禽饲料中5种聚醚类抗球虫药物检测方法研究

聚醚类抗球虫药已广泛应用于预防抵抗禽球虫病中.本试验建立了同时测定禽饲料中盐霉素、甲基盐霉素、莫能菌素、拉沙洛西钠和马杜霉素5种聚醚类抗球虫药物的测定方法.试验应用超高液相色谱-串联质谱法,先将一定量的试样用乙腈提取,再利用硅胶固相萃取柱净化,得到的试液供上机使用.经试验,禽用饲料中5种聚醚类药物在配制的标准曲线(1....     

Detection of rabbit and hare processed material in compound feeds by TaqMan real-time PCR

Food and feed traceability has become a priority for governments due to consumer demand for comprehensive and integrated safety policies. In the present work, a TaqMan real-time PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was developed for specific detection of rabbit and hare material in animal feeds and pet foods. The technique is based on the use of three species-specific primer/probe detection systems targeting three 12S rRNA gene fragments: one from rabbit species, another one from hare species and a third fragment common to rabbit and hare (62, 102 and 75 bp length, respectively). A nuclear 18S rRNA PCR system, detecting a 77-bp amplicon, was used as positive amplification control. Assay performance and sensitivity were assessed through the analysis of a batch of laboratory-scale feeds treated at 133°C at 3 bar for 20 min to reproduce feed processing conditions dictated by European regulations. Successful detection of highly degraded rabbit and hare material was achieved at the lowest target concentration assayed (0.1%). Furthermore, the method was applied to 96 processed commercial pet food products to determine whether correct labelling had been used at the market level. The reported real-time PCR technique detected the presence of rabbit tissues in 80 of the 96 samples analysed (83.3%), indicating a possible labelling fraud in some pet foods. The real-time PCR method reported may be a useful tool for traceability purposes within the framework of feed control.     

A survey on distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus section Flavi in poultry feeds

Thirty-five samples of poultry feeds and corresponding raw materials (maize, soybean and meat meal) from a processing plant were analyzed to evaluate the distribution and toxigenicity of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates. Mycological analysis of the samples indicated the presence of five fungal genera (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Eurotium). Aspergillus flavus was the predominant species being present in 48.5% of the analyzed samples. Ninety-one isolates belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated; ninety were identified as A. flavus and only one as A. parasiticus. Fifty-seven isolates were capable of producing sclerotia, 41 were identified as L-type strains and 16 as type S. Fifty-seven percent of the isolates produced AFB₁ levels ranging from 0.05 μg/kg to 27.7 μg/kg whereas 86.8% produced CPA from 1.5 μg/kg to 137.8 μg/kg. L-strains produced from 0.05 to 14.8 μg/kg of aflatoxin and type S produced levels from 0.05 to 1.65 μg/kg. No significant differences in CPA production among S- and L-strains were observed. Sclerotial isolates produced AFB₁ levels ranging between 0.05 and 27.7 μg/kg and CPA levels from 3.8 to 47.3 μg/kg. More than half of the A. flavus isolates were able to produce AFB and CPA simultaneously. Twenty percent of the 35 samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ whereas 34.3% were contaminated with CPA. The high rate of CPA producing isolates represents a potential risk of contamination with this toxin in poultry feeds.     

The choline content of feed ingredients and mixed feeds determined by an enzymatic assay

A recently developed procedure for the determination of choline in ingredients and feeds was utilised to establish the levels and the variability of choline in a series of ingredients and to compare the analysed and calculated choline values of mixed feeds. The concentrations of choline in samples of maize (7), canola meal (3), wheat middlings (1) and dehydrated bakery product (1) were, respectively, 1·55±0·18, 7·59±0·08, 2·35 and 2·39 g kg⁻¹, all higher than ingredient composition table values. Choline contents lower than table values were found in samples of poultry by-products (7) and meat and bone meal (6): 2·18±0·87 and 1·08±0·29 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The average choline concentration found in samples of dehulled soybean meal (7) was 2·73±0·18 g kg⁻¹, similar to table values. The choline in samples of poultry fat (2) averaged 0·48±0·02 g kg⁻¹. Significant correlations between the concentrations of choline and of some components of the proximate analysis were found. The analysed choline concentrations in mixed feeds were only 1·4% lower than the calculated levels based on the ingredient analyses. The procedure was adequate for choline determination in ingredients or mixed feeds. The high variability in the choline content of some ingredients may require analysis for proper feed formulation. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

酱油制曲过程中常见杂菌污染及防治措施

本文提出了在酱油酿造时的制曲过程中常发生的杂菌污染原因，污染杂菌的种类以及防止杂菌污染的方法，对中小酱油生产企业有一定的指导意义。     

Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Indian poultry feeds

From 1998 to 2001, 216 ingredients intended for incorporation into chicken feed, which included groundnut cake, maize, millets, rice bran, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, and mixed feeds, were assayed for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thirty-eight percent of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and 6% with ochratoxin A. The incidence scores of aflatoxin contamination in excess of 10 microg/kg were 41 of 95 for maize, 18 of 30 for mixed feeds, 10 of 37 for groundnut, 6 of 29 for sorghum, 5 of 10 for sunflower, 3 of 14 for rice bran, and 1 of 8 for millet. Ochratoxin A contamination, in excess of 10 microg/kg, was found in 9 of 29 sorghum samples, 1 of 27 groundnut samples, 1 of 14 rice bran samples, 1 of 10 sunflower samples, and 2 of 8 millet samples. Ochratoxin A was not found in maize and mixed feeds. None of the three soybean samples contained ochratoxin A. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Indian poultry feeds. The results confirm the importance of analysis of ingredients before incorporating them into mixed feeds.     

调质后饲料水分的3种测定方法比较研究

探求便于实际生产中应用的调质后物料水分测定方法。采用冷晾减重法、一次性密封法和铝盒法测定了不同企业、不同调质器出口的调质后物料水分,并对测定结果进行了比较。结果表明:冷晾减重法和一次性密封法测定的水分值之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);采用铝盒法测定的水分值和其他两种方法测定的水分值相比,明显偏低(P<0.05)。     

家禽屠宰加工活禽区工艺设计

将家禽屠宰加工厂前部工作区域定义为"活禽区",明确"活禽区"包含工序,明确基础设施布置原则,明确食品安全、动物福利、产品质量等要求,依照人机工效学原理和相关法规,确定挂禽工位基本作业空间尺寸、工位数量及其计算方法;确定各工序基本参数。     

蛋氨酸对长毛兔母兔繁殖性能和仔兔生产性能的影响

研究了妊娠期长毛兔母兔饲喂不同蛋氨酸含量的饲粮对其繁殖性能和仔兔生产性能的影响。结果表明,随着长毛兔母兔妊娠期饲粮蛋氨酸含量增加,长毛兔母兔的产活仔数,断奶仔兔和初生仔兔窝重极显著提高(P<0.01),对母兔血清总蛋白、白蛋白和尿素氮影响差异不显著(P>0.05),提高了仔兔断奶重、毛纤维直径和2月龄体重(P>0.05),仔兔2月龄产毛量显著增加(P<0.05)。结果提示,蛋氨酸可促进妊娠期长毛兔母兔体内蛋白质营养利用,提高母兔繁殖性能和仔兔的生产性能;长毛兔妊娠饲粮中蛋氨酸质量分数以不超过0.71%为宜。     

Limited survey for the occurrence of aflatoxins in cereals and poultry feeds from Rabat, Morocco

Fifty eight (58) samples of cereals for human consumption (20 corn flour, 17 wheat flour) and poultry feeds (n=21) purchased from popular markets of Rabat in Morocco were analyzed for aflatoxins (AF) by HPLC with immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and fluorimetric detection. The incidence of AF in corn, wheat flour and poultry feeds was about 80, 17.6 and 66.6% respectively. High contamination levels were found in corn and poultry feeds samples. Levels of contamination of analyzed samples with AFB1 ranged from 0.23 to 11.2, 0.03 to 0.15 and 0.05 to 5.38 ng/g for corn, wheat and poultry feeds respectively. Results showed also that the contamination of 10% of samples of corn was higher than the limit set by EU regulations for AFB1 and total AF. This is the first report on the determination of AF in corn, wheat and poultry feeds from Morocco by HPLC and IAC.     

不同湿度条件对肉鸡浓缩料中霉菌污染的影响

研究了室温条件下不同湿度(RH)贮存饲料的霉菌污染情况,在湿度条件分别为65%RH、75%RH、85%RH,利用国标检测法进行霉菌总数、产毒菌种类及毒素含量分析。结果表明,在20℃、65%RH条件下,饲料存放到第17天前就应该采取防霉措施。在75%RH条件下,存放到第10天前就应该采取防霉措施。在85%RH条件下,在生产饲料的时候就应该采取防霉措施。     

Current and future interventions for improving poultry health and poultry food safety and security: A comprehensive review

Poultry is thriving across the globe. Chicken meat is the most preferred poultry worldwide, and its popularity is increasing. However, poultry also threatens human hygiene, especially as a fomite of infectious diseases caused by the major foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria). Preventing pathogenic bacterial biofilm is crucial in the chicken industry due to increasing food safety hazards caused by recurring contamination and the rapid degradation of meat, as well as the increased resistance of bacteria to cleaning and disinfection procedures commonly used in chicken processing plants. To address this, various innovative and promising strategies to combat bacterial resistance and biofilm are emerging to improve food safety and quality and extend shelf-life. In particular, natural compounds are attractive because of their potential antimicrobial activities. Natural compounds can also boost the immune system and improve poultry health and performance. In addition to phytochemicals, bacteriophages, nanoparticles, coatings, enzymes, and probiotics represent unique and environmentally friendly strategies in the poultry processing industry to prevent foodborne pathogens from reaching the consumer. Lactoferrin, bacteriocin, antimicrobial peptides, cell-free supernatants, and biosurfactants are also of considerable interest for their prospective application as natural antimicrobials for improving the safety of raw poultry meat. This review aims to describe the feasibility of these proposed strategies and provide an overview of recent published evidences to control microorganisms in the poultry industry, considering the human health, food safety, and economic aspects of poultry production.     

Ultrasound applications in poultry meat processing: A systematic review

Ultrasound (US) is classified as a nonthermal treatment and it is used in food processing at a frequency range between 20 kHz and 1 MHz. Cavitation bubbles occur when the US strength is high enough to generate rarefaction that exceeds the intermolecular attraction forces in the medium. Currently, US is widely used in meat industries to enhance procedures, such as meat tenderization, emulsification mass transfer, marination, freezing, homogenization, crystallization, drying, and microorganism inactivation. In addition, combining ultrasonic energy with a sanitizing agent has a synergistic effect on microbial reduction. When poultry meat is treated using US, the expected quality is often better than the traditional methods, such as sanitization and freezing. US can be considered as a novel green technology for tenderizing and decontamination of poultry meat since both Escherichia coli and Salmonella are sensible to US. US improves the physical and chemical properties of meat proteins and can lead to a decrease in the α-helix in intramuscular protease complex in addition to a reduction in the viscosity coefficients. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment can be applied to enhance the textural properties of chicken meat. US can also be used to improve the drying rate when used under vacuum, compared with other traditional techniques. This review focuses on the potential of US applications in the management of poultry industries as the demand for good quality meat proteins is increasing worldwide.     

Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial ribosomal genes from fresh and stored animal feeds

Feed quality can be influenced by both the microbial population levels and types of organisms that become associated with the feed matrices during processing and storage. Evaluation of microbial quality of animal feeds is difficult, because feeds generally contain a diverse bacterial population that can fluctuate widely depending on a variety of factors. Microbial diversity may be investigated in animal feed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA primers. In this study a bacterial isolation step involving centrifugation was combined with several DNA extraction techniques, and PCR amplicons were visualised on electrophoresis gels. Seven different animal feeds and two commonly used feed ingredients, either fresh or stored for approximately 14 months at ?20 °C, were chosen (18 feed sources in total) to represent a variety of different matrices, concentrations of macronutrients such as protein and fat, and particle sizes. DNA extraction involving polyethylene glycol 8000 appeared to be the most reliable protocol for the extraction of community DNA for PCR analysis of feeds. The majority of the feeds (14 out of 18 animal feeds and feed ingredients) examined in this study yielded at least one PCR‐positive replicate (1.1 kb band on gel), whereas no amplified products could be obtained from either of the other two DNA extraction protocols. Although some protocol refinement may be necessary for individual feeds, this approach has the potential to be a reliable method for monitoring microbial diversity changes in feeds and for rapid, simultaneous detection of a wide variety of micro‐organisms in animal feeds during processing and storage. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermophysical properties of processed meat and poultry products

Thermophysical properties of various meat and poultry emulsions were evaluated at four temperatures (20, 40, 60 and 80 °C). Thermal conductivities (0.26–0.48 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) increased linearly with temperature between 20 and 60 °C. Between 60 and 80 °C, it remained constant for most products except bologna. Curves for thermal conductivity as a function of temperature could be roughly grouped into two different categories: products containing meat particles and those containing meat emulsions. The application of various models was investigated for thermal conductivity prediction. It was found that a three phase structural based Kirscher model had the potential for predicting thermal conductivities with acceptable accuracy. Densities decreased slightly as a function of temperature from 20 to 40 °C. A transition phase was observed from 40 to 60 °C, which was followed by a decrease from 60 to 80 °C. There was a decrease of about 50 kg m⁻³ between the density of a raw product at room temperature (at maximum 1070 kg m⁻³) and the product heated to 80 °C (at minimum 970 kg m⁻³), due to the gelation or setting of the structure. After a transition period from 10 to 30 °C, the heat capacity increased linearly from 30 to 80 °C, and ranged from 2850 to 3380 J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹, respectively. Densities and heat capacities were strongly influenced by the carbohydrate content (i.e. as the carbohydrate content increased the density decreased). The salt content adversely affected thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity values. However, these parameters increased with moisture content.     

Natural occurrence of zearalenone and trichothecene toxins in maize-based animal feeds in zambia

A year-long collection of maize-based animal feed samples from the National Milling Company and mouldy maize collected from farmers fields near Lusaka were analysed for Fusarium mycotoxins. In the survey, 148 samples were tested for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, and 60 samples for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Zearalenone was present up to 0.6 mg kg^?1 in 17% of the feed samples, and deoxynivalenol was found at I-0 mg kg^?1 in 1.4 % of these samples. This is the first report of these toxins in animal feeds in Zambia. Zearalenone was also found in 57.6 % of the 33 mouldy maize samples collected at levels ranging from 0.08 to 6.0 mg kg^?1 (mean concentration 1.11 mg kg^?1), and 49.5% of these samples contained deoxynivalenol at levels ranging from 0.5 to 16.0 mg kg^?1 (mean concentration 5.56 mg kg ^?1). T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol were not detected.     

Animal Feed Production and Contamination by Foodborne Salmonella

Animal feeds can potentially become contaminated with foodborne Salmonella either during harvesting, processing at the feed mill or during storage. Any environment that comes in contact with feed during these stages that also harbors Salmonella can theoretically contaminate the feed. This also holds true for ingredients that are combined with feeds as they are being mixed at the feed mill. Animal feeds are also potential reservoirs for cross contamination from Salmonella containing vectors and environmental sources while being fed to animals. Although several factors may determine the extent of contamination, the potential for infection in animals these have not been well characterized. In addition, certain animal management and feeding programs can lead to animals becoming more susceptible to Salmonella colonization and invasion. Control measures to limit Salmonella contamination of feed include agents that directly reduce or destroy the organism in feed. Antimicrobial compounds and management strategies have also been developed for preventing colonization and eliminating Salmonella colonized in the gastrointestinal tract. The future prospects for minimizing Salmonella contaminated feed will probably involve combining more efficient monitoring and sampling approaches with more rapid and sensitive detection technologies.

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Zusammenfassung (Redaktion). Futtermittel k?nnen schon bei der Ernte der Futterpflanzen sowie w?hrend der Futter-Herstellung oder -Lagerung von Salmonellen kontaminiert werden; grunds?tzlich kann dies überall dort passieren, wo Futtermittel mit der Au?enwelt (mit Salmonellen) in Kontakt kommen. Dies gilt ebenso für Zusatzstoffe, die den Futtermitteln in Futtermühlen beigemengt werden. Futtermittel sind auch potenzielle Reservoire für die Kontamination mit Salmonellen w?hrend des Fütterns von Tieren. Obwohl das Ausma? einer solchen Kontamination mit Salmonellen von etlichen Faktoren bestimmt wird, sind die Umst?nde, die zur Infektion der Tiere führen k?nnen, noch nicht ausreichend charakterisiert worden. Au?erdem k?nnen bestimmte Tierhaltungs- und Fütterungsverfahren eine Infektion von Tieren durch Salmonella sogar begünstigen. Um dieses zu verhindern, k?nnen Wirkstoffe eingesetzt werden, welche die Salmonella-Populationen im Futter reduzieren oder zerst?ren. Es wurden ebenso Verfahren mit antimikrobiell wirksamen Stoffen entwickelt, um eine Besiedlung des Gastrointestinaltraktes durch Salmonella zu verhindern bzw. dort bereits vorhandene Samonellen abzut?ten. Zukünftig mu? ein effektiveres Monitoring- und Probenahme-Verfahren mit schnelleren und empfi ndlicheren Nachweisverfahren kombiniert werden, um eine eventuelle Kontamination von Futtermitteln durch Salmonella zu minimieren.

     

家禽生产中弯曲菌防控技术研究进展

弯曲菌是世界范围内引起人细菌性胃肠炎主要病原菌之一,而家禽作为弯曲菌的重要储库是人类弯曲菌病的主要来源。研究表明对生产初级阶段的鸡群中弯曲菌进行预防和控制有益于保障食品安全和公众健康。目前研究的弯曲菌防控措施主要包括卫生和生物安全措施、饮水和饲料处理、噬菌体应用、免疫策略等方面。本文就家禽生产中弯曲菌防控技术的最新研究进展进行综述,以期为家禽生产中弯曲菌防控措施的选择与应用提供理论参考。     

Ensiling of soybean curd residue and wet brewers grains with or without other feeds as a total mixed ration

Wet brewers grains and soybean curd residue were stored in laboratory-scale silos without (BG and SC silages, respectively) or with other ingredients as total mixed rations (BGT and SCT silages, respectively). Silages were opened after 14 and 56 d, and microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability were determined. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was carried out to examine bacterial communities, and several bacteria that appeared to be involved in fermentation were identified. Lactic acid content was greater in SCT than in BGT silage, but lower in SC than in BG silage. Ethanol content was greater in BG than in SC regardless of silage type. Aerobic deterioration occurred promptly in ensiling materials (nonensiled by-products and total mixed ration mixtures) and in silages stored alone; however, SCT and BGT silages resisted deterioration and no heating was found for more than 5.5 d regardless of storage period. Silages were stable even with high yeast populations at silo opening, whereas prolonged ensiling decreased yeast counts in the 2 total mixed ration silages. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles appeared similar between SCT and BGT silages but not between SC and BG silages. Weissella spp. and Lactobacillus brevis were common in aerobically stable SCT and BGT silages, and Lactobacillus buchneri was detected only in BGT silage. Both L. brevis and L. buchneri were found in silage but not in ensiling materials. Several other lactic acid bacteria were also identified in SCT and BGT silages, but did not appear to be related to fermentation and aerobic stability.     

Influence of the storage conditions on some physicochemical and mycological parameters of honey

The authors studied the changes in yeast and mould counts, pH, free and lactone acidity, colour and sugar composition undergone by honeys with water contents of 169, 188 and 220 g kg^-1 on storage at refrigeration temperature (4–7°C), room temperature and 28°C for two years. Of the solid culture media assayed, honey agar and osmophilic medium fostered yeast growth while malt-extract agar and yeast-extract-malt-extract agar allowed for better development of filamentous fungi. The yeasts isolated belonged to the genera Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces, while filamentous moulds were of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria. The honeys studied underwent no visible microbial alternations under any of the conditions tested, although yeast population increased significantly with time. Free and lactone acidity increased slightly but the pH was practically constant. The honeys darkened gradually with time, the effect increasing with the storage temperature. The analysis of various sugars carried out by capillary column gas chromatography of their trimethylsilyloxime derivatives indicated that all of them changed significantly after 2 years. Levels of fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, kojibiose, isomaltose and trisaccharides decreased with time whereas those of maltulose and turanose increased over the same period.