Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪相位载波调制及解调方案的研究

本文根据Mach Zehnder光纤干涉仪相位调制与双光束干涉测量的特点 ,提出了一种采用相位调制器 (PZT)实现相位载波调制 ,利用贝塞耳函数进行傅里叶分解实现相位调制信号解调的检测方案。理论分析表明 ,该方案能有效地抑制随机干扰信号对测量精度的影响     

Ultrathin Planar Cavity Metasurfaces

An ultrathin planar cavity metasurface is proposed based on ultrathin film interference and its practicability for light manipulation in visible region is experimentally demonstrated. Phase of reflected light is modulated by finely adjusting the thickness of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) by a few nanometers on an aluminum (Al) substrate via nontrivial phase shifts at the interfaces and interference of multireflections generated from the planar cavity. A phase shift of π, the basic requirement for two‐level phase metasurface systems, can be accomplished with an 8 nm thick difference. For proof of concept, gradient metasurfaces for beam deflection, Fresnel zone plate metalens for light focusing, and metaholograms for image reconstruction are presented, demonstrating polarization‐independent and broadband characteristics. This novel mechanism for phase modulation with ultrathin planar cavity provides diverse routes to construct advanced flat optical devices with versatile applications.     

Elimination of Power Line Interference on Telephone Cables Under Frequency-Varying Conditions

A new method for the elimination of power line interference of potentially time-varying frequency, phase, and amplitude on telephone loops is presented. The proposed method is based on adaptive estimation, and subsequent elimination, of the fundamental and individual harmonic components of the induced power signal and tracking their variations over time. The structure and mathematical formulation of the proposed technique are presented, and its performance is demonstrated in a variety of scenarios. Superior performance of the proposed method over existing techniques is observed throughout all experiments. The proposed algorithm presents a simple and efficient method of elimination of narrowband interference of a potentially nonstationary nature that is suitable for real-time applications due to its structural simplicity.     

Precise interferometric AO method for SAW velocity measurements inan anisotropic solid

We suggest an original method utilizing a two beam optical interferometer for the accurate SAW velocity measurements in an anisotropic solid. Namely, two parallel and spatially separated optical beams are diffracted from different points along the path of SAW propagation. Then at the output of the interferometer light beams of different orders (0, ±1) reflecting from the surface with SAW are combined in pairs to create the interference patterns. Measurement of the interference pattern's intensity oscillations versus the SAW frequency gives all needed information to determine the phase and the group SAW velocities and their dispersion. Experimental software includes: statistical data accumulation with auto correction of the interferometer phase change caused by a change of the external conditions, and Fourier analysis of interferometer signal spectrum with the use of generalized variables taking into account the SAW dispersion. The experimental error depends on the experimental peculiarities and is about 0.5 m/s for the phase velocity and 3 m/s for the group velocity. The method is tested by SAW velocity measurements on ST-quartz with a thin film of Al     

Laser vibrometer with increased accuracy and interference immunity

Conclusions It has been established experimentally that the most interference immune of the existing laser Doppler vibrometer schemes is that in which the signal is processed at a subcarrier frequency, for example, with positive phase modulation of one of the beams in a two beam interferometer.We have shown that the number of fringes is doubled when the signal is separated at the subcarrier, which enables us by means of the zero count method to increase the accuracy with which the parameters of motion can be determined.We have proposed and studied experimentally a scheme for a vibrometer for directly measuring the parameters of a vibrating surface by means of an improved two beam interferometer possessing minimum optical losses.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 49–51, October, 1977.     

Optical readout for optical storage with phase jump

A novel, to our knowledge, optical readout for optical storage with phase jump is presented. In the readout scheme two coherent laser beams are focused on an optical disk with one beam scanning along pits and the other along land. When the probe beam scans across a pit, two phase jumps will take place in the interference resultant of the two beams if the phase difference between two beams is prefixed at pi, resulting in a phase pulse of 180 deg. The slopes of rising and falling edges of the phase pulse are infinite, and they are not affected by the intensity variation of the light source, stray light, and the vibration of the disk. Therefore this phase pulse can be used to read out the information on an optical disk. The use of phase jump will improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the readout signal and enhance the density of optical storage. An optical readout with phase jump was constructed. Both the theoretical design and the experimental verification are conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed optical readout is feasible.     

Simple interferometric fringe stabilization by charge-coupled-device-based feedback control

A method for producing stabilized interference patterns for ultraviolet interference lithography using a CCD camera as the detector element is described. Intensity data obtained from the CCD element are filtered in software to minimize speckle and detector noise effects as well as to determine the relative phase of the interfering beams. A control signal is then issued to correct the fringe drift. The system allows rapid reconfiguration of the lithography setup with minimum realignment of optical components.     

基于阻抗匹配与相位补偿的心电检测工频抑制

为有效抑制影响电生理信号检测质量的工频干扰,以心电检测为例,提出了皮肤电极阻抗自动匹配与右腿驱动信号的相位补偿相结合的新方法.其技术流程为：先通过皮肤电极阻抗自动补偿电路,采用逐次逼近优化算法实现阻抗自动平衡;再对右腿驱动放大电路的输出信号进行模数转换和滤波网络反馈处理以补偿其相位.实验证明,皮肤电极阻抗补偿可以将工频干扰降至2/3;改进右腿驱动电路后可将干扰进一步降至1/2.两者结合可将心电信号中工频干扰最终降至1/3.     

Five-beam interference pattern controlled through phases and wave vectors for diamondlike photonic crystals

We demonstrate, for what is believed to be the first time, the design of diamondlike photonic crystals made by holographic lithography based on five-beam interference. All five beams are launched from the same half-space, and the exposure can easily be realized by a single diffractive optical element. The photonic structure can be constructed through the translation of the interference pattern controlled by the phase shift of laser beams. The proposed holographic lithography is capable of creating series photonic crystals with large photonic bandgaps by adjusting the phase and the wave vector of interfering beams.     

Load-frequency control: a GA-based multi-agent reinforcement learning

The load-frequency control (LFC) problem has been one of the major subjects in a power system. In practice, LFC systems use proportional-integral (PI) controllers. However since these controllers are designed using a linear model, the non-linearities of the system are not accounted for and they are incapable of gaining good dynamical performance for a wide range of operating conditions in a multi-area power system. A strategy for solving this problem because of the distributed nature of a multi-area power system is presented by using a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approach. It consists of two agents in each power area; the estimator agent provides the area control error (ACE) signal based on the frequency bias (-) estimation and the controller agent uses reinforcement learning to control the power system in which genetic algorithm optimisation is used to tune its parameters. This method does not depend on any knowledge of the system and it admits considerable flexibility in defining the control objective. Also, by finding the ACE signal based on - estimation the LFC performance is improved and by using the MARL parallel, computation is realised, leading to a high degree of scalability. Here, to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed approach, a three-area power system example is given with two scenarios.     

Directional routing protocols for ad-hoc networks

A directional routing approach for multihop ad-hoc networks, is presented which has been applied to two on-demand routing protocols: namely dynamic source routing (DSR) and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV). Both DSR-based and AODV-based directional routing protocols are designed to balance the tradeoff between co-channel interferences from nodes hops away and the total power consumed by all the nodes. In order to select the best route, three metrics are considered in the route discovery process. They consist of hop count, power budget and overlaps between adjacent beams. By exploiting the direction of directional antennas, both routing protocols are capable of reducing overlaps between beams of the nodes along the route, thus eliminating interference. Arbitrary networks and random networks are considered in the simulations. The results show considerable performance gains for transmission of real-time traffic over ad hoc networks.     

Obscuration-free pupil-plane phase locking of a coherent array of fiber collimators

Control methods and system architectures that can be used for locking in phase of multiple laser beams that are generated at the transmitter aperture plane of a coherent fiber-collimator array system (pupil-plane phase locking) are considered. In the proposed and analyzed phase-locking techniques, sensing of the piston phase differences is performed using interference of periphery (tail) sections of the laser beams prior to their clipping by the fiber-collimator transmitter apertures. This obscuration-free sensing technique eliminates the need for a beam splitter being directly located inside the optical train of the transmitted beams--one of the major drawbacks of large-aperture and/or high-power fiber-array systems. Numerical simulation results demonstrate efficiency of the proposed phase-locking methods.     

Efficient deconvolution of noisy periodic interference signals

The interference signal formed by combining two coherent light beams carries information on the path difference between the beams. When the path difference is a periodic function of time, as, for example, when one beam is reflected from a vibrating surface and the other from a fixed surface, the interference signal is periodic with the same period as the vibrating surface. Bessel functions provide an elegant and efficient means for deconvoluting such periodic interference signals, thus making it possible to obtain the displacement of the moving surface with nanometer resolution. Here we describe the mathematical basis for the signal deconvolution and employ this technique to obtain the amplitude of miniature capillary waves on water as a test case.     

An interferometric method for simultaneously determination the phase retardation and fast-axis azimuth angle of a wave plate

In this study, an interferometric method was proposed for the simultaneous measurement of phase retardation and fast-axis azimuth angle of a wave plate by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The wave plate to be tested is placed in one of the light passages in the interferometer, and two analyzers with transmission axes at horizontal and vertical orientations are arranged at the two output regions. When a linearly polarized laser light beam is passed through the interferometer, two interference light beams are simultaneously generated. Through an analysis of the intensities of the two light beams, the phase retardation and fast-axis azimuth angle of the tested wave plate can be simultaneously determined using specially derived equations. The feasibility of the proposed method was demonstrated using measurements of zero-order half-wave and zero-order quarter-wave plates. The proposed method is easy to operate, enables rapid measurement, and has high stability and accuracy.     

A Minimalist Single-Layer Metasurface for Arbitrary and Full Control of Vector Vortex Beams

Vector vortex beams (VVBs) possess ubiquitous applications from particle trapping to quantum information. Recently, the bulky optical devices for generating VVBs have been miniaturized by using metasurfaces. Nevertheless, it is quite challenging for the metasurface-generated VVBs to possess arbitrary polarization and phase distributions. More critical is that the VVBs' annular intensity profiles demonstrated hitherto are dependent on topological charges and are hence not perfect, posing difficulties in spatially shared co-propagation of multiple vortex beams. Here, a single-layer metasurface to address all those aforementioned challenges in one go is proposed, which consists of two identical crystal-silicon nanoblocks with varying positions and rotation angles (i.e., four geometric parameters throughout). Those four geometric parameters are found to be adequate for independent and arbitrary control of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. Perfect VVBs with arbitrary polarization and phase distributions are successfully generated, and the constant intensity profiles independent of their topological charges and polarization orders are demonstrated. The proposed strategy casts a distinct perception that a minimalist design of just one single-layer metasurface can empower such robust and versatile control of VVBs. That provides promising opportunities for generating more complex vortex field for advanced applications in structural light, optical micromanipulation, and data communication.     

Range-finding by triangulation with nondiffracting beams

Nondiffracting beams are useful for alignment applications because the size of the beam does not change as the beam propagates. In this research we report a technique that allows for distance measurements with nondiffracting beams. With our approach a diffractive optical element is designed that generates two off-axis, tilted, nondiffracting Bessel function beams. These beams intersect at a desired distance from the input plane, producing interference. We generate these Bessel function arrays with a programmable spatial light modulator allowing external control over the intersection distance.     

Writing long holographic diffraction gratings by use of a novel scanning method

A novel method for writing holographic diffraction gratings is proposed in which the two interfering beams are moved together across the recording medium in such a way that the interference pattern at the medium is unchanged. The phase compensation is discussed both for an idealized setup and for a realistic experimental arrangement.     

A simple bidirectional linear microactuator for nanopositioning--the "Baltan" microactuator

A new linear microactuator, using bulk PZT and electro-discharge-machined components, generates a sliding velocity and force of 100 mm/s and 12 mN, respectively, in either direction, and a peak velocity and force of 212 mm/s and 44 mN, respectively. Using a simple combination of two slightly different beams placed in contact with a slider, and vibrated at two different resonance frequencies, 508 and 522 kHz, by a specially designed, axially vibrating piezoelectric element, bidirectional linear motion was obtained. By simply reducing the length of the applied signal, the sliding distance was reduced to 90 nm +/- 2 nm, which could be improved with a variety of control methods. The design offers not only silent operation, slider clamping upon removal of power, and all of the other advantages of piezoelectric actuators, but also the potential to be further reduced in size to sub-mm3 for microrobotics and other applications.     

Directional narrowing of the diffractive pattern through a combination of spherical and spiral optical elements within a single aperture

The intensity pattern produced by the zero-order Bessel beam can be squeezed along certain directions if it interferes with the Bessel beam of a higher order. The concept of directional narrowing can be extended onto the zone plates by the division of the aperture into a set of concentric annuli; within some of the apertures the phase function of the spherical optical element is substituted or supplemented by the spiral optical element. The proposed approach is verified by the numerical simulation of the interference of Bessel beams, linear axicons, and spherical zone plates of zero order and second order.     

Spatial-phase code-division multiple-access system with multiplexed Fourier holography switching for reconfigurable optical interconnection

A new, to our knowledge, space-variant optical interconnection system based on a spatial-phase code-division multiple-access technique with multiplexed Fourier holography is described. In this technique a signal beam is spread over wide spatial frequencies by an M-sequence pseudorandom phase code. At a receiver side a selected signal beam is properly decoded, and at the same time its spatial pattern is shaped with a Fourier hologram, which is recorded by light that is encoded with the same M-sequence phase mask as the desired signal beam and by light whose spatial beam pattern is shaped to a signal routing pattern. Using the multiplexed holography, we can simultaneously route multisignal flows into individually specified receiver elements. The routing pattern can also be varied by means of switching the encoding phase code or replacing the hologram. We demonstrated a proof-of-principle experiment with a doubly multiplexed hologram that enables simultaneous routing of two signal beams. Using a numerical model, we showed that the proposed scheme can manage more than 250 routing patterns for one signal flow with one multiplexed hologram at a signal-to-noise ratio of ~5.