Stabilizing control of variable impedance power systems: Applications to variable series capacitor systems

In future electric power systems, it will be very important to utilize existing ac networks more effectively with the help of power electronics technology. It has become clear that various types of apparatus utilizing such power electronics technologies as variable series capacitors (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifters (HSPS) can improve transient stability and damping in one-machine, infinite-bus power systems. This paper presents a novel control scheme for variable impedance apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS devices in multi-machine power systems. First, this paper describes a comprehensive approach for control design of VSrC and HSPS apparatus. The proposed control scheme is based on the energy function of multi-machine power systems. The controllers are designed so that the time derivative of the energy function has a smaller negative value than that without controllers. In this sense, the present method assures the improvement of first-swing stability and damping. Next, the proposed control scheme is applied to VSrC apparatus. Digital simulations and eigenvalue analysis are conducted for a three-machine loop system and a five-machine radial system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results make it clear that the proposed controllers for VSrC can significantly improve both the transient stability and the steady-state stability of power systems.     

Power system stabilizing control by a superconducting magnetic energy storage with a high-speed phase shifter

Electric power demand has increased rapidly and this is expected to continue. Undamped power swings with low frequency tend to occur in large power systems with complex configuration. Therefore, several stabilizing control schemes, e.g., a power system stabilizer (PSS), have already been investigated. On the other hand, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is expected to be an effective apparatus in power systems since any SMES located in power systems is capable of leveling load demand, compensating for load changes, maintaining bus voltages and stabilizing power swings. The effectiveness of each function, however, depends upon the location of the SMES in the power system because output power from the SMES is distributed according to the impedance ratio of the transmission line at the SMES location. Therefore, it is difficult for SMES to serve two different purposes simultaneously. This paper proposes a combination of SMES with a high-speed phase shifter (HSPS). The HSPS, which consists of a phase shift transformer and a set of power converters, is capable of controlling the power flow of the transmission line by adjusting the phase angle of a phase shift transformer. Therefore, it is expected that the combination of SMES and HSPS can realize a highly effective controller independent of its location. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed apparatus located far from a generator in a long distance bulk power transmission system is capable of stabilizing the power swing as effectively as the SMES located at a generator terminal. In addition, the effectiveness of both load change compensation and power system stabilization is confirmed numerically.     

基于广域测量的在线电压稳定监视

广域测量技术的发展和应用为电力系统电压稳定监视奠定了基础。对采用局部电压、电流变化估计电网侧等值阻抗进行了分析,指出利用SCADA/EMS测量数据不能准确估计电网侧等值阻抗的缺陷,提出基于节点电压和负荷电流相量变化的改进方法和电压稳定性指标。采用广域测量系统间接地避免潮流方程在临界点的不收敛,弥补传统方法在应用中存在的系统规模过大、非线性模型不准确、数据多且更新不及时、速度慢等缺陷。通过仿真计算表明该指标能够正确指示节点的电压稳定性,适于对节点在线静态电压稳定的监视,具有一定实用性。     

基于参考电流型光伏发电系统变功率输出控制策略

针对两级式光伏并网发电系统变功率输出技术的研究及应用现状,提出了一种新型的参考电流型变功率输出控制策略。通过光伏功率与指定功率的比较,实时改变光伏电流,可以实现最大功率跟踪和指定功率跟踪两种功率输出模式,并且在日照强度变化情况下能够快速有效地控制光伏功率的输出。所提控制策略对Boost变换器进行小信号建模,详细分析了不同功率下光伏阵列等效阻抗对前级系统稳定性的影响,并介绍了双模式功率输出的控制器设计。最后仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

含线间潮流控制器的电力系统联合潮流计算

线间潮流控制器(IPFC)能实现线路间的潮流转移和分配,可用于解决电力系统中潮流不均引起的一系列问题,具有较大的应用潜力和价值。为评估IPFC工程应用价值,需实现含IPFC的大系统潮流计算,但目前我国多用于电网规划设计的大型电力系统分析软件中没有开发IPFC模型。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于Matlab与PSD-BPA的含IPFC电力系统的联合潮流计算方法。首先推导了IPFC功率注入模型的数学表达式,并设计了Matlab与BPA联合潮流计算的计算框架,由Matlab进行IPFC求解计算,BPA进行大电网潮流计算,通过数据交换接口完成两种仿真软件的交互与交替求解。进一步对IPFC功率注入模型进行改进,提出了一种基于PI控制器的变步长潮流迭代策略提高了计算方法的收敛性。以南通西北片电网为例,对提出方法进行了仿真验证,计算结果表明了提出方法的正确性和有效性。     

船舶岸电系统中变频电源控制参数辨识方法

从"岸侧主网—变频电源—船舶系统"三者一体化的角度出发,以变频电源控制技术为核心,提出了一种基于优先级排序和权重阈值的变频电源控制参数辨识方法,用于不同工况下的变频电源控制参数寻优。仿真结果表明,所提方法有利于寻找不同工况下的变频电源最优控制参数,实现对船舶岸电系统变频电源的灵活控制。     

Robust stabilization of a power system based on direct control of generator power by a series variable impedance unit

Power system stabilizing controllers have become more and more intelligent with the advancement of technologies in power electronics devices and circuit topologies. However, nonlinearities that are inherent in power system dynamics often spoil the robustness of a power system controller designed at an operating point. In this paper we propose a power system stabilizing controller using a variable series impedance unit with a control reference to obtain the prespecified linearized power swing characteristics. It is expected that the control scheme will be robust in the sense that the control parameters do not have to be readjusted even if the configuration or the operating point of the power system is changed. Some numerical studies demonstrate the significant effect of the proposed controller, in which a variable series impedance is used, on the power system stabilization. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 123(4): 34–40, 1998     

改善含风电场虚拟惯量互联电力系统稳定性的自适应鲁棒滑模控制策略

在以风电为代表的可再生能源大规模接入传统电力系统的背景下,非同步机电源与同步机电源之间的耦合作用以及风电出力的不确定性,使互联电力系统稳定性控制面临复杂的运行场景。针对该问题,基于功率平衡原理建立考虑双馈风电机组虚拟惯量影响的同步发电机组等效转子运动模型,将系统参数协调性及故障因素统一表达为等效惯量参数摄动及有界的不确定扰动;运用滑模变结构方法,结合等效惯量和等效阻尼的可变性及可控性,提出一种自适应鲁棒滑模控制策略以改善互联电力系统的动态稳定性。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统的虚拟惯量控制方法相比,所提控制策略能够更好地抑制频率振荡,降低频率变化率以及相对功角振荡幅度。     

考虑小干扰稳定的海上风电经不控整流直流送出系统 控制器参数优化设计

风机并网逆变器及送电系统的稳定性是大规模海上风力发电系统稳定运行的重要保证。提出一种考虑小干扰稳定的海上风电系统控制器参数优化设计方法。首先,利用谐波线性化原理推导了直驱风机并网逆变器、送端采用不控整流器的高压直流(diode-rectifier based HVDC, DR-HVDC)输电系统的序阻抗模型。然后,分析了风场经DR-HVDC并网互联系统的特点,讨论了稳定判据的适用性。进而,从控制器的角度,确定直驱风机并网逆变器控制系统的控制带宽和阻尼比的取值范围。并在此基础上,从系统的角度,综合考虑互联系统的右半平面零极点和控制参数等对阻抗比值的作用。最后,给出直驱风机并网逆变器的控制系统参数优化设计流程。基于Matlab/Simulink 建立海上风电经DR-HVDC直流送出系统的时域仿真模型。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性和所提方法的有效性。     

Unbalanced power flow calculation of a power system containing a variable‐speed generator

There are some factors that render a power system network unbalanced: UHV transmission lines in which three‐phase transmission lines are not transposed, an unbalanced transformer, unbalanced load as well as sustained unbalanced faults. On the other hand, the number of variable‐speed generators used in pumping‐up power stations has recently been increasing in Japan. This paper presents a new means of calculating unbalanced power flow of a power system which contains variable‐speed pumping‐up generators. This new technique is based on the phase coordinate method, because a power system which has elements of unsymmetrical impedance can easily be analyzed by using it. In this paper, phase coordinate models of the variable‐speed generator and its secondary exciting circuit, composed of a GTO converter/inverter, are analyzed first. Procedures of power flow calculation of unbalanced power systems follow. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(3): 34–43, 2001     

Decentralized robust adaptive-output feedback controller for power system load frequency control

In this paper, a new model reference-decentralized robust adaptive-output feedback controller is proposed for the load frequency control (LFC) of large-scale power systems with unknown parameters. This control strategy requires only local input–output data and can follow random changes in the operating conditions. The controller is designed such that the trajectory errors and the control gains of each area remain uniformly bounded. In the proposed method, firstly an adaptive observer is designed to estimate the state variables and system parameters using local data only. Then a locally linear combination of the estimated states and the model reference states are used to design a robust adaptive-output feedback controller for each area. Simulation results for a three-area power system show that the proposed controller achieves good performance even in the presence of plant parameter changes and system non-linearities. Received: 18 October 2001/Accepted: 24 October 2001     

可重构技术在电力系统实时计算中的应用

可重构计算技术是一类新兴的高性能计算技术。简述了可重构计算这一新的技术,并概述了可重构计算技术在电力系统潮流及暂态稳定性计算中的应用。可重构计算技术结合适当的计算方法,可以大大提高电力系统分析计算的效率,因而在现代大规模电力系统实时分析计算及控制中具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于组播的功率调节系统在光伏电站的应用

针对大容量光伏电站中逆变器数量较多时采用点对点的功率调节方式致使调节速度慢、调节时间长的问题,提出了一种基于组播的功率调节系统。通过UDP组播一次性对全站逆变器下发遥调指令,以提高整个电站的调节速度。详细介绍了功率调节控制系统的结构、控制模式及控制策略。在进行电压无功控制时充分利用逆变器的无功容量替代SVG的功能,大大节约大型光伏电站的成本。该系统已在甘肃金昌振新100 MWp光伏电站中成功应用,算例验证了所述方法的有效性。     

计及统一潮流控制器的电力系统双层协调弹性调度

极端天气造成的故障会引发潮流转移,触发连锁故障,从而增加了大规模停电事故发生的概率。高比例电力电子设备接入电网的趋势增加了电网调度的灵活性。因此,提出计及统一潮流控制器的电力系统双层协调弹性调度策略。采用随机场景生成的方法模拟极端天气事件;通过潮流熵定量描述极端天气下潮流分布的不均衡性,以表征发生连锁故障的风险;将弹性调度代价最低和潮流熵最低分别作为上下层模型的目标函数,同时基于统一潮流控制器的调节潮流特性,构建双层弹性调度模型;基于KKT条件和对偶原则,将原双层调度模型转化为单层混合整数线性优化模型进行求解,并通过装有统一潮流控制器的IEEE 39和IEEE118节点系统进行算例仿真,验证了所提模型在降低大规模停电事故概率和提升系统弹性方面的有效性。     

基于电容器投切法的牵引供电系统谐波阻抗测试分析

针对牵引供电系统供电拓扑结构复杂、系统等效阻抗难以精确计算等特点,提出基于电容器投切法的谐波阻抗测试方法。并联电容器开关闭合的过程可以等效为一个谐波源向系统注入谐波电流,基于此建立了阻抗测试系统用于处理拓扑结构特殊的牵引供电系统,该阻抗测试系统由27.5 kV/380 V的变压器、电容器、开关和负载阻抗组成。考虑到现场测量中存在背景谐波、噪声等干扰,利用波动量法和小波分层算法对采集信号进行处理。基于Simulink仿真平台搭建牵引供电系统阻抗测量模型,仿真及误差分析结果验证了所提方法能有效地测量牵引供电系统的谐波阻抗。     

基于宽频带扰动的牵引供电系统频域阻抗测量方法

当不能准确获取牵引供电系统详细的拓扑及参数时,很难对其频域阻抗特性进行量化计算与分析。为得到精确的牵引供电系统频域阻抗特性,提出了一种基于宽频带扰动的牵引供电系统频域阻抗精确测量方法。介绍了牵引供电系统频域阻抗测量原理;基于正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)机理,结合能量谱分析,提出了一种只需一次实验即能得到牵引供电系统测量点处精确频域阻抗特性的测量方法;通过软件仿真和实物实验分别对所建牵引供电系统模型进行频域阻抗测量,结果表明阻抗测量值均能够与理论值保持一致,共同验证了所提阻抗测量方法的正确性与实用性。     

基于储能装置的柔性直流输电技术提高大规模风电系统稳定运行能力的研究

大规模风电集中接入电网对直流输电技术提出了更高的要求。为此,提出了基于储能装置的柔性直流输电并网传输系统拓扑结构。根据dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC(Voltage Source Converter HVDC)系统的数学模型,设计了相应的换流器直接电流控制策略。其中送端换流站解耦控制器实现了风电场输出有功功率和无功功率的独立控制,受端换流站采用将储能装置充放电功率偏差值作为直流电压控制器附加信号的控制策略。最后,以配备双馈风电机组的风电场经柔性直流输电系统接入电网进行仿真分析,针对风电场在噪声风引起的输电功率波动、受端换流站侧交流系统短路故障等情况进行仿真验证,结果表明该控制方案有效可行。     

电力系统硬件在环仿真应用的现状及展望

硬件在环仿真(HILS)是提升现代大电网系统仿真准确性、支撑开展高压直流/新能源等装置可靠性验证的有效手段。首先,在介绍HILS基本架构和优势的基础上阐述了HILS在提升电网一次系统仿真准确性、支撑电网二次控制系统测试验证方面的技术及应用现状;然后分析了电力系统HILS平台构建面临的挑战,提出可接入多异构数据模型的灵活架构技术、有限仿真资源下新能源场站等值和大型二次系统等效技术、控制对象接入的通用接口技术等技术方向;最后,从传统技术深化和与新技术融合发展2个角度探讨了电力系统HILS的未来发展趋势,以期对相关平台研发和仿真实验工作提供一定参考。     

计及PEV聚合器的含可再生能源电力系统AGC调节功率的协调调度

随着可再生能源的大规模并网,其间歇和随机特性给电力系统的频率稳定和控制带来巨大挑战。基于现有自动发电控制框架,根据常规发电机组和插电式电动车(PEVs)的互补特性,提出了一个基于模型预测控制(MPC)的优化控制框架。MPC负荷分配器根据常规发电机组和PEVs不同时间尺度的动态和AGC执行周期,在满足调节功率和电能约束的条件下,协调控制来自常规发电机组和PEVs的调节功率,使ACE跟踪误差和调节成本最小。仿真结果证明,提出的方法能够实现AGC性能的改善和调节成本的节约。     

Utility interactive system using induction machines to supply mechanical power stored in solar batteries

Solar energy is a very attractive potential power source because of its clean and inexhaustible supply. However, the electric power that can be supplied by solar batteries is variable because it depends on weather conditions. Therefore, the supply is either stabilized by storing power in batteries, or it is added to the general utility network via an inverter. Such systems, however, have cost- and maintenance-related problems. This paper proposes a new utility interactive system that is composed of induction machine A connected to a solar battery through a general purpose inverter and another induction machine B interconnected to the utility line. The frequency of the inverter driving machine A is selected such that solar power can be maximally utilized. This system can supply a stable mechanical load with the required power by parallel operation of two induction machines even in rainy weather and, moreover, recharge the solar battery for the utility line in good weather. This proposed system is economical and useful as a small decentralized power supply because a power filter for rejecting high frequency noises and a detector for a power failure are not necessary. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (2): 70–78, 1997