油基钻井液乳化剂的筛选及评价

从常用的主乳化剂和辅助乳化剂中进行筛选并对不同加量的主辅乳化剂进行实验,得到热滚前后乳化液的破乳电压,选出最佳的主辅乳化剂和用量,同时对配置的乳化液的抗污染性和抗乳化性进行实验,评价了其各项性能,结果表明所配制的乳化液各项性能表现良好,可用于油基钻井液中。     

油基钻井液环境下PDC钻头录井方法及实践

油基钻井液环境下的PDC钻井给传统录井带来了很大的干扰,特别是在岩屑岩性的识别及油气显示的解释等方面存在问题。现场对常规录井方法进行针对性的改进,采用三维定量荧光、核磁共振等新录井技术手段,有效地提高了岩屑剖面符合率,使油气显示发现更及时、解释评价更准确。     

油田深井废弃油基钻井液组成及环境影响评价

分析了油田深井废弃油基钻井液的组成,对油田深井废弃油基钻井液的环境危害性进行了评价。经检测,油田深井废弃油基钻井液的主要污染物为石油类有机物,其浸出液中苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等均超出标准,根据标准判定为危险废物。     

Surface activity of quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil

A number ofcis andtrans quatenary ammonium salts were synthesized from jojoba oil. All derivatives were found to be surface active agents, i.e., they reduced the surface tension to 35 dynes/cm⁻¹, at very low concentrations. The relationship between the surface activity and the molecular structure is discussed.     

Structural changes and activation treatment in a Co/SiO2 catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

We examined the effect of the activation process on the structural and morphological characteristics of a cobalt-based catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. A 10 wt.% Co/SiO₂ catalyst prepared by wet impregnation was separately activated under H₂, CO or a H₂/CO mixture. The structural changes during activation from 298 to 773 K were studied by in situ X-ray diffraction. Catalysts were examined by SEM, TEM, XPS and in situ DRIFT-MS. The H₂/CO activation produced redispersion of cobalt particles and simultaneous carbon nanostructures formation. The catalyst showed the highest performance in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis after the H₂/CO activation.     

油基改性腐植酸降滤失剂的制备及性能评价

采用腐植酸与改性剂进行反应,制备用于油基钻井液的抗高温降滤失剂。通过多组单因素实验考察了改性剂种类、反应配比、反应温度、反应时间对产品的影响,结果表明最佳改性产品的制备条件为:腐植酸与N2改性剂的质量比11∶4,温度180℃,时间8 h;产物的红外谱图证实改性反应成功。室内评价该油基降滤失剂的适宜加量为3%,150℃高温高压滤失量为13 mL,综合性能优于沥青类降滤失剂。     

新型钻井液甲基葡萄糖苷的合成研究

研究了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、配料比、后处理等因素对甲基葡萄糖苷合成反应过程及结果的影响，得出了适宜反应条件，反应温度为70℃，甲醇∶葡萄糖∶催化剂＝8∶1∶0.02（摩尔比），反应时间为8h。产品收率（DP＝1.64）O 86％。     

Micellar and Interfacial Behavior of Mixed Systems Containing Glycoside‐Based Surfactant and Cationic Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride

The behavior of binary mixtures of glycoside‐based surfactants in combination with didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) has been studied using surface tension measurements. The three glycoside‐based surfactants are nonionic decyl glycoside (APG), nonionic dodecyl ethoxy glycoside (AEG) and anionic disodium dodecyl ethoxy glycoside citrate (AEG‐EC). Lower critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and minimum molecular area (A_min) values were obtained for all the mixed systems. The pC₂₀ values of APG/DDAC and AEG‐EC/DDAC mixtures are larger than pure surfactants, while the values of AEG/DDAC are between those of AEG and DDAC. Interactions between the monomers have also been investigated by determining the interaction parameters. Negative β_m and β_s values indicate synergistic effects in both the mixed micelle and monolayer formation. For different mixed systems, interaction in the mixed micelle formation becomes stronger in the order: AEG/DDAC < AEG‐EC/DDAC < APG/DDAC. The degree of synergism in the mixed monolayer formation follows the order: AEG/DDAC < APG/DDAC < AEG‐EC/DDAC.     

表面活性剂提高聚合物溶液抗盐能力的实验研究

针对表面活性剂改进聚合物钻井液抗盐能力这一问题,通过大量的室内实验,研究探索了表面活性剂提高聚合物抗盐能力的有效办法。     

钻屑和粘土对重泥浆流变性能的影响及筛网目数在固相控制中的作用

高密度钻井液体系的使用中,流变性的调控是性能维护的关键,实验测试了钻屑、粘土对塔里木油田大北301井、104井、克深5井泥浆性能的影响;利用分样筛测试了筛网目数对钻井液流变性的关系;并利用Winner2116型激光粒度仪测试了钻井液的粒径分布。实验结果表明:对于重泥浆需采用更为严格的固控措施,降低体系中的粘土和钻屑含量、振动筛的筛网应控制在200目以内。     

Long-term consolidation mechanisms based on micro–macro behavior and in situ XRD measurement of basal spacing of clay minerals

An important issue in the area of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is to demonstrate the long-term mechanical stability of the buffer. In particular, it has to be clarified whether a waste package would continue to sink in the buffer over a long time period, resulting in a significant decrease in the buffer thickness. The candidate buffer material in Japan is a mixture of silica sand and bentonite. Consolidation tests have revealed that the bentonite shows secondary consolidation phenomena similar to clay in general. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanism of secondary consolidation behavior.Bentonite is a microinhomogeneous material consisting of clay minerals, macrograins (mainly quartz) and others. The unique combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and homogenization analysis (HA) procedures, termed the unified MD/HA method, has been proposed for estimating the micro to macro behavior of such an inhomogeneous material (Ichikawa, Y., Kawamura, K., Nakano, M., Kitayama, K., Kawamura, H., 1998. Unified molecular dynamics/homogenization analysis for water flow in bentonite. Proc. 1998 Int. High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conf., Las Vegas. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL, pp. 422–428). In this study, the unified MD/HA method is applied to bentonite in order to understand its long-term consolidation mechanism. Thus, it was found that the permeability decreases significantly with a decrease in the void ratio due to the evolution of consolidation. It was therefore assumed that secondary consolidation is governed by drainage from the interlayer pores (micropores) with very low permeability, and that this is the reason why secondary consolidation is very slow.This paper also documents the result of an X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment on bentonite under consolidation (in situ XRD), which was performed in order to validate the assumption mentioned above. It was observed that interlayer space starts to decrease after the latter half of primary consolidation. This finding strongly supports the long-term consolidation mechanism presumed above from a microscopic point of view.One-dimensional consolidation analyses of the bentonite, into which the relationship between the void ratio and the permeability determined using the unified MD/HA method was introduced, were performed for comparison with a long-term consolidation test. The good agreement between the analytical result and the test result including secondary consolidation behavior also supports the long-term consolidation mechanism presumed above.     

含葡萄糖基的阳离子表面活性剂的合成

以乙二醇糖苷、高级脂肪胺及环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了含葡萄糖基的季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂。以浓硫酸为催化剂,n（乙二醇糖苷/mol）∶n（环氧氯丙烷/mol）=1∶5的条件下制备氯代醇糖苷;然后以正十二醇、溴化钠、浓硫酸为原料合成了溴代十二烷;在20%碳酸钠溶液催化下,该产物继续与33%二甲胺反应制备了高级叔胺;最后以氯代醇糖苷及高级脂肪胺为原料合成了含葡萄糖基的季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂。对临界胶束浓度和泡沫性也进行了测定,该产品泡沫稳定性很好。由于其结构中既含有阳离子的N＋基团,又含有糖苷叔基团,因此有一定的杀菌性,预计在自然环境中具有较好的降解率。     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Applications of Some New Trimeric‐Type Cationic Surfactants

In recent years, trimeric surfactants have created excitement in the surfactant field because of their properties, which have been found to be better than monomeric or dimeric homologues. Only a limited number of trimeric surfactants have been synthesized and studied so far, probably owing to the difficulty in synthesis. In this article, we synthesized some novel star‐shaped trimeric cationic surfactants based on the alkylation of the 3 hydroxyl groups of the phloroglucinol nuclei as a core (i.e., spacer) with 3 dodecyl or 3 octyl groups (as tails) for the surfactant. The chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis; also the critical micelle concentration was determined by electrical conductivity measurements. These surfactants were used in the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles by the sol–gel method. The silica particles shape and size were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Furthermore, the corrosion inhibitor capability of these surfactants was investigated by monitoring the corrosion rate of iron sheets in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid in the presence and in the absence of different surfactants at 45°C based on the weight loss method. We have used cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a positive control, the obtained results showed a high inhibition efficiency at very low concentrations, and the prepared trimeric surfactants exhibited a higher anticorrosion efficiency than the CTAB surfactants.     

Electrochemical properties of supercapacitors operating in aqueous electrolyte with surfactants

Effect of surfactants present in alkaline and acidic solutions on the capacitance of carbon electrodes has been studied. Three various types of surfactants, i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and non-ionic such as polymer of polyethylene glycol and p-t-octylophenol (Triton X-100) have been selected for this target. Concentration of these electrolyte additives was 0.005 mol L⁻¹. Decreasing the surface tension in the electrode/electrolyte interface allows better penetration of electrolyte into the pores. However, surfactants played a different role depending on the electrode polarity. Detailed analysis of capacitance versus current load, frequency dependence as well as self-discharge and cyclability proved especially a profitable effect of Triton X-100 on capacitor operating in alkaline solution.     

The influence of sodium ion as a potential fuel impurity on the direct methanol fuel cells

Na⁺ is a likely intrinsic impurity in water and is a sort of common cation impurity in the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this paper, the effect of Na⁺ on the DMFC electrochemical response is studied by adding Na⁺ into the methanol water solution fed in the anode of DMFC. The dynamic variation of cell voltage results shows that the DMFC performance degraded by the presence of Na⁺ impurity, and the higher concentration of Na⁺ impurity, the higher poisoning rate is observed. In the meantime, an external reference electrode is used to measure the potential and impedance of the cathode and anode. It is found that the dramatic decrease of the cell voltage is mainly ascribed to the increase of the cathode overpotential which is caused by Na⁺ exchange with protons in the cathode catalyst layer. The electrochemical impedance measurements suggest that the lack of available protons and low oxygen concentration at the cathode catalytic sites contributed to this degradation. Furthermore, the recovery strategy is introduced and it is found that the poisoned MEA could be partly recovered by immersing in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution for 4 h.