二次精炼对棕榈油品质及其煎炸性能的影响

对一次精炼棕榈油(RBDOL)和二次精炼棕榈油(RRBDOL)进行品质及煎炸性能的对比实验,结果显示:RBDOL经过第二次精炼后,酸值、过氧化值、色泽和烟点都有明显改善(P＜0.05),但生育酚、生育三烯酚含量以及OSI值均显著降低(P＜0.05).而煎炸过程中,RBDOL除稍有异味外(主要是在长途运输过程中油脂氧化劣变产生的),其色泽和OSI值都明显好于RRBDOL(P＜0.05).随着棕榈油精炼次数的增加,其氧化稳定性和煎炸性能在不断降低.     

Intake of unused palm olein and palm olein used in frying does not affect calcium and phosphorus bioavailability in rats

Palm oil is widely used as a cooking medium. This study was undertaken to examine whether extensive use leading to the formation of polar compounds has any effect on calcium and phosphorus balances. Three isocaloric diets containing 8% olive oil (O), palm olein (P) and palm olein from 80 repeated potato frying uses (PF) without turnover, and which nearly reached the limit of 25% polar compounds allowed by law, were prepared and given to three groups of growing rats during a study period of 28 days. Body weight and food intake were monitored and faeces and urine were collected to calculate calcium and phosphorus balances during the last week of the study. At the end of the experiment the animals were killed and their livers, serum and carcases stored. No differences were observed between food intake, body weight and food efficiency of rats which consumed palm olein, whether unused or used in frying, and the control group (O). The liver mass index was higher in PF than O rats. No significant differences were observed in apparent absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorus. Faecal calcium (p = 0.065) and the percentage of phosphorus absorbed (p = 0.084) showed a tendency to increase in rats fed diets with both unused and used palm olein and could be due to the known higher affinity of fat for Ca than P. No variations in serum calcium and carcase calcium and phosphorus levels were seen. The conclusion of this study was that consumption of palm olein, whether unused or used in frying, does not alter calcium and phosphorus bioavailability. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of the stability of palm olein and a palm olein/canola oil blend during deep‐fat frying of chicken nuggets and French fries

Stability of palm olein (PO) and a blend 50% palm olein/50% canola oil (POC) during deep‐fat frying at 180 °C of French fries (FF) or chicken nuggets (CN) was studied through the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the fresh and used oils. Degradation at the end of the study resulted in total polar compounds of 12–13.5% for PO and 11.5–14.5% for POC and viscosity of 65–123.3 cP for PO and 63–72.8 cP for POC. Lower peroxide values (5.33–6.32) were obtained for the blend (PO had 5.21–8.55). Food type affected colour parameters and p‐anisidine value of the oils. For CN, the lowest fat content and higher hardness were obtained when they were fried in PO. CN caused a faster deterioration in the oils, in comparison with FF, especially in POC. Gas chromatography allowed to observe differences in fatty acids composition for both used oils.     

Effects of silicone and ascorbyl palmitate on the quality of palm olein used for frying of prawn crackers

The effects of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and silicone on the quality changes of refined, bleached and deodorised palm olein (RBD olein) during intermittent frying of prawn crackers for 4.5 h per day were evaluated. The percentage polar components, the C18:2/C16:0 fatty acid ratio, and the acid value of used frying oil without additives were comparable to those for oil containing 200 mg kg^?1 AP. Oil with 2 mg kg^?1 silicone as well as oil containing 200 mg kg^?1 AP plus 2 mg kg^?1 silicone that had been used for frying had lower percentage polar components, higher C18:2/C16:0 ratios and lower acid values than RBD olein without additive. The results showed that silicone had a protective effect on the oil but that the rate of deterioration of the oil in the presence of AP was comparable to that of oil without additive during frying of prawn crackers. The results also showed that the extent of oil oxidation in RBD olein subject to static heating at 180°C for 4.5 h per day for four consecutive days was comparable to that of RBD olein without additive that had been used for frying of prawn crackers.     

Physicochemical characteristics of soybean oil, palm kernel olein, and their binary blends

Soybean oil (SBO), palm kernel olein (PKO) and their binary blends (containing 5–40% PKO) were studied for their physicochemical characteristics. Decreases in band absorbencies of the resultant Fourier transform infrared spectra were observed in regions attributable to vibrations of the functional groups of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly the =C–H cis stretching at 3009 cm⁻¹and –C=C cis stretching at 1657 cm⁻¹. The solid fat content was measurable in the blends containing 15–40% PKO at 5 and 10 °C, ranging within 4–20% and 2–13%, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry melting curve for SBO exhibited more complex transition peaks, suggesting a     polymorphic transformation when compared with PKO with a simpler     . Blending of SBO with PKO reduced the complexity caused by the polymorphic transformation, featuring the endotherms that only related to the β' fat crystals.     

Comparison of bacteria populations in clean and recycled sand used for bedding in dairy facilities

Bedding samples were collected twice from commercial dairy free-stall facilities that used recycled sand and clean sand in both the summer and winter. Collection began on the day sand was taken from the pile (d 0) and placed in the free stalls, and continued for 5 to 7 additional days. The number of colonies per gram of bedding of gram-negative bacteria, coliforms, Streptococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. were estimated for each sand sample as well as amounts of dry and organic matter. Clean sand (CS) and recycled sand (RS) had the same bacterial counts when compared at any sampling time. The mean counts of bacterial populations did vary over the course of the study in both CS and RS. There was a significant increase in bacterial counts from d 0 to d 1 for gram-negative bacteria, coliforms, and Streptococcus spp. in both winter and summer. Counts of gram-negative bacteria, coliforms, Klebsiella spp., and Streptococcus spp. did not differ from d 1 to 7 in the winter. Total counts of gram-negative bacteria did not differ from d 1 to 7 in the summer. On d 1 in the summer, coliform counts were lower than at d 5 to 7, and Klebsiella spp. counts were lower than on d 3 to 7. Streptococcus spp. counts were high on d 1 and were constant through d 7 in both winter and summer trials. The number of coliform and Klebsiella spp. in both CS and RS was below the threshold thought to cause mastitis during the sampling times. The number of Streptococcus spp. was high in both CS and RS during the sampling periods. Other management factors need to be identified to decrease the number of Streptococcus spp. in bedding. Recycled sand had a higher organic matter and lower dry matter compared with CS in winter and summer. The results for this study were obtained from multiple herd comparisons, and herd was a significant effect suggesting that different management systems influence the number and types of bacteria in both CS and RS.     

Interactions between tocopherols,tocotrienols and carotenoids during autoxidation of mixed palm olein and fish oil

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping detection of radical formation showed that the oxidative stability of palm olein/fish oil mixtures increased with the amount of palm olein. Mixtures with red palm olein were less stable than were mixtures with yellow palm olein. Addition of ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid gave further reduction of radical formation, whereas no effect was observed by adding lecithins. Storage of palm olein/fish oil mixtures (4:1) at 30 °C confirmed that red palm olein mixtures were less stable than were yellow palm olein mixtures. Ascorbyl palmitate together with citric acid improved the stability in both cases. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol decreased during storage, whereas β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols were unaffected. Ascorbyl palmitate reduced the losses of α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol. The rate of loss of carotenoids was independent of the presence of fish oil and, except for an initial fast drop, also of the presence of ascorbyl palmitate.     

Factors impacting the formation of Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production

Recently, organic and inorganic chlorinated compounds were detected in crude and commercially refined palm oils. Further, the predominant formation mechanism of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) diesters at high temperatures (>170–180°C) was revealed. The present study involved the development and comparison of solutions to mitigate MCPD diester levels in oils from various stages of palm oil production. Partially refined palm oil samples and oil extracted from fresh palm fruits were submitted to bench-top deodorisation experiments. Application of glycerol and ethanol as refining aids during the deodorisation of refined-bleached palm oil proved to be moderately effective; about 25%–35% reduction of MCPD diester levels was achieved. Washing crude palm oil with ethanol–water (1:1) prior to deodorisation was also an effective strategy yielding an ～30% reduction of MCPD diester contents. Washing palm fruit pulp before oil extraction, however, was most impactful, resulting in a 95% reduction of MCPD diesters when compared to the deodorised control oil. This suggests that intervention upstream in the process chain is most efficient in reducing levels of these contaminants in refined oils. Following the study, a root-cause analysis was performed in order to map the parameters potentially responsible for the occurrence of MCPD diesters in refined palm oil and related fractions.     

Detection of fresh palm oil adulteration with recycled cooking oil using fatty acid composition and FTIR spectral analysis

There is a growing concern over the food safety issue related to increased incidence of cooking oil adulteration with recycled cooking oil (RCO). The objective of this study was to detect fresh palm olein (FPO) adulteration with RCO using fatty acid composition (FAC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectral analyses combined with chemometrics. RCO prepared in the laboratory was mixed with FPO in the proportion ranged from 1% to 50% (v/v) to obtain the adulterated oil samples (AO). FACs for FPO, RCO, and AO were determined using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The compositions of most fatty acids in RCO lied within the normal ranges of Codex standard, except for C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C15:0, trans C18:1, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), C20:5. PUFAs showed a consistent decreasing trend with increasing magnitude of change with respect to increasing adulteration level and thus might be a good indicator for detecting FPO adulteration with RCO. The evaluation parameters (coefficient of determination, root mean standard error) of the FTIR-partial least square (PLS) model of palm oil adulteration with recycled oil are R² = 0.995 and 3.25, respectively. For FTIR spectral analysis, the distinct variations in spectral regions and aberrations in characteristic bands between FPO and RCO were observed. The optimized PLS calibration model developed from normal spectral of the combined region at 3602–3398, 3016–2642, and 1845–650 cm^?1 overpredict the adulteration level. On the other hand, the discriminant analysis classification model was able to classify the FPO and AO into two distinct groups. Improvement of the principles of combined techniques in authenticating AO from fresh oil is beneficial as a guideline to detect adulteration in cooking oil.     

Production of zero trans Iranian vanaspati using chemical transesterification and blending techniques from palm olein, rapeseed and sunflower oils

Chemical transesterification and blending techniques were used for producing zero trans fats suitable for use as Iranian vanaspati. Triple blends of palm olein (POo), rapeseed (RSO) and sunflower oil (SFO) were subjected to two different treatments: (i) blending and then transesterification (BT) and (ii) transesterification of pure POo before blending with RSO and SFO (TB). The changes in slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), carbon number (CN) triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, induction period (IP) of oxidation at 120 °C and IP of crystallisation at 20 °C of blends before and after treatments were investigated. Both BT and TB methods resulted in an increase in the CN48 TAG molecules, SMP and SFC, and a decrease in the IP of oxidation and crystallisation of initial blends. Samples made by TB method had higher CN48 TAG content, SMP, SFC and IP of oxidation, and lower IP of crystallisation than those made by BT method. Correlation between SFC at 20 °C and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of the treated blends indicated that the SFA must be higher than 33.1% and 26.8% for BT and TB methods, respectively, to obtain fats suitable for use as vanaspati.     

大豆油和棕榈油煎炸薯条过程品质评价

为了对中包装的大豆油棕榈油煎炸专用调和油配方的开发和煎炸稳定性相关理化指标的选择提供参考,分别以一级大豆油、分提18℃棕榈油(一次精炼)及同批次的二次精炼18℃棕榈油为煎炸油,模拟薯条在180℃下高温煎炸32 h,对3种油品在煎炸过程中的酸值、过氧化值、p-茴香胺值、脂肪酸组成、极性组分含量、生育酚含量等理化指标进行了检测,并对18℃棕榈油中的风险因子,如PAH4、苯并(a)芘、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)、反式脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果表明：3种油品的酸值、过氧化值在煎炸过程中变化不明显,而p-茴香胺值、脂肪酸组成、极性组分含量在煎炸过程中变化比较明显;3种油品的生育酚氧化速度总体偏差不大;分提18℃棕榈油、二次精炼18℃棕榈油中的苯并(a)芘、反式脂肪酸含量均随煎炸时间延长呈缓慢升高的趋势;二次精炼18℃棕榈油的3-MCPDE在未煎炸时远高于分提18℃棕榈油的,3-MCPDE在煎炸初期降解剧烈,最终达到平衡;分提18℃棕榈油与二次精炼18℃棕榈油在煎炸稳定性方面没有明显区别,二次精炼不仅损失了部分有益的微量营养成分(如生育酚),还伴生出新的风险因子,如增加了3-MCPDE、反式脂...     

亚麻籽油和棕榈液油煎炸油条过程中的品质变化

为了获得亚麻籽油的最适煎炸条件,在（180±5） ℃下,以GB 2716—2018中规定极性化合物含量达到27%为煎炸终点,对亚麻籽油和棕榈液油在油条连续煎炸过程中理化指标进行检测和比较,同时对油条进行感官评定。结果表明：在连续煎炸油条过程中,两种植物油的酸值、总氧化值、极性化合物及聚合物含量均随着煎炸时间的延长而不断增加,但在4 h以内,亚麻籽油极性化合物含量较低;亚麻籽油的极性化合物含量在煎炸13 h后达到27.78%,而棕榈液油的极性化合物含量在煎炸18 h后达到27.27%;相较于棕榈液油,在油条煎炸过程中,亚麻籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量不断减少,尤其是α-亚麻酸下降幅度更大;亚麻籽油140 ℃下的氧化诱导期均在1 h以内,远低于棕榈液油;油条感官评定表明棕榈液油更适宜于油条煎炸。研究表明亚麻籽油适合短时（<4 h）高温煎炸,不建议长时间深度煎炸。     

Effect of hot air on Deglet Noor palm quality parameters and on Ectomyelois ceratoniae

Insect infestation caused by Ectomyelois ceratoniae or carob moth is one of the main postharvest problems that lead to a decrease of marketable quality of dates. The control of carob moth is a mandatory process for exported fruits, and the main chemical method used to prevent pest diseases of palm date is methyl bromide. However, its use is being restricted due to direct, harmful effects to the environment, and indirect effects on humans. Hot air treatments (HATs) could be physical alternatives to methyl bromide and other chemicals. Three HATs (55 °C for 30 min, 60 °C for 15 min, 60 °C for 20 min) were studied on Deglet Noor date fruits when stored for 45 d at 2 °C followed by a retail period of 4 d at 23 °C. The results showed that the use of HATs led to 100% E. ceratoniae larvae mortality in naturally-infested date. These HATs did not cause any damage on fruit quality and reduced mesophilic bacterial counts (<1 log CFU g⁻¹). These HATs, especially the combination of highest temperature and longer time of application (60 °C for 20 min), decreased the antioxidant activity (25% in DPPH and 14% in FRAP assay). Storage time also had a significant impact, reducing color (h°), antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content of date fruits (39%). When this storage was accompanied by a retail period at 23 °C, the firmness and sensorial parameters of date fruits was significantly reduced. Nevertheless, all date fruits from HATs and control treatments maintained their marketability quality for 45 d at 2 °C followed by a retail period of 4 d at 23 °C. Results show that HATs are a physical, non-chemical, treatment for E. ceratoniae larvae mortality that maintained date fruits' postharvest quality.     

油炸对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量及棕榈油品质的影响

以棕榈油作油炸油,油炸表面涂抹蜂蜜水的鸡腿,研究棕榈油连续使用时间对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量的影响,并测定棕榈油的酸价和羰基值,探究其品质变化规律。结果表明:以棕榈油作油炸用油,油炸后鸡肉中所含的主要反式脂肪酸为C18∶1 9t;棕榈油使用2~10 h,鸡肉中总反式脂肪酸含量显著增加。棕榈油酸价在油炸过程中一直符合食用油煎炸过程中卫生标准;而羰基值在160℃下使用10 h时达到54.66 meq/kg,超过国标规定的最大限量,180℃下使用8 h即将超标,而200℃时已经超标。因此,以棕榈油进行油炸加工鸡肉时,应选择160℃左右的加工温度,并控制棕榈油使用时间不超过10 h。      

酶促酯交换对棕榈硬脂基塑性脂肪甘三酯组成及物理性能的影响

利用脂肪酶Lipozyme TLIM催化棕榈硬脂(PS)与大豆油(SO)(PS∶SO分别为9∶1,8∶2,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5,wt%)酯交换反应,研究酯交换反应前后混合油脂体系中甘三酯组成的变化及其与油脂物理性能的关系。结果发现,酯交换后油脂中PPP、LLL、POP、PPL、PLL、PLO六种甘三酯含量发生明显变化,其中PPP、LLL含量下降,PPL、PLL、PLO含量增加,而POP除9∶1外,其含量均下降;SSS(S代表饱和脂肪酸)和UUU(U代表饱和脂肪酸)型甘三酯含量下降,而SUU和SUS含量增大,导致油脂熔点和固体脂肪含量(SFC)均不同程度下降,从而可制备不同SFC要求的塑性脂肪。PS∶SO为7∶3、6∶4、5∶5时,酯交换后油脂β’晶型增多,可为人造奶油、速冻专用油脂等塑性脂肪提供理想晶型。      

原油品质和精炼过程对油莎豆油综合品质的影响北大核心CSCD

为给油莎豆油精炼过程的品质控制提供支持,对2个不同品质的油莎豆原油样品进行水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色和蒸馏脱臭,对精炼过程中油莎豆油质量指标,脂肪酸、甘油酯组成和营养成分含量进行检测,分析原油品质和精炼过程对油莎豆油综合品质的影响。结果表明:虽然2个不同品质的油莎豆原油的酸价(KOH)有明显差异(分别为2.03、12.21 mg/g),但精炼后酸价(KOH)(分别为0.16、0.33 mg/g)和过氧化值(均为0.01 g/100 g)均显著优于LS/T 3259—2018《油莎豆油》中的指标要求;磷脂含量分别从6 874.10、312.29 mg/kg降至88.61、88.28 mg/kg,脱除率分别为98.71%和71.73%;脂肪酸组成及含量没有明显变化,甘油酯组成中甘三酯含量有所增加(分别从98.46%、97.68%升高至98.74%、98.06%),但变化不显著;甾醇总量分别从220.21、253.44 mg/kg降至175.14、182.33 mg/kg;多酚含量分别从26.38、88.65 mg/kg降至8.45 mg/kg和未检出;维生素E总量分别从225.91、177.33 mg/kg降至180.01、13.09 mg/kg。品质不同的油莎豆原油经精炼后,质量指标都能达到行业要求,但酸价高的油莎豆原油精炼过程中有益伴随物损失较大。     

Investigation of the quality properties of open-end spun recycled yarns made from blends of recycled fabric scrap wastes and virgin polyester fibre

Recycled fibre obtained from fabric scrap wastes is characterized by its low quality properties in terms of inhomogeneous fibre type and non-uniformly distributed short fibre lengths, both of which negatively influences the production process and the quality of the recycled yarns made from it. One of the common ways to utilize recycled fibre in yarn production is to blend it with virgin fibres. In this research article, the quality properties of the open-end spun recycled yarns produced in different material and spinning parameters from blends of recycled fabric scrap wastes and virgin polyester fibres are investigated. As material and spinning parameters, yarn count, blend ratio, waste type, waste origin, twist coefficient and rotor diameter are selected and their effects on the quality properties of the recycled yarns are evaluated through statistical methods. Statistical results reveal that especially blend ratio, yarn count and twist coefficient significantly affect the quality properties. In general, incorporation of virgin polyester fibre to recycled fibre tends to bring about improvement in yarn quality.     

Frying of potato chips in a blend of canola oil and palm olein: changes in levels of individual fatty acids and tocols

The changes occurring in the levels of nutritionally relevant oil components were assessed during repeated frying of potato chips in a blend of palm olein and canola oil (1:1 w/w). The blend suffered minimal reductions in omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant difference between the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the product and that of the frying medium, in all three cases. The blend also contained a significant amount of tocols which add a nutritional value to the oil. The concentration of the tocols was satisfactorily retained over the period of oil usage, in contrast to the significant loses observed in the case of the individual oils. The blend also performed well when assessed by changes in total polar compounds, free fatty acids, p‐anisidine value. When fried in used oil, the product oil content increased progressively with oil usage time. This study shows that blended frying oils can combine good stability and nutritional quality.     

化学和物理精炼方法对小麦胚芽油品质劣变的影响

为提高精炼的小麦胚芽油品质质量,该文研究了化学和物理精炼过程中小麦胚芽油的品质劣变程度。结果表明:化学精炼的小麦胚芽油,酸价降至0.18 KOH/(mg/g),反式脂肪酸含量由毛油的未检出增加到0.07%,生育酚含量损失了37.14%。物理精炼的小麦胚芽油,在真空残压≤60 Pa,在温度为200℃~240℃,时间为2 h~8 h条件下脱酸,酸价降为5.49 KOH/(mg/g)~0.19 KOH/(mg/g),反式脂肪酸含量为0.10%~3.13%;过氧化值为1.61 mmol/kg~4.33 mmol/kg,茴香胺值13.76~59.3;生育酚含量减少26.68%~85.90%。由其试验结果对比知,化学精炼对小麦胚芽油品质劣变的影响明显小于物理精炼,尤其是防止反式脂肪酸含量增加、维生素E含量损失等方面显著,是一种适合富含高不饱和脂肪酸、维生素E等功能性营养成分类型的油脂的精炼方法。