我国红茶产业现状及可持续发展对策

为探明祁门红茶、GABA红茶、滇红等三种红茶特征挥发性成分差异,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）方法,结合多元统计分析进行研究。气-质联用结果表明,共定性鉴定出78种已知挥发性成分,包括碳氢化合物、萜烯类、醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、杂环化合物、酚类。三种红茶总挥发性物质种类数量相近,但其含量差异较大,其共有挥发性成分主要包括芳樟醇、香叶醇、壬醛、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇等。多元统计分析结果表明,根据挥发性成分可以区分GABA红茶、滇红、祁门红茶。经偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出12种差异挥发性成分,包括醋酸橙花酯、水杨酸甲酯、异龙脑、芳樟醇、柠檬醛等,其中醋酸橙花酯、柠檬醛在祁门红茶中含量最高,有助于形成祁门红茶的花果香型;异龙脑、芳樟醇在滇红中含量最高;芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯在GABA红茶中含量较高,有利于形成GABA红茶鲜嫩花果香。本研究结果可为科学客观地评价GABA红茶香气特征,阐明祁门红茶、GABA红茶、滇红香气品质差异及构建不同种类红茶风味品质鉴别图谱奠定理论基础。     

基于稳定同位素比值鉴别鱼翅干制品的品质

建立了基于元素分析-同位素比值质谱联用技术(EA-IRMS)分析鉴别鱼翅干制品品质的方法。在测定真鱼翅干制品的稳定碳、氮同位素组成的基础上,获得了真鱼翅干制品的δ13C值、δ15N值区间,通过对比待测样品与真鱼翅样品之间的差异,进而对待测样品进行真假鉴别。利用本方法共测定了24份鱼翅样品的碳氮同位素比值,结果发现:真鱼翅和假鱼翅的碳氮同位素比值有着显著差别,真鱼翅样品的δ13C和δ15N值分别分布在-16.553‰~-11.065‰和8.803‰~19.122‰之间;而假鱼翅样品的δ13C和δ15N值范围分别为-18.122‰~-16.507‰和6.253‰~7.313‰。通过碳氮同位素比值这两个指标的综合判定,得到24个鱼翅样品中有11个假鱼翅样品。该方法可简便、快速地鉴别鱼翅干制品的品质,同时可弥补PCR检测技术无法判断用鲨鱼下角料压模而成的鱼翅干制品的局限性。     

祁门红茶自动化加工关键技术与装备研究

通过对祁门红茶自动化加工关键技术与装备的研究,开发了自动萎凋机和发酵机等祁门红茶初制关键设备,并解决了生产线联接、自动控制等关键技术难题,建立起国内首条工夫红茶初制自动化生产线,使祁门红茶实现自动化、清洁化生产,提升了祁门红茶的品质与卫生质量安全。     

霍山石斛药理学研究及其在保健食品中的应用进展

为了探究霍山石斛（Dendrobium huoshanense,DH）与祁门红茶（Keemun black tea,KBT）协同预防免疫力降低的效果,以石斛多糖提取率和红茶多酚提取率为指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验对霍山石斛和祁门红茶的料液比、提取时间和提取次数因素进行研究,分别优化霍山石斛与祁门红茶的提取工艺,再通过对RAW264.7细胞的毒性试验和吞噬活力试验确定红茶与石斛的最佳配比。结果表明,石斛多糖的最佳提取条件为：料液比1:80（g/mL）,提取时间80 min,提取次数4次;茶多酚的最佳提取条件为：料液比1:80（g/mL）,提取时间25 min,提取次数5次。通过观察不同比例的混合物对巨噬细胞的影响,确定红茶与石斛的配比。体外试验结果表明,75%红茶和25%石斛配比的祁门红茶和霍山石斛提取混合物（Keemun black tea and Dendrobium huoshanense,KTDH）具有最佳的免疫增强效果。体内试验结果表明KTDH高剂量组对小鼠由于免疫抑制而显著上调作用的细胞因子IL-2和IL-6水平有显著回调作用（P<0.01）。综上所述,霍山石斛与祁门红茶可协同增强免疫力并预防免疫力下降,可为霍山石斛和祁门红茶的开发应用途径提供新思路。     

不同区域祁门红茶品质特点分析

针对不同区域的祁门红茶,测定香气成分及茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶色素等主要物质的含量,结合感官审评对祁红的品质特点进行分析。结果表明,祁红的主要香气成分有：香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物、苯甲醇、植醇、苯乙醛、2-己烯醛、十六酸等。这些主要香气成分的协调融合作用,赋予祁红的特征香型。祁红毛峰的香气以鲜、嫩甜为主体,而传统祁门工夫红茶则以高爽、馥郁的甜香为主体,代表了祁红不同产品种类的品质风格。不同级别（特茗、特级、一级）祁门工夫红茶香气成分组成大致相同,但含量差异较大。级别越高香气品质越好,香气的浓度与鲜爽度增加。茶红素、茶黄素、茶褐素平均含量特级茶最高,特茗次之,一级茶最低。茶多酚、氨基酸含量随茶叶级别的降低呈下降趋势,茶汤滋味的浓度和鲜爽度也不同程度的下降。但总体来说,不同区域的祁门红茶,尽管其香精油总量、香气成分相对含量以及生化成分含量高低不同,但其表现出的品质均符合祁门红茶的典型特征：具有祁门红茶香高味浓的品质特点,尤其是较高的可溶性糖含量,使得各级别祁门工夫红茶的滋味均呈现出甜醇的特色。     

做青工艺对夏季祁门红茶品质形成影响

对舒茶早夏季鲜叶晒青、摇青处理后,采用祁门红茶加工工艺,对加工得到的毛茶进行感官审评及儿茶素、香气成分分析,探讨了做青工艺对祁门红茶品质的影响。结果表明,经做青加工而成的祁门红茶香气、滋味品质得到明显的改善。与未做青加工的红茶相比,轻做青能够显著降低夏季红茶中表没食子儿茶素EGC、儿茶素C、表儿茶素EC、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯EGCG、表儿茶素没食子酸酯ECG、儿茶素总量、茶红素(TR_S)和茶黄素(TF_S)的含量(p<0.05),提高了夏季红茶滋味鲜爽度;轻做青工艺能够显著降低红茶醇类香气含量(p<0.05),显著提高醛类、酯类、酸类和酮类香气的含量(p<0.05),干茶带有花香。轻做青更有利于香气、滋味品质的形成。      

基于品种差异的祁门红茶品质分析

为探究茶树品种对祁门红茶品质的影响,本试验选取种植于祁门产区的‘凫早2号’、‘舒茶早’2个茶树品种鲜叶,采用传统祁门红茶加工方法制成红茶样,并进行感官审评与理化分析。结果表明,2个品种红茶整体都表现出汤色红亮、甜香浓郁的祁门红茶特征品质,但2个品种红茶香气、滋味品质有明显差异。香气化合物分析表明,芳樟醇、顺-己酸-3-己烯酯、香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、苯乙醇、2-己烯醛等香气化合物在2个红茶样中差异较大,可能是导致2个品种红茶香气品质差异的主要原因。‘舒茶早’红茶酯型儿茶素含量显著低于‘凫早2号’红茶(P<0.05),而咖啡碱及游离氨基酸含量则显著高于‘凫早2号’红茶(P<0.05),使其滋味醇厚度、鲜爽度高于‘凫早2号’红茶。综上,同产区内不同茶树品种加工的红茶,因其次级代谢产物的差异使得红茶风味不同。     

The use of stable isotopes for food web analysis

General aspects in isotope biogeochemistry was summarized with emphasis on delta 15N and delta 13C contents in plants and animals in natural ecosystems. In the estuary, the variation of isotope ratios were principally governed by the mixing of land-derived organic matter, marine phytoplankton, and seagrasses. A clear cut linear relationship between animal delta 15N and its trophic level was obtained in the Antarctic food chain system. Several current efforts to use the stable isotopes for food web analysis were demonstrated for some terrestrial and marine systems as well as human food web.     

优质祁门红茶滋味特征分析

以祁门红茶中3个不同类型的最高等级样品,祁门工夫红茶(特茗等级)、祁红香螺(特级等级)和祁红毛峰(特级等级)为优质祁门红茶研究对象,结合人工感官审评、智能感官分析和化学分析,探讨优质祁门红茶的滋味特征。人工感官审评结果说明,3个样品的滋味分属性特征不同,优质祁门工夫红茶在甜度、鲜爽度、苦涩味、回甘4个分属性上优于优质祁红香螺和祁红毛峰。智能感官分析结果说明,电子舌可以根据滋味特征有效区分优质祁门工夫红茶、祁红香螺和祁红毛峰。化学分析结果说明,3个样品之间,茶多酚、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸质量分数存在显著性差异(P0.05),p H值无显著性差异(P≥0.05),其中咖啡碱质量分数与苦涩味呈正相关,游离氨基酸质量分数与鲜爽度呈正相关,这与3个样品滋味分属性特征不同相关。     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素技术的羊肉产地溯源可行性研究

选择内蒙古12个旗县,共计141只羊的背最长肌、股二头肌、臂三头肌、和腹下肌四个部位肌肉,共564份样品,运用元素分析仪-同位素比质谱仪联用(EA-IRMS)法测定样品δ13C和δ15N值,确定不同部位、不同产地羊肉的同位素组成,以及用其组成特征进行羊肉产地溯源的可行性分析。结果显示,四个部位的δ13C、δ15N值差异性不显著(p>0.05);用δ13C和δ15N值进行二维投射和层聚类分析,可以完全的将呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒放牧羊肉与西部区四子王旗、和林县和达拉特旗舍饲羊肉区分。结果表明,通过稳定同位素δ13C和δ15N值可以区分部分旗县羊肉样品,为通过该方法实现肉制品的产地溯源提供了技术支撑和理论依据。     

河北太行山中麓大枣产地溯源初探

目的探索稳定同位素碳氮对大枣产地溯源的可行性。方法用同位素比质谱仪(isotopic ratio mass spectrometry,IMRS)测定河北省赞皇、行唐、阜平3县10个枣园的大枣果肉中的δ~13C和δ~15N值,通过聚类分析,研究太行山中麓大枣枣肉中同位素组成的区域分布。结果阜平县不施肥组c3自成一类,赞皇县50%样品聚为第二类,行唐100%样品聚为第三类,赞皇和阜平剩余样品与行唐样品存在交叉。结论赞皇、行唐、阜平三地大枣枣肉中C、N同位素组成存在差异,用同位素技术对大枣进行产地溯源是可行的。     

Principles and Limitations of Stable Isotopes in Differentiating Organic and Conventional Foodstuffs: 1. Plant Products

Among the lighter elements having two or more stable isotopes (H, C, N, O, S), δ¹⁵N appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate plant products from conventional and organic farms. Organic plant products vary within a range of δ¹⁵N values of +0.3 to +14.6%, while conventional plant products range from negative to positive values, i.e. ?4.0 to +8.7%. The main factors affecting δ¹⁵N signatures of plants are N fertilizers, biological N₂ fixation, plant organs and plant age. Correlations between mode of production and δ¹³C (except greenhouse tomatoes warmed with natural gas) or δ³⁴S signatures have not been established, and δ²H and δ¹⁸O are unsuitable markers due to the overriding effect of climate on the isotopic composition of plant-available water. Because there is potential overlap between the δ¹⁵N signatures of organic and conventionally produced plant products, δ¹⁵N has seldom been used successfully as the sole criterion for differentiation, but when combined with complementary analytical techniques and appropriate statistical tools, the probability of a correct identification increases. The use of organic fertilizers by conventional farmers or the marketing of organic produce as conventional due to market pressures are additional factors confounding correct identification. The robustness of using δ¹⁵N to differentiate mode of production will depend on the establishment of databases that have been verified for individual plant products.     

祁门红茶对传统猪肉脯感官品质及风味的影响

应用感官评价、挥发性风味物质检测和电子鼻技术分析祁门红茶添加量（0%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%）对传统猪肉脯感官及风味品质的影响。结果表明：相比于对照组（0%）,添加0.20%～0.25%祁门红茶可新增特征香气成分橙花醇和香叶醇,显著提升猪肉脯的茶香味（P＜0.05）,猪肉脯中己醛、己酸、甲硫醇的相对含量分别显著降低5.75%～6.92%、0.49%～0.57%和0.10%～0.11%（P＜0.05）,并通过吸附油脂减少了异味感和油腻感,显著降低硫代巴比妥酸反应物值和羰基含量（P＜0.05）,抑制脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化,促进2-乙基吡嗪、2-甲基-6-乙烯基吡嗪等杂环化合物的生成,赋予猪肉脯更浓的焙烤风味。由此可见,添加祁门红茶可以提升猪肉脯的感官及风味品质。     

红茶品质及其相关生化因子研究进展

红茶是用茶树（Camellia sinensis）新梢的芽、叶、嫩茎,经过萎凋、揉捻（揉切）、发酵、干燥等工艺加工而成的茶,一般具有香高味甜、“红汤红叶”的特点。近年来国际市场红茶需求量与日俱增,各地区红茶产品层见叠出,而不同产区生产的红茶感官风味又独具特色。为探究不同地域红茶风格特点及其形成的生化基础,本文对近年来国内外红茶品质化学的相关研究进展进行了归纳整理,明确指出了与红茶色泽、香气、滋味等关键感官品质相关的化学因子,包括茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素、芳香物质、多酚类、咖啡碱、氨基酸等,旨在为红茶产品的创新与品质提升提供理论依据。     

Principles and limitations of stable isotopes in differentiating organic and conventional foodstuffs: 2. Animal products

In this review, we examine the variation in stable isotope signatures of the lighter elements (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O, and δ³⁴S) of tissues and excreta of domesticated animals, the factors affecting the isotopic composition of animal tissues, and whether stable isotopes may be used to differentiate organic and conventional modes of animal husbandry. The main factors affecting the δ¹³C signatures of livestock are the C3/C4 composition of the diet, the relative digestibility of the diet components, metabolic turnover, tissue and compound specificity, growth rate, and animal age. δ¹⁵N signatures of sheep and cattle products have been related mainly to diet signatures, which are quite variable among farms and between years. Although few data exist, a minor influence in δ¹⁵N signatures of animal products was attributed to N losses at the farm level, whereas stocking rate showed divergent findings. Correlations between mode of production and δ²H and δ¹⁸O have not been established, and only in one case of an animal product was δ³⁴S a satisfactory marker for mode of production. While many data exist on diet–tissue isotopic discrimination values among domesticated animals, there is a paucity of data that allow a direct and statistically verifiable comparison of the differences in the isotopic signatures of organically and conventionally grown animal products. The few comparisons are confined to beef, milk, and egg yolk, with no data for swine or lamb products. δ¹³C appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate organic and conventional production systems when maize (C4) is present in the conventional animal diet. However, δ¹³C may be unsuitable under tropical conditions, where C4 grasses are abundant, and where grass-based husbandry is predominant in both conventional and organic systems. Presently, there is no universal analytical method that can be applied to differentiate organic and conventional animal products.     

氮肥种类对番茄δ~(15)N值的影响

在番茄生长过程中施加不同种类氮肥,并在固定时间取土壤、肥料、植株及果实样品,通过上述样品的氮稳定同位素比率特征研究氮肥种类对番茄δ15N值的影响。结果表明,氮肥种类对番茄果实δ15N值具有显著影响,施入化学氮肥的番茄果实中δ15N值会显著低于未施化学氮肥的番茄果实;相同氮肥条件下,时间因素对番茄δ15N值差异影响不显著;番茄植株(叶和茎)的δ15N值始终大于同株果实的δ15N值,与时间和氮肥种类无关;同时,植物样品的δ15N值一般高于土壤或肥料的δ15N值。植物δ15N值可以作为判断蔬菜在种植过程中是否施入化肥的指标,为区分有机和常规蔬菜提供理论和技术支持。