Effects of starter cultures and additives on the quality of Turkish style sausage (sucuk)

The effects of starter cultures and additives on the quality of Turkish style sausage (sucuk) were investigated during ripening and storage. Total aerobic plate counts (aerobic bacteria), mould and yeast counts, pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and biogenic amine formation were followed. Aerobic bacteria increased (P<0.05) during the first 10 days of ripening to 9.26 log CFU/g and they decreased (P<0.05) to 5.70 at the end of the storage. Larger reductions (P<0.05) were observed in sausages made with high levels of potassium sorbate, nitrite and nitrate than in those containing low levels of additives and those without additives at the end of storage. During the first 3 days of ripening, the pH values of all sausages decreased (P<0.05) from 5.98 to about 4.53. Later, the pH values increased slowly, due to decomposition of acids to an approximately constant value of about 5.20. TBA values were higher (P<0.05) in the sausages made without additives than in the others. Sausages prepared using high concentration of additives had lower (P<0.05) concentrations of biogenic amines than the others. Addition of starter culture with high concentration of additives (nitrite, nitrate, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate, potassium pyrophosphate and di-potassium hydrogenphosphate) decreased the formation of biogenic amine.     

Characterization of Biogenic Amines and Factors Influencing Their Formation in Traditional Chinese Sausages

Abstract: Biogenic amines in 42 traditional Chinese sausage samples obtained from different regions were determined by HPLC. The result showed that cadaverine was the major amine, followed by tyramine and putrescine. A total of 4 groups of samples were identified on the basis of total amines by cluster analysis. Group A included samples showing low amine contents (76.5 to 220 mg/kg) and accounted for 28.5% of the sausages examined. Group B included samples with moderate amine contents (220 to 600 mg/kg) and accounted for 45.2%. Group C included 11.9% of the samples showing high total biogenic amines contents (600 to 1000 mg/kg) and group D contained 14.28% of the samples showing very high levels of biogenic amines (higher than 1000 mg/kg). High correlation coefficients were found between the total counts of Enterobacteria and concentrations of total biogenic amines (r = 0.73). Sanitary quality of raw materials and the specific flora are import factors influencing biogenic amines formation in traditional Chinese sausages. Practical Application : Biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to human health worldwide and are usually found in fermented sausage.Traditional Chinese sausage is one form of spontaneously fermented sausage and manufactured in small-scale plants following spontaneous fermentation. Little information, however, exists on the traditional Chinese sausage.     

Packaging Film Permeability in Conjunction with Sodium Nitrite, Potassium Sorbate or Lactic Acid Starter Culture for Control of Clostridium sporogenes (PA3679) Growth in Sliced Bologna

A sliced bologna was prepared and inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes (PA3679), packaged in films ranging in oxygen permeability from 0.1 cc/m²/24 hr to 120 cc/m²/24 hr and stored at 5°C, 15°C or 25°C. Subsequent bologna preparations included either 156 ppm sodium nitrite, 0.26% potassium sorbate or a lactic acid starter culture. Water activity, pH, TBA number and PA3679 counts were monitored during 28 days of storage. TBA numbers increased in packages with over 60 cc/m²/24 hr permeability but PA3679 counts did not change as a function of packaging film. Nitrite and sorbate were equally effective as inhibitors. At 15°C and 25°C, the lactic acid culture allowed the least PA3679 growth. Oxygen permeability did not alter any inhibitory effects even when increased TBA numbers resulted from using an oxygen-permeable film.     

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of probiotic Turkish fermented sausage

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of Turkish fermented sausage manufactured by using probiotic starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus or their combination) were investigated before and after fermentation-drying period and during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 8 months at 2 month intervals. As results of the study, during fermentation and storage biogenic amine content (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine) of the samples were increased significantly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and fecal coliform microorganisms were not detected during fermentation and storage. Probiotic microorganism counts of all samples were higher than the lower limit of 6.0 log cfu/g which is requested for probiotic foods.     

Effect of Liquid Smoke on the Growth of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures used to Manufacture Fermented Sausage

Fermented sausage was manufactured using a commercial lactic acid starter culture and varying levels of liquid smoke. Samples were taken during the 24 hr fermentation period and the lactic bacterial count, pH and titratable acidity determined. Final pH values, titratable acidity and lactic bacterial counts were not affected by recommended use levels of liquid smoke, although exponential growth was delayed. Growth studies in a broth medium containing liquid smoke suggest that liquid smoke has the potential for inhibiting the lactic starter cultures used to make fermented sausage.     

Preventing bacterial contamination and proliferation during the harvest, storage, and feeding of fresh bovine colostrum

The objectives of this study were to identify control points for bacterial contamination of bovine colostrum during the harvesting and feeding processes, and to describe the effects of refrigeration and use of potassium sorbate preservative on bacteria counts in stored fresh colostrum. For objective 1, first-milking colostrum samples were collected aseptically directly from the mammary glands of 39 cows, from the milking bucket, and from the esophageal feeder tube. For objective 2, 15-mL aliquots of colostrum were collected from the milking bucket and allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 1) refrigeration, 2) ambient temperature, 3) refrigeration with potassium sorbate preservative, and 4) ambient temperature with potassium sorbate preservative. Subsamples from each treatment group were collected after 24, 48, and 96 h of storage. All samples underwent bacteriological culture for total plate count and coliform count. Bacteria counts were generally low or zero in colostrum collected directly from the gland [mean (SD) log₁₀ cfu/mL_udder = 1.44 (1.45)]. However, significant bacterial contamination occurred during the harvest process [mean (SD) log₁₀ cfu/mL_bucket = 4.99 (1.95)]. No additional bacterial contamination occurred between the bucket and the esophageal feeder tube. Storing colostrum at warm ambient temperatures resulted in the most rapid increase in bacteria counts, followed by intermediate rates of growth in nonpre-served refrigerated samples or preserved samples stored at ambient temperature. The most effective treatment studied was the use of potassium sorbate preservative in refrigerated samples, for which total plate count and total coliform counts dropped significantly and then remained constant during the 96-h storage period.     

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of probiotic Turkish fermented sausage

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of Turkish fermented sausage manufactured by using probiotic starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus or their combination) were investigated before and after fermentation-drying period and during refrigerated storage at 4?±?1?°C for 8?months at 2?month intervals. As results of the study, during fermentation and storage biogenic amine content (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine) of the samples were increased significantly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and fecal coliform microorganisms were not detected during fermentation and storage. Probiotic microorganism counts of all samples were higher than the lower limit of 6.0 log cfu/g which is requested for probiotic foods.     

Selected Microbiological Properties of Kashar Cheese Samples Preserved with Potassium Sorbate

Kashar cheese, traditionally produced, is a popular dairy product in Turkey. Kashar cheese—a hard cheese—is frequently contaminated with mould. Potassium sorbate can be used for preservation of Kashar cheese. In this article, the effect of potassium sorbate on the microbiological characteristics of Kashar cheese was studied. It was found that the microbial counts at stored at 4 ± 0.1°C for 12 and 24 hours were not different from that of fresh milk samples. The means of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, proteolytic microorganisms, lipolytic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and yeast-moulds in the cheese samples were determined as 4.3 × 10⁷, 2.1 × 10⁵, 3.5 × 10, 1.2 × 10, 4.5 × 10⁵, 5.6 × 10⁴, 1.7 × 10³, and 4.8 × 10⁴ cfu/g, respectively. The addition of potassium sorbate to Kashar cheese decreased the coliform and yeast-mould counts. The yeast and mould counts of cheese samples with added dry potassium sorbate were lower than that of fluid potassium sorbate.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Undissociated Sorbic Acid in Vacuum Packaged Beef

Inhibitory effectiveness of sorbic acid was analyzed in vacuum packaged refrigerated beef by studying the modifications of bacterial growth parameters. Total counts, Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enrerobacreriaceae, Brochorhrix thermosphacta and yeasts in samples of different pH values (5.70–6.20) which had been treated with potassium sorbate (27–3125 ppm) showed variations in the lag phase, growth rate, stationary phase and inhibition index. For refrigerated beef the contribution of sorbic acid dissociated fraction to the inhibitory effect was negligible, Considering growth parameters’dependence on undissociated sorbic acid concentration a mathematical model of microbial growth in treated beef was derived, which could be used to predict product shelf-life.     

CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROHU FISH (LABEO ROHITA) SAUSAGE DURING STORAGE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Sausage is a commonly used food and it is gaining wide popularity in the recent years. In this work, sausage was prepared from minced Rohu ( Labeo rohita ) fillets using a standard recipe with and without addition of the preservative, potassium sorbate, in permitted levels and packed in natural casings. The prepared sausages showed appealing appearance with characteristic resilient properties. The evaluation of their physical, chemical, organoleptic and microbiological characteristics during storage at 5 and 25C was carried out. After 2 days of storage at ambient temperature, the control samples (without potassium sorbate) lost their cohesive nature and appeared pasty and sticky, accompanied by water oozing out and detachment from the casing due to fermentation and subsequent gas formation, as evidenced by fermented odor, decreased pH and increased total bacterial count. In the case of samples with potassium sorbate (treated), these symptoms of spoilage were observed after 4 days of storage. Similarly, the control samples at refrigerated temperature (5C) were found spoiled after 13 days of storage and those with the preservative were spoiled after 16 days.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Acceptability of freshwater fish to the market can be increased by value addition. Sausage is already a well-accepted product in the commercial market. Freshwater fish has a muddy flavor, which is an unpalatability for consumption. Therefore, we introduced the addition of mint to avoid the muddy flavor. We tried different storage conditions for the sausage and tried the effect of potassium sorbate for increasing shelf life. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, ginger, etc., were added to the sausage, which were also found to increase the shelf life. From the study, we have optimized the suitable temperature and storage days for obtaining the acceptable product.     

东北自然发酵酸菜细菌多样性及其与生物胺的关系

酸菜是我国东北地区独具特色的传统发酵食品。酸菜发酵过程中复杂的微生物代谢过程会产生潜在的危害物——生物胺。以东北不同地区自然发酵酸菜为对象,研究酸菜细菌多样性及其与生物胺的关系。研究表明,6个地区的酸菜样品总酸、亚硝酸盐、食盐、还原糖、游离氨基酸、生物胺含量,菌落总数及乳酸菌总数存在显著差异,其中菌落总数、乳酸菌总数及生物胺含量分别为5.11~5.81lg(CFU/g)、4.09~5.12lg(CFU/g)、59.22~131.34mg/kg。采用高通量测序分析技术对东北自然发酵酸菜样品中细菌群落结构组成进行对比分析。结果表明,酸菜样品中的优势细菌属主要包括乳杆菌属和节杆菌属。Spearman相关性分析表明,在相对丰度排名前10位的细菌属中,不溶螺杆菌属与尸胺含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与组胺含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);弓形杆菌属与精胺含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);丛毛单胞菌属与亚精胺含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);小球菌属与酪胺含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);不溶螺杆菌属和节杆菌属与酪胺含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);普雷沃氏菌属与精胺含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,在后续研究中可以通过分离纯化与生物胺呈负相关的菌株作为功能性发酵剂,抑制发酵蔬菜中生物胺的产生及积累。研究旨在为了解生物胺形成规律及机制,有效控制酸菜生物胺生成,提升自然发酵酸菜品质及安全性提供理论依据。     

Type of bacterial starter culture,aging and fermentation effects on some characteristics of inoculated beef sausages

Beef sausage mixes were inoculated with either Pediococcus acidilactici with Staphylococcus xylosus or P. acidilactici with S. carnosus, subdivided and then held for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h at 8–10 °C prior to fermentation. After aging (pre-fermentation holding), the mixes were fermented for 16 h ending at 41 °C. Moisture, protein and fat contents of all sausage mixes did not differ due to holding effects over all starter cultures. The pH of mixes followed the same pattern for all mixes, declining (p < 0.05) from approximately 5.8 to pH 5.2–5.3 at 72 h aging and to 4.4–4.5 after fermentation. Total acidity of the mixes followed an inverse pattern to pH, increasing (p < 0.05) after fermentation although there was no effect due to type of starter culture. Aging had no effect on nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) content as ΔNPN among all cultures. After fermentation, however, sausages held 72 h and inoculated with S. carnosus had higher NPN contents compared to P. acidilactici alone (p < 0.05) and with S. xylosus (p < 0.10). The same effects of starter cultures on changes in total amino acid concentration were observed. Concentrations of individual amino acids showed increases depending on pre-fermentation aging period (0 h versus 72 h) followed by fermentation.     

原料肉贮藏时间对牛肉发酵香肠中微生物菌相变化和蛋白质降解的影响

采用传统微生物计数、高通量测序、凯氏定氮、高效液相色谱等方法,探究牛肉宰后0～4 ℃下不同贮藏时间（0、12、24、36 h）对发酵香肠加工过程中微生物菌相变化、蛋白质降解及其相关性的影响。结果显示,随着牛肉贮藏时间的延长,香肠中菌落总数、大肠菌群数、菌群多样性和丰富度以及蛋白质降解指标均呈上升趋势,总游离氨基酸含量呈下降趋势;香肠成熟阶段中总挥发性盐基氮含量与总生物胺含量之间呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。其中,贮藏36 h牛肉加工的香肠与未经贮藏牛肉加工的香肠对比,菌落总数平均值由2.40×107 CFU/g增加到4.03×107 CFU/g（P＜0.05）,反映菌群多样性的Shannon指数平均值由1.39增长至2.89,优势菌群由整个加工阶段均为葡萄球菌变成前期为魏斯氏菌,后期为葡萄球菌;总游离氨基酸含量平均值由7.09 mg/g减少至6.44 mg/g,总生物胺含量平均值由92.14 mg/kg增长为117.42 mg/kg（P＜0.05）。结论：控制原料牛肉贮藏时间可以有效减少香肠中微生物的总量,降低菌群多样性,抑制蛋白质的降解,减缓生物胺的积累,从而保障发酵香肠的安全性。     

Effects of Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Acetate, Phosphates and Sodium Chloride Alone or in Combination on Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packaged Pork Chops

Microbiological and some physical and chemical effects of treating pork chop surfaces with sodium acid pyrophosphate, a commercial phosphate blend, potassium sorbate and phosphate/sorbate/sodium acetate solutions, with or without sodium chloride, before packaging were studied in pork chops vacuum-packaged and stored at 2–4°C for 10 weeks. All treatments containing potassium sorbate reduced (P<0.05) counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, EnterobacteriaCeae, facultative anaerobes, and lactobacilli. Treatment of chops with 10% phosphates/ 10% potassium sorbate solutions improved pork color and decreased purge. Potassium sorbate alone reduced microbial counts more than it did when combined with phosphates, but chops were darker and had more exudate (P<0.05). Combined use of 10% phosphates/10% potassium sorbate extended shelf life in vacuum-packaged fresh pork chops to 10 weeks at 2–4°C compared with 4 weeks for untreated pork and protected meat color.     

Biomass and Patulin Production by Byssochlamys nivea in Apple Juice as Affected by Sorbate, Benzoate, SO2 and Temperature

The effects of potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, SO₂ and incubation temperature on biomass and patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea in apple juice were determined. Growth at 21, 30 and 37°C over a 25-day incubation period was significantly retarded by 75 ppm SO₂, 150 ppm potassium sorbate and 500 ppm sodium benzoate. Biomass accumulated to approximately 500 mg/100 ml in control samples of apple juice. Patulin was produced in the highest concentrations at 21°C after 20 days incubation. After reaching a maximum concentration at 30 and 37°C, a rapid decline in patulin content was observed. Patulin production was also observed at 12°C. On the basis of concentration, SO₂ had the most significant effect on the rate of biomass and patulin production by B. nivea followed by potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate, respectively.     

Chemical, microbiological and sensory changes associated with fish sauce processing

The production of sardine fermented fish sauce was replicated in the laboratory in order to study the chemical, microbiological and sensory changes associated with the process. Fish sauce were produced by incubating mixtures of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) at different concentrations of sodium chloride and glucose at 37 °C for 57 days. Changes in chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat contents), pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N, mg N/100 g fish flesh), trimethylamine (TMA-N, mg/100 g fish flesh), thiobarbituric acid (TBA, mg malonaldehyde/kg fish flesh), water activity (aw), color measurement, total viable count, lactic acid bacteria count, yeast and moulds counts and sensory analyses were observed. The fish sauces with spices were determined lower bacteria counts than fish sauces without spices. The addition of glucose to the fish sauces caused a significant increasing in the bacterial counts. Staphylococcus aureus and yeast-mould counts were not detected during fermentation period. The use of spices in fermentation of sardine enhanced good color, aroma and taste.     

Effects of sodium lactate and trisodium phosphate on the physicochemical properties and shelf life of low-fat Chinese-style sausage

The efficacy of using additives to improve the shelf life of low-fat (approximately 18%) Chinese-style sausages was demonstrated. Sausages containing 3% sodium lactate (SL), 0.2% trisodium phosphate (TSP) or 0.2% potassium sorbate (KS) compared with the control (CONT) were manufactured and stored at 4°C for 12 weeks. Treatment TSP was the highest in pH during any storage intervals. Generally speaking, all microbial counts were lower for SL but higher for TSP; nonetheless, all treatments had bacterial counts less than 10(7) CFU/g. Low-fat Chinese-style sausage containing 3% sodium lactate resulted in better quality regarding physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. Results also suggested a potential utilization of sodium lactate as an antimicrobial agent.     

Effects of Potassium Sorbate Alone and in Combination with Sodium Chloride on the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium 7136

The effects of potassium sorbate alone and in combination with 2 or 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 7136 were examined. Growth studies were performed in tryptic soy brogh (adjusted to a final pH 6.3) at 22°C for 15 days and 35°C for 48 hr without shaking. A dual plating procedure was employed to monitor growth (tryptic soy agar) and development of injury in the cell population (Levine's eosine methylene blue agar + 2% NaCl + 0.05% sodium desoxycholate). The difference between these two plate counts served as a measure of the number of injured organisms. It was found that combinations of sorbate and NaCl were more effective in the inhibition of S. typhimurium than sorbate alone under the conditions and variables studied. No injury was observed in the cell population as determined by our assay procedure. The combination of 3% NaCl + 0.3% potassium sorbate was the most effective in inhibiting growth of S. typhimurium at either storage temperature.     

Influence of wine turbidity on the accumulation of biogenic amines during aging

In this work the concentration of biogenic amines in filtered and unfiltered wine during aging in oak barrels was studied. Red wine from Merlot grapes was used. The wine remained for 243 days in barrels of American oak (Quercus alba) and French oak (Quercus sessilis) from the Allier and Nevers regions. Results showed that the different degree of wine turbidity did not have any influence on the accumulation of biogenic amines during the aging period. Histamine and tyramine were degraded at the end of aging; however, the concentration of histamine in both matured wines was higher than 8 mg l^?1, which could be a toxic danger to consumers. Putrescine and cadaverine were formed during aging and were not degraded. Phenylethylamine + spermidine were formed, above all, towards the end of the aging period, and the concentration of spermine did not show any appreciable variation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biogenic amine contents in selected Egyptian fermented foods as determined by ion-exchange chromatography

Biogenic amines in foods may pose a public health problem. Therefore, histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine concentrations were measured in selected food items commonly consumed in Egypt. Foods examined were dairy products (blue cheese and Mesh cheese), meats (fermented and smoked cooked sausage), and fish (smoked and salted fermented fish [Feseekh], salted sardines, and anchovies). Egyptian fermented sausage had the highest concentration of total biogenic amines (2,482 mg/kg), followed by Mesh cheese (2,118 mg/kg) and blue cheese (2,084 mg/kg). The lowest concentration was found in smoked cooked sausage (111 mg/kg). Histamine was found at a high level (521 mg/kg) in Feseekh, and tyramine was highest (2,010 mg/kg) in blue cheese. These results indicate that some traditional Egyptian foods may pose a health risk due to the concentration of biogenic amines, especially histamine.