (CBS 570) was cloned. The 1470 bp gene encodes a protein of 493 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55 kDa. The gene shows strong similarity to previous cloned Δ-9 desaturase genes from rat and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 62 and 72%, respectively. Expression of the Δ-9 desaturase gene was studied. Supplementation of the growth medium with oleic acid (C18:1(c9)) showed a strong repression (90%) on the mRNA level, while supplementation with petroselinic acid (C18:1(c6)) had no effect on the amount of mRNA.     

不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成的研究

采用索氏提取法和GC-MS法测定并分析了6个不同产地亚麻籽含油率及亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成。结果表明:不同产地亚麻籽含油率在36.59%~44.88%之间,含油率与产地的生长季积温呈显著负相关(r=-0.839 5,P=0.036 6);亚麻籽油中相对含量最高的5种脂肪酸分别是亚麻酸(53.36%~65.84%)、亚油酸(10.14%~16.39%)、油酸(10.03%~12.37%)、硬脂酸(3.98%~9.85%)和软脂酸(2.41%~7.97%),不饱和脂肪酸含量高达77.51%~92.39%。综合含油率及不饱和脂肪酸相对含量等因素,最终确定甘肃陇南作为优质亚麻籽油生产地具有一定优势。     

Short communication: Heritability of milk fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase indices in dairy cows

Activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in the mammary gland is important for determining the relative proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk and the concentration of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer rumenic acid (RA; cis-9,trans-11 18:2). Previous studies identified a large degree of between-cow variation in SCD activity, which was consistent across diets and suggests a genetic influence. The objectives of this study were to quantify genetic and phenotypic variations in fatty acid concentrations and SCD indices in milk fat and to estimate their heritabilities in a population of United Kingdom dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from 2,408 daughters of 597 Holstein-Friesian sires on 325 commercial farms for determination of fatty acid profiles. Indices of SCD activity were calculated by expressing each SCD product (cis-9 14:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-9 18:1, and RA) as a proportion of the precursor plus product [e.g., SCDI₁₄ = cis-9 14:1/(14:0 + cis-9 14:1)]. For individual fatty acids, phenotypic variance was considerably greater than additive genetic variance, resulting in small and nonsignificant heritability estimates (± standard error) for all except 6:0 (h² = 0.27 ± 0.10), 8:0 (h² = 0.27 ± 0.09), 12:0 (h² = 0.13 ± 0.07), cis-9 14:1 (h² = 0.28 ± 0.10), and cis-9 18:1 (h² = 0.12 ± 0.07). Heritability estimates of desaturase indices were significant for SCDI₁₄ (h² = 0.38 ± 0.11), SCDI₁₈ (h² = 0.19 ± 0.09), and SCDI_RA (h² = 0.21 ± 0.09), but not for SCDI₁₆ (h² = 0.05 ± 0.06). This study provides evidence that additive effects are responsible for a significant proportion of the phenotypic variation in SCD activity in dairy cows. It is concluded that because heritability of desaturase indices is moderate and significant in many cases, these indices could be investigated further for use in future breeding programs to increase concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and RA while decreasing concentrations of saturated fatty acids in milk fat.     

18种大豆种子蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成成分分析

对18种大豆种子蛋白质和氨基酸、总脂肪及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:榆林地区的横山老黑豆和神木连枷条的蛋白质含量较高,山西地区的汾豆79氨基酸含量最高,东北地区的吉育82的总脂肪含量最高;GC-MS共鉴定出7种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸和油酸的含量较高,不饱和脂肪酸的含量均在70%以上,其中子洲小黑豆、靖边黑豆和晋豆19所提取的油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在80%以上。研究结果可为筛选更适合种植的大豆品种提供理论依据。     

Replacing soybean meal with high-oil pumpkin seed cake in the diet of lactating Holstein dairy cows modulated rumen bacteria and milk fatty acid profile

This research aimed to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with high-oil pumpkin seed cake (HOPSC) on ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, milk fatty acid, and ruminal bacterial community in Chinese dairy cows. Six multiparous Chinese Holstein cows at 105.50 ± 5.24 d in milk (mean ± standard deviation) and 36.63 ± 0.74 kg/d of milk yield were randomly allocated, in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, to 3 dietary treatments in which HOPSC replaced soybean meal. Group 1 was the basal diet with no HOPSC (0HOPSC); group 2 was a 50% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 50HOPSC), and group 3 was a 100% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and DDGS (100HOPSC). We found no difference in the quantity of milk produced or milk composition among the 3 treatment groups. Feed efficiency tended to increase linearly as more HOPSC was consumed. In addition, rumen fermentation was not influenced when soybean meal was replaced with HOPSC and DDGS; the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria at the phylum and genus levels was altered. We also observed that as the level of HOPSC supplementation increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes linearly increased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes decreased. However, with increasing HOPSC supplementation, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus decreased linearly at the genus level in the rumen, and the relative abundance of Prevotella showed a linear downward tendency. Changes in dietary composition and rumen bacteria had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of milk. In conclusion, our results indicated that replacing soybean meal with a combination of HOPSC and DDGS can meet the nutritional needs of high-yielding dairy cows without adversely affecting milk yield and quality; however, the composition of rumen bacteria could be modified. Further study is required to investigate the effects of long-term feeding of HOPSC on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows.     

荔枝汁-大豆蛋白培养基鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵过程脂肪酸组的变化动态

目的解析荔枝汁-大豆蛋白培养基鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵过程脂肪酸组的变化动态。方法利用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)脂肪酸自动测定仪,分析植物原料荔枝汁、大豆蛋白(豆浆)、荔枝汁+大豆蛋白(体积比为1:1)培养基的脂肪酸组成,以及鼠李糖乳杆菌FJAT-13807(Lactobacillus rhamnosus FJAT-13807)发酵前后和发酵过程脂肪酸组的变化。结果荔枝汁-大豆蛋白复合培养基经过鼠李糖乳杆菌FJAT-13807发酵脂肪酸组成发生显著变化(P0.05),发酵前脂肪酸标记30条,发酵后上升到53条,增加了76.77%,脂肪酸总量增加115.01%;脂肪酸标记可分为高含量(2条)、中含量(10条)和低含量(41条)3组,其中高含量组的脂肪酸标记C16:0和C18:1ω9c,含量占比超过45%,具有乳杆菌种属特征;鼠李糖乳杆菌FJAT-13807发酵过程中,脂肪酸组和活菌数变化趋势相近;发酵1h,活菌数达8.7×10~7 CFU/mL,此时,脂肪酸总量达1426116(响应值);发酵1-6 h,活菌数略有下降,为6.20×10~7 CFU/mL,脂肪酸总量相应下降为1106592(响应值);发酵6～12 h,活菌数含量急速上升到高峰56.00×10~7 CFU/mL,相应的脂肪酸总量也急速上升到2349101(响应值)。结论乳杆菌发酵能显著增加脂肪酸组的种类和含量,C16:0和C18:1ω9c为乳杆菌种属特征脂肪酸标记,可通过检测脂肪酸总量的变化,可以监测乳杆菌数量变化动态。     

Influence of plant growth regulators on key-coding genes expression associated with phytochemicals biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) sprouts

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on phytochemicals biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in soybean sprouts. _GmVTC2, _GmDHAR and _GmGLDH were investigated for the biosynthesis of vitamin C. _GmPAL, _GmCHS and _GmIFS were investigated for the biosynthesis of phenolics, flavonoids and isoflavones. Our results revealed that 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment significantly affected the expression levels of those major genes, followed by Gibberellin (GA3) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, the highest levels of vitamin C, polyphenolics and antioxidant activity in 6-BA and GA3 treated groups indicate the synergistic and antagonistic role of growth regulators in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals. Overall, 6-BA seems the key contributor in genes’ expression involve in the biosynthesis secondary metabolites and their antioxidant activity. Therefore, it could be the most suitable option to enhance nutritional quantity and health benefits of soybean sprouts.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with flaxseed oil on tissue fatty acid composition and expression of desaturase and elongase genes

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of total or partial substitution of dietary fish oil (FO) by flaxseed oil (FlaxO) in Jade Tiger hybrid abalone on fatty acid composition of muscle, gonad and digestive gland, and the expression of desaturase and elongase genes. Abalone were fed five different experimental diets in which FO (control diet) was serially replaced by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% FlaxO respectively. RESULTS: Muscle, gonad and digestive gland of abalone fed the control diet and the diets containing 25%, 50% and 75% FlaxO showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to those fed the 100% FlaxO. The results also showed that Δ‐6 desaturase and elongase gene expression in muscle was increased in a graded manner by increasing dietary FlaxO. The expression of both genes was higher in abalone fed the FlaxO‐substituted diets compared to the abalone fed FO. CONCLUSION: The replacement of FO with FlaxO in commercial abalone diets at levels of 25–75% can improve the composition of health‐benefiting n‐3 polyunsturated fatty acids in tissues of cultured hybrid abalone, and achieve similar outcomes to FO supplementation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

印加果种子生长发育过程中脂肪酸组成的变化分析

为研究印加果种子生长发育过程中脂肪酸组成及含量的变化规律,分析测定了印加果种子在12个生长时期中的脂肪酸组成,并利用荧光显微技术对印加果种子发育过程中种仁细胞内油体进行了细胞形态学观察。结果表明:印加果种子在发育过程中,不饱和脂肪酸含量呈渐增趋势,至成熟时含量达92.15%,其中亚油酸和亚麻酸二者含量达85.32%;饱和脂肪酸含量整体呈下降趋势,种子成熟时棕榈酸和硬脂酸总含量仅7.06%;结合细胞学观察,从样品9~样品11时期为印加果种子油转化高峰期,最佳采摘期为开花后120 d之后。     

Analysis and formation of trans fatty acids in hydrogenated soybean oil during heating

Hydrogenated oil has been widely used for production of shortenings or margarine, however, the presence of trans fatty acids may be detrimental to human health. The objectives of this study were to develop an improved method for analysis of trans fatty acids and evaluate their formation in both unhydrogenated and hydrogenated soybean oil during heating at 160, 180 and 200 °C for varied length of time. Results showed that among the four columns tested, an Agilent HP-88 column (100 × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.2-μm film thickness) could resolve eight trans fatty acids and nine cis fatty acids simultaneously within 31 min with injector temperature 240 °C, detector temperature 250 °C, and column temperature 170 °C in the beginning, maintained for 24 min, increased to 220 °C at 7.5 °C/min, 230 °C at 10 °C/min, and maintained for 5 min. The contents of both cis and trans fatty acids showed a decreased trend for the increase of heating time or temperature. No trans fatty acid formation was observed even after extensive heating of unhydrogenated and hydrogenated soybean oil for 24 h. This phenomenon demonstrated that trans fatty acids can only be formed under severe conditions.     

Association of polymorphisms in solute carrier family 27, isoform A6 (SLC27A6) and fatty acid-binding protein-3 and fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP3 and FABP4) with fatty acid composition of bovine milk

The main goal of this study was to develop tools for genetic selection of animals producing milk with a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). The reasons for changing milk fatty acid (FA) composition were to improve milk technological properties, such as for production of more spreadable butter, and milk nutritional value with respect to the potentially adverse effects of SFA on human health. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in solute carrier family 27, isoform A6 (SLC27A6) fatty acid transport protein gene and fatty acid binding protein (FABP)-3 and FABP-4 (FABP3 and FABP4) would affect the selectivity of FA uptake into, and FA redistribution inside, mammary epithelial cells, resulting in altered FA composition of bovine milk. The objectives of our study were to discover genetic polymorphisms in SLC27A6, FABP3, and FABP4, and to test those polymorphisms for associations with milk FA composition. The results showed that after pairwise comparisons between SLC27A6 haplotypes for significantly associated traits, haplotype H3 was significantly associated with 1.37 weight percentage (wt%) lower SFA concentration, 0.091 lower SFA:UFA ratio, and 0.17 wt% lower lauric acid (12:0) concentration, but 1.37 wt% higher UFA and 1.24 wt% higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations compared with haplotype H1 during the first 3 mo of lactation. Pairwise comparisons between FABP4 haplotypes for significantly associated traits showed that haplotype H3 was significantly associated with 1.04 wt% lower SFA concentration, 0.079 lower SFA:UFA ratio, 0.15 wt% lower lauric acid (12:0), and 0.27 wt% lower myristic acid (14:0) concentrations, but 1.04 wt% higher UFA and 0.91 wt% higher MUFA concentrations compared with haplotype H1 during the first 3 mo of lactation. Percentages of genetic variance explained by H3 versus H1 haplotype substitutions for SLC27A6 and FABP4 ranged from 2.50 to 4.86% and from 4.91 to 7.22%, respectively. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified to distinguish haplotypes H3 of SLC27A6 and FABP4 from others encompassing each gene. We found no significant associations between FABP3 haplotypes and milk FA composition. In conclusion, polymorphisms in FABP4 and SLC27A6 can be used to select for cattle producing milk with lower concentrations of SFA and higher concentrations of UFA.     

Milk fatty acid unsaturation: genetic parameters and effects of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) and acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1)

With regard to human health aspects of milk fat, increasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in milk is an important selection objective. The cow's diet has an influence on the degree of unsaturation, but literature suggests that genetics also plays a role. To estimate genetic variation in milk fatty acid unsaturation indices, milk fatty acid composition of 1,933 Dutch Holstein Friesian heifers was measured and unsaturation indices were calculated. An unsaturation index represents the concentration of the unsaturated product proportional to the sum of the unsaturated product and the saturated substrate. Intraherd heritabilities were moderate, ranging from 0.23 ± 0.07 for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) index to 0.46 ± 0.09 for C16 index. We genotyped the cows for the SCD1 A293V and DGAT1 K232A polymorphisms, which are known to alter milk fatty acid composition. Both genes explain part of the genetic variation in unsaturation indices. The SCD1 V allele is associated with lower C10, C12, and C14 indices, and with higher C16, C18, and CLA indices in comparison to the SCD1 A allele, with no differences in total unsaturation index. In comparison to the DGAT1 K allele, the DGAT1 A allele is associated with lower C10, C12, C14, and C16 indices and with higher C18, CLA, and total indices. We conclude that selective breeding can contribute to higher unsaturation indices, and that selective breeding can capitalize on genotypic information of both the SCD1 A293V and the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism.     

The dynamic changes of ascorbic acid,tocopherols and antioxidant activity during germination of soya bean (Glycine max)

The objective of this investigation was to study the dynamic changes of ascorbic acid, tocopherols and their antioxidant activity of soya bean sprouts during germination. Results showed that the expression levels of genes related to biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and tocopherols dramatically increased during germination. The expression levels of most genes were up to the peak at day 3 and kept constantly until the end of germination. The contents of ascorbic acid, α‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol, δ‐tocopherol and total tocopherols increased during soya bean sprouts germination and reached peak levels on day 5, of 74.42 ± 1.64 mg/100 g DW, 7.64 ± 0.13 mg/100 g DW, 15.84 ± 1.85 mg/100 g DW, 12.37 ± 1.06 mg/100 g DW, 35.85 ± 2.81 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The antioxidant activity of soya bean sprouts increased during germination and reached peak level on day 5 to 311.01 ± 49.01 μmol ASA equiv./100 g DW. Therefore, germination significantly increased the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid, tocopherols and antioxidant activity of soya bean sprouts.