做青工艺对夏季祁门红茶品质形成影响

对舒茶早夏季鲜叶晒青、摇青处理后,采用祁门红茶加工工艺,对加工得到的毛茶进行感官审评及儿茶素、香气成分分析,探讨了做青工艺对祁门红茶品质的影响。结果表明,经做青加工而成的祁门红茶香气、滋味品质得到明显的改善。与未做青加工的红茶相比,轻做青能够显著降低夏季红茶中表没食子儿茶素EGC、儿茶素C、表儿茶素EC、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯EGCG、表儿茶素没食子酸酯ECG、儿茶素总量、茶红素(TR_S)和茶黄素(TF_S)的含量(p<0.05),提高了夏季红茶滋味鲜爽度;轻做青工艺能够显著降低红茶醇类香气含量(p<0.05),显著提高醛类、酯类、酸类和酮类香气的含量(p<0.05),干茶带有花香。轻做青更有利于香气、滋味品质的形成。      

Hyperspectral imaging for discrimination of Keemun black tea quality categories: Multivariate calibration analysis and data fusion

Food fraud causes significant economic losses for the industry and generates distrust between the consumers and traders. Tea is one of the most valued beverages throughout the world, being vulnerable to economically motivated cheat. The objective of the study was to develop the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) allying multivariate analysis and data fusion to identify the authenticity of Keemun black tea quality categories. Data fusion that integrated of texture characteristics based on grey level co-occurrence matrix and visible and near-infrared spectral features via competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was as the target data for modelling. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) were utilised for the classification of tea samples of seven grades. The RF model using fused data gave the best performance with the correct discriminant rate of 92.70% for the prediction set. This study demonstrated that HSI coupled with RF was effective in identifying tea sample rank.     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素技术的羊肉产地溯源可行性研究

选择内蒙古12个旗县,共计141只羊的背最长肌、股二头肌、臂三头肌、和腹下肌四个部位肌肉,共564份样品,运用元素分析仪-同位素比质谱仪联用(EA-IRMS)法测定样品δ13C和δ15N值,确定不同部位、不同产地羊肉的同位素组成,以及用其组成特征进行羊肉产地溯源的可行性分析。结果显示,四个部位的δ13C、δ15N值差异性不显著(p>0.05);用δ13C和δ15N值进行二维投射和层聚类分析,可以完全的将呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒放牧羊肉与西部区四子王旗、和林县和达拉特旗舍饲羊肉区分。结果表明,通过稳定同位素δ13C和δ15N值可以区分部分旗县羊肉样品,为通过该方法实现肉制品的产地溯源提供了技术支撑和理论依据。     

The use of stable isotopes for food web analysis

General aspects in isotope biogeochemistry was summarized with emphasis on delta 15N and delta 13C contents in plants and animals in natural ecosystems. In the estuary, the variation of isotope ratios were principally governed by the mixing of land-derived organic matter, marine phytoplankton, and seagrasses. A clear cut linear relationship between animal delta 15N and its trophic level was obtained in the Antarctic food chain system. Several current efforts to use the stable isotopes for food web analysis were demonstrated for some terrestrial and marine systems as well as human food web.     

基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)对工夫红茶审评品质客观评价研究

目的:提出一种利用近红外光谱技术客观评价工夫红茶品质的新方法。方法:实验样品共计240个,手动选择180个样品作为校正级,剩余60个样品作为预测集;利用OPUS7.0软件优化出各模型最佳波数段和最佳预处理方法,平滑点数17,维数1,结合感官审评结果进行建立预测模型,分析预测模型的预测性能。结果:各预测模型预测精准度高,均可用于工夫红茶审评品质预测。其中,各模型校正相关系数(Rc)为96.07%~98.80%,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.148~0.419;预测相关系数(Rp)为90.04%~98.34%,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.105~0.357。各模型校正集和预测集均有较高的拟合度,总分模型预测精准度高于其他几个单因子感官模型。结论:近红外光谱图结合感官审评结果建立的各预测模型预测性能优,适合工夫红茶审评品质评价。      

Changes in the quality parameters of clonal black tea due to fermentation time

Flavour index and Group II volatile flavour compounds of clonal black tea progressively decreased while Group I compounds increased during fermentation process. However, theaflavins in made black tea and tasters' evaluation of such tea changed in a quadratic manner with fermentation time. The rate of production of the individual theaflavins varied within a clone and between different clones as fermentation progressed. The results explain the errors obtained when only one quality parameter is used to estimate optimum fermentation time in black tea manufacture.     

Geographical origin of polished rice based on multiple element and stable isotope analyses

We determined carbon and nitrogen contents (C and N contents) and stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and δ¹⁸O) of polished rice in order to develop a simple method to discriminate its geographical origin. As a first attempt, we examined a single cultivar, Koshihikari rice, from 14 different cultivation areas including Australia (n = 1), Japan (n = 12), and USA (n = 1). For all rice samples, C and N contents and the isotopic compositions are consistent with those of general plant materials, being 37.2–40.0% (C content), 0.8–1.4% (N content), −27.1 to −25.4% (δ¹³C), +0.4 to +9.0% (δ¹⁵N), and +18.8 to +22.9% (δ¹⁸O). However, its cultivated area is clearly distinguished by a pentagonal radar plot based on the elemental and isotopic compositions. Thus, the comparison of C and N contents and δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and δ¹⁸O values would potentially be useful for rapid and routine discrimination of geographical origin of the polished rice.     

In-vitro studies on the effect of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase on the formation of polyphenolic black tea constituents

Flavanols (catechins and gallocatechins) isolated from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) (L) O Kuntze) were treated in vitro with polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and a combination of both. The flavanol levels and those of the products formed were monitored by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC using spectrophotometric detection at 280 and 380 nm. Flavanols and theaflavins were quantified, whilst integrated peak areas are given for the remaining compounds. After fermentation in the presence of polyphenol oxidase higher levels of theaflavins and resolved thearubigins were obtained, whilst peroxidase produced higher amounts of chromatographically unresolved thearubigins of higher molecular weight, observed as a rise in the HPLC baseline, in the presence of peroxidase a significant decrease in the levels of all flavonol glycosides was observed, whilst in the presence of polyphenol oxidase only myricetin glycoside levels decreased.     

基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)对工夫红茶含水率、游离态氨基酸、茶多酚品质成分评价研究

目的:提出一种利用近红外光谱技术无损快速检测工夫红茶含水率、游离态氨基酸、茶多酚品质的新方法。方法:实验样品共计240个,手动选择180个样品作为校正级,剩余60个样品作为预测集;利用OPUS 7.0软件优化出各模型最佳波数段和最佳预处理方法,平滑点数17,维数1,结合含水率、游离态氨基酸、茶多酚含量建立预测模型,分析预测模型的预测性能。结果:各预测模型预测精准度高,均可用于工夫红茶含水率、游离态氨基酸、茶多酚品质预测。其中,各模型校正相关系数(Rc)为92.76%~99.28%,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.016~0.0437;预测相关系数(Rp)为97.41%~98.46%,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.00915~0.0168。各模型校正集和预测集均有较高的拟合度,模型预测性能游离态氨基酸>含水率>茶多酚。结论:近红外光谱图结合含水率、游离态氨基酸、茶多酚品质含量建立的各预测模型预测性能优,适合工夫红茶品质评价。      

Principles and limitations of stable isotopes in differentiating organic and conventional foodstuffs: 2. Animal products

In this review, we examine the variation in stable isotope signatures of the lighter elements (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O, and δ³⁴S) of tissues and excreta of domesticated animals, the factors affecting the isotopic composition of animal tissues, and whether stable isotopes may be used to differentiate organic and conventional modes of animal husbandry. The main factors affecting the δ¹³C signatures of livestock are the C3/C4 composition of the diet, the relative digestibility of the diet components, metabolic turnover, tissue and compound specificity, growth rate, and animal age. δ¹⁵N signatures of sheep and cattle products have been related mainly to diet signatures, which are quite variable among farms and between years. Although few data exist, a minor influence in δ¹⁵N signatures of animal products was attributed to N losses at the farm level, whereas stocking rate showed divergent findings. Correlations between mode of production and δ²H and δ¹⁸O have not been established, and only in one case of an animal product was δ³⁴S a satisfactory marker for mode of production. While many data exist on diet–tissue isotopic discrimination values among domesticated animals, there is a paucity of data that allow a direct and statistically verifiable comparison of the differences in the isotopic signatures of organically and conventionally grown animal products. The few comparisons are confined to beef, milk, and egg yolk, with no data for swine or lamb products. δ¹³C appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate organic and conventional production systems when maize (C4) is present in the conventional animal diet. However, δ¹³C may be unsuitable under tropical conditions, where C4 grasses are abundant, and where grass-based husbandry is predominant in both conventional and organic systems. Presently, there is no universal analytical method that can be applied to differentiate organic and conventional animal products.     

Application of trace element and stable isotope signatures to determine the provenance of tea (Camelliasinensis) samples

The reputation of particular countries, and plantations within those countries, for the production of high quality tea means that these producers can ask a significantly higher price for their specific product than average. This leads to a temptation for unscrupulous producers to fraudulently label their product as coming from one of these areas to take advantage of this higher price. A simple method for the analysis and verification of the country and plantation of origin of tea would provide security to both tea growers and consumers and would largely stamp out this illegal activity. This paper details the use of complimentary organic and inorganic isotope techniques for the analysis of tea samples from Asia. The application of linear discriminant analysis of the isotope ratios and mineral concentrations permitted 97.6% correct classification of the tea samples using the following variables δD, δ¹³C, ⁴⁹Ti, ⁵³Cr, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁶⁵Cu, ⁷¹Ga, ⁸⁵Rb, ⁸⁸Sr, ⁸⁹Y, ⁹³Nb, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹³³Cs, ¹³⁸Ba, ¹³⁹La, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ¹⁴¹Pr, ¹⁵³Eu, ²⁰³Tl, ²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁹Bi.     

Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Fractional passage rates are required to predict nutrient absorption in ruminants but data on nutrient-specific passage kinetics are largely lacking. With the use of the stable isotope ratio (δ) as an internal marker, we assessed passage kinetics of fiber and fiber-bound nitrogen (N) of intrinsically labeled grass silage from fecal and omasal excretion patterns of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N. In a 6 × 6 Latin square, lactating dairy cows received grass silages [455 g/kg of total diet dry matter (DM) ] in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement from ryegrass swards fertilized at low (45 kg of N/ha) or high (90 kg of N/ha) levels of N and harvested at 3 maturity stages. Feed intake (16.7 ± 0.48 kg of DM/d; mean ± standard error of the mean) and milk yield (26.7 ± 0.92 kg/d) increased at the high level of N fertilization and at decreasing maturity. Nutrient digestibility decreased with increasing plant maturity, particularly at the high level of N fertilization, essentially reflecting dietary treatment effects on the nutritional composition of the grass silage. Fractional rumen passage rates (K₁) were highest and total mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract (TMRT) was lowest when based on the external marker chromium mordanted fiber (Cr-NDF; 0.047/h and 38.0 h, respectively). Fecal δ¹³C in the acid detergent fiber fraction (¹³CADF) provided the lowest K₁ (0.023/h) and the highest TMRT (61.1 h) and highest peak concentration time (PCT; 24.3 h) among markers. In comparison, fecal fiber-bound N (¹⁵NADF) had a considerably higher K₁ (0.032/h) and lower TMRT (46.4 h) than ¹³CADF. Total N (measured with ¹⁵NDM) had a comparable K₁ (0.034/h) to that of ¹⁵NADF but provided the highest fractional passage rates from the proximal colon-cecum (K₂; 0.37/h) and lowest PCT (17.4 h) among markers. A literature review indicated unclear effects of grass silage maturity on K₁ and unknown effects of N fertilization on K₁. Our study indicated no effect of advancing maturity on fecal K₁ and a trend for K₁ to increase with the high level of N fertilization. Parameter K₂ increased, whereas PCT and TMRT generally decreased with the high level of N fertilization. Omasal digesta sampling largely confirmed results based on fecal sampling. Results indicate that the use of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N can describe fiber-specific passage kinetics of forage.     

Variations in the leaf standard,chemical composition and quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis) due to plucking intervals

Green leaf standard, chemical composition and quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze) change with plucking intervals. Long plucking intervals lead to poor leaf standard with a lot of mature leaves and lower theaflavins, the sum of volatile flavour compounds imparting a sweet flowery aroma (group II volatile flavour compounds), caffeine contents and tasters' evaluations of black tea. The sum of volatile flavour compounds imparting inferior, grassy, green flavour (group I volatile flavour compounds) to tea, however, increases with long plucking intervals.     

Determination of the geographical origin of Slovenian black locust,lime and chestnut honey

The geographical origin of three Slovenian unifloral honey types (black locust, lime and chestnut) was investigated by analysis of some physico-chemical parameters, the elemental content using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) and the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The results were interpreted by chemometric methods. A total of 122 samples of Slovenian black locust, lime and chestnut honeys were collected from domestic beekeepers all over Slovenia for three years. Slovenia is a small country by area, but paedologically and climatically diverse, therefore offering interesting possibilities for studying geographical influences. The combination of the investigated parameters offers the possibility of distinguishing among samples of specific honey types from the four different Slovenian natural-geographical macroregions, namely the Alpine, Dinaric, Pannonnian and Mediterranean regions. Lime honey samples were 100% correctly classified, while the success rates for black locust and chestnut honeys were slightly lower at 98.2% and 94.6%, respectively.     

The combination of stable isotope abundance ratios of H,C, N and S with Sr/Sr for geographical origin assignment of orange juices

Within the EU-project “Pure Juice” established stable isotope methods (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) have been applied and improved in order to determine and verify the geographical origin of orange juices. In addition, new approaches employing analyses of δ³⁴S and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr have been developed and tested. Approximately 150 authentic orange juice samples from several regions in North- and South-America, Africa and Europe have been analysed. A discrimination of orange producing regions, based on the results which ultimately depend on geographical, climatic and lithological differences was successfully performed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blending of single strength juice by adding concentrate can be revealed by comparing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of soluble and insoluble components of the juices. We conclude that regional assignment of orange juice samples is most successful when single parameters are combined in a “multi-element approach”.