食用菌采后品质劣变相关的生理生化变化

食用菌已经成为现代饮食结构中的重要组成部分。但是采后食用菌不耐储存,会发生许多生理生化变化,包括组织褐变,细胞壁结构变化,最终导致褐变、子实体老化等品质劣变。这些生理生化变化是按照一定程序,因此伴随着相关基因表达的变化,这些基因表达的变化促进了生理生化的变化。本文主要简述了采后食用菌老化、细胞壁结构变化以及褐变相关的生理生化变化。     

Sensory,functional characteristics and in vitro digestibility of snacks supplemented with non-traditional ingredient raw and processed fenugreek

Fenugreek seeds were germinated, soaked and roasted and were evaluated for nutritional properties. Raw and processed fenugreek seeds were used to develop snack product. Snacks were examined for the sensorial, functional, antinutritional properties and in vitro digestibility. Using sensory analysis, 5% level of substitution of raw and processed fenugreek was accepted for the development of extruded snacks. Lateral expansion was highest for snacks prepared from processed fenugreek (163.0% to 206.1%) than raw fenugreek (162.5 to 168.7%), and vice versa for bulk density. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were highest for snacks prepared from germinated fenugreek (7.30% to 9.87% and 1.352 to 3.561 mg GAE g⁻¹ of sample) and lowest for snacks prepared from raw fenugreek (6.68% to 7.03% and 1.29 to 2.76 mg GAE g⁻¹ of sample). Not only extrusion but also processing such as soaking, roasting and germination reduced the antinutritional content of the snack product. Both in vitro digestibilities increased with extrusion cooking. In vitro digestibility was also found to be higher in snacks prepared from processed fenugreek than raw fenugreek. Therefore, development of such functional foods using processed fenugreek would raise the consumer demand and benefit the population by increasing the health status.     

腌渍菜中亚硝酸盐检测分析与违法使用乱象中基于地方行政处罚的治理研究

摘要：目的：分析腌渍菜中亚硝酸盐检测及亚硝酸盐违法使用的地方行政处罚治理。方法：利用亚硝酸盐与2,3-二氨基萘形成荧光物质原理,运用高效液相色谱法检测腌渍菜中的亚硝酸盐含量。结果：经方法验证,高效液相色谱法检测亚硝酸盐含量的线性范围处于0-0.40mg/L范围内;方法检出限为0.01mg/kg;亚硝酸盐平均回收率参数在81.5%-95.6%范围内;检测3种不同榨菜及3种不同糖蒜样品,亚硝酸盐含量合格率为33.33%。结论：腌渍菜存在亚硝酸盐含量超标现象。需在加强对腌渍菜质量检测的基础上,加大对腌渍菜生产过程及不合格产品的监管及处罚,以改善腌渍菜质量。     

巴基斯坦甘蔗科研生产考察报告

为制定一份详细的、具有可操作性的中巴甘蔗农业研究合作项目实施方案,应巴基斯坦农业研究委员会(Pakistan Agricultural Research Council)的邀请,广州甘蔗糖业研究所李奇伟所长等5人组成考察团,于2009年10月17～25日赴巴基斯坦对信德(Sindh)省甘蔗糖业科研和生产情况进行了全面、深入的实地考察和调研。     

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective

Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.     

搅拌棒磁子萃取-热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用分析葫芦巴浸膏的挥发性成分

应用搅拌棒磁子萃取和热脱附系统,并结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪,测定了葫芦巴浸膏中的挥发性成分。从中鉴定出67个挥发性物质,主要成分为:1,2-丙二醇(38.83%)、苯乙酸苯乙酯(7.32%)、羟基丙酮丙二醇缩酮(5.33%)、芳樟醇(3.67%)、丙二醇单醋酸酯(3.54%)、异戊酸(2.75%)和2-乙酰基呋喃(2.06%)。此外,对葫芦巴浸膏的致香机理进行了探讨,研究为葫芦巴浸膏的品质控制和开发应用提供了技术依据。     

常用调味料的化学结构与功效

主要论述了常用调味料葱、姜、蒜、辣椒、花椒、芥末、八角、茴香、胡椒等主要味成分的化学结构，以及它们对人体健康所起的积极作用。     

脱氢醋酸钠、丙酸钙及其复配形式在面包中的防腐作用

本文研究了脱氢醋酸钠、丙酸钙及其复配形式对面包的防腐效果。结果表明 :脱氢醋酸钠和丙酸钙均能有效地延迟面包的霉变时间 ,且随用量的增大 ,效果越好 ;脱氢醋酸纳和丙酸钙的最佳比例为 2 :3。     

影响猪肉质的主效基因和候选基因

猪肉的品质问题已经引起了生产者和消费者的普遍关注,肉质性状直接影响到肉品的食用价值和经济价值。分子生物学技术的快速发展也促进了人们对于影响肉质相关基因的重视和研究。本文综述了与肉质相关的主效基因（Major Gene）烷氟基因（Hal gene）、单磷酸腺苷蛋白激酶（AMPK）γ3亚基基因（PRKAG3）和酸肉基因（Rendement Napole Gene,RN）以及脂肪酸结合蛋白基因（Fat Acid Binding Protein FABPs）、激素敏感脂肪酶（Hormone-Sensitive Lipase,HSL）基因和脂蛋白脂肪酶（Lipoprotein Lipase,LPL）基因等候选基因（candidate gene）的研究进展。      

Anatomical distribution of heavy metals in the scallop Pecten maximus

This paper studied the anatomical distribution of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the scallop Pecten maximus and the possible implications in terms of shellfish management. Six organs were analysed: mantle, gills, foot, digestive gland, kidney and gonad. On the basis of their anatomical distribution, two groups of metals were able to be distinguished: the first included Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn and Ag; and the second comprised the four other metals studied. The metals in the first group preferentially accumulated in the kidney (except for Pb), with generally much lower concentrations in the other organs. The metals in the second group accumulated mainly in the digestive gland. As and Cu were included in the second group, but they also had particular inter-organ distribution characteristics. Among the edible organs of the scallop only the adductor muscle contained important proportions of one metal, As (which is very likely accumulated as a non-toxic derivative). A selective evisceration of the metal rich non-edible organs may therefore be considered a reliable measure to be taken with a view to reduce the metal content of scallops used for human consumption. This could be especially relevant for Cd, which is accumulated in high concentrations in the digestive gland.     

干制食用菌中重金属含量及榛蘑中镉的分析

目的 评估吉林省市售6种干制食用菌安全性,幵研究榛蘑中重釐属镉的含量。方法 对购买的样品采用微波消解法迚行前处理,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅和镉的含量,原子荧光法测定总砷和总汞的含量。结果 161批干制食用菌的平均含量顺序为PbAsCdHg,超标率为3.1%。2018年检测22批榛蘑中5批镉超标, 2016年检测13批榛蘑中1批镉超标。结论 我省市售食用菌木耳、香菇、猴头菇、滑子蘑、黄蘑、榛蘑重釐属平均含量均低于国家污染物限量标准,符合安全性要求。榛蘑中镉含量偏高,应对超标食用菌加强监测,对超标地区严格监管以确保食品安全。     

铁皮石斛膨化提取物的抗氧化和抗疲劳活性的评价

摘要：目的 探究膨化对铁皮石斛提取物抗氧化和抗疲劳活性的影响。方法 测定了铁皮石斛膨化前后提取物黄酮、多酚等活性成分含量以及提取物自由基清除能力,通过灌胃给予健康雄性小鼠低、高剂量膨化及未膨化铁皮石斛提取物,测定小鼠的最大游泳时间、血糖、血尿素氨（Blood urea ammonia ,BUN）、血乳酸（Lactic acid,LD）含量,肝脏及骨骼肌糖原水平、骨骼肌ATP含量以及谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione?peroxidase ,GSH-px）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde ,MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide?dismutase ,SOD）活性的变化。结果 膨化后,铁皮石斛活性成分提取率显著提高(P<0.05),自由基清除能力显著增强(P<0.05),总抗氧化值下降,表明膨化能够提高铁皮石斛膨化提取物的体外抗氧化能力。小鼠最大游泳时间延长(P<0.05),糖原在肝脏和肌肉的积累量增加(P<0.05),降低了疲劳相关标记物如BUN、LD含量,提高血糖、GSH含量以及GSH-px、SOD活性,降低MDA含量(P<0.05)。表明膨化能够提高铁皮石斛提取物的体内抗氧化及抗疲劳能力。结论 采用膨化方法能够有效增强铁皮石斛提取物抗氧化能力,缓解小鼠疲劳。     

杏鲍菇多肽的制备及体外活性研究

目的 制备杏鲍菇多肽,并研究其体外活性.方法 以杏鲍菇菇脚为原料,采用超声辅助的碱提酸沉法提取出杏鲍菇蛋白,比较3种蛋白酶酶解后的多肽得率,选定水解酶.基于单因素实验、正交实验确定多肽最优酶解工艺,并依托体外抗氧化活性实验实现对多肽体外活性的测定.结果 杏鲍菇多肽液在分子量为5～10 kD、1～5 kD及低于1 kD的...     

胡萝卜樱桃复配运动饮料配方研究

目的 研究分析胡萝卜樱桃复配运动饮料的最佳配方.方法 选定主材料为市售胡萝卜和樱桃,洗净及处理后备用,准备白砂糖、柠檬酸、黄原胶、耐酸性羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxymethyl cellulose sodium,CMC),进行控制变量(单一因素控制印证)实验法,渐次确定最佳配比.将基于不同原材料添加比例制成的饮料,交...     

全球化经济发展战略下食品贸易的困境与发展趋势

摘要：随着经济的发展和科技的进步,政治多元化和经济全球化态势在国际贸易的竞争领域中日渐突出。食品贸易是国际贸易的一个重要组成部分,在某种程度上也代表着一个国家的贸易水平。但是,与西方国家相比,我国食品贸易的发展存在着一些不足之处,影响着我国食品贸易的综合竞争力。因此,本文以此食品贸易为研究课题,结合全球化经济发展战略,通过竞争力指标实证分析了我国近年来食品贸易竞争力水平的变化,并客观分析了我国食品贸易面临的困境,结合实际状况提出了相关的对策,如采取各种措施应对贸易壁垒,加强人才建设,建立内循环体系等措施,最后客观的对食品贸易的发展趋势进行了阐述。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in export quality raisins collected from different areas of Pakistan

During 2012–2014, 170 samples of export quality raisins were collected from different vendors in Pakistan. The collected samples were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins (AFs) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of AFs/OTA were 0.12/0.10 and 0.36/0.30 µg kg^?1, respectively. Only 5% of the samples were contaminated with AFs, ranging 0.15–2.58 µg kg^?1 with a mean of 0.05 ± 0.26 µg kg^?1. None of the raisin samples exhibited AFs contamination above the maximum limit (ML = 4 µg kg^?1) as set by the European Union (EU). About 72% of the samples were contaminated with OTA, ranging 0.14–12.75 µg kg^?1 with a mean of 2.10 ± 1.9 µg kg^?1. However, in 95.3% of the tested samples, OTA level was lower than the ML of 10 µg kg^?1 as regulated by the EU. Apparently, a strict and continuous monitoring plan, including regulatory limits, improves food safety and quality for all types of commodities.     

Nitrate and nitrite content in organically cultivated vegetables

The nitrate and nitrite content of leaf vegetables (Swiss chard, sea beet, spinach and cabbage), “inflorescence” vegetables (cauliflower) and fruit vegetables (eggplant and vegetable marrow) grown with organic fertilizers have been determined by a modified cadmium–Griess method. Samples were purchased from organic food stores as well as collected directly from an organic farm in Madrid (Spain). Nitrate levels were much higher in the leaf vegetables (especially Swiss chard species; average over the different samples and species of 2778.6 ± 1474.7 mg kg^{? 1}) than in inflorescence or fruit products (mean values between 50.2 ± 52.6 and 183.9 ± 233.6 mg kg^{? 1}). Following Swiss chard species, spinach (1349.8 ± 1045.5 mg kg^{? 1}) showed the highest nitrate content, and nitrite was found above the limit of detection in some samples only (spinach, 4.6 ± 1.0 mg kg^{? 1}; sea beet, 4.2 ± 0.7 mg kg^{? 1} and Swiss chard, 1.2 ± 0.4 mg kg^{? 1}). Some vegetables (spinach, cabbage and eggplant) had lower nitrate content in the samples harvested in summer, showing the influence of climatic conditions on the nitrate levels in a plant. The samples taken directly from the organic farm, with the exception of eggplant, had higher or slightly higher average nitrate values than samples purchased in the organic food stores, ranging from 117 to 1077%.     

2018—2019年密云地区肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌基因型及耐药分析

目的 了解密云地区食源性疾患肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌的感染情况、毒力基因型分布和耐药趋势.方法 以密云区区医院、中医院为哨点医院,收集腹泻病人粪便868份.分离出68株肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌,进行基因分型、耐药实验,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果 68株肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌基因型aggR占51.47％,astA+pic基因占3...