Metallocene QACs: The Incorporation of Ferrocene Moieties into monoQAC and bisQAC Structures

Inspired by the incorporation of metallocene functionalities into a variety of bioactive structures, particularly antimicrobial peptides, we endeavored to broaden the structural variety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) by the incorporation of the ferrocene moiety. Accordingly, 23 ferrocene-containing mono- and bisQACs were prepared in high yields and tested for activity against a variety of bacteria, including Gram-negative strains and a panel of clinically isolated MRSA strains. Ferrocene QACs were shown to be effective antiseptics with some displaying single-digit micromolar activity against all bacteria tested, demonstrating yet another step in the expansion of structural variety of antiseptic QACs.     

Cardon dato (Stenocereus griseus, Cactaceae) fruit pulp as raw material for marmalade production

This study aimed to examine the possibility of producing marmalades from the fruit pulp of the red and white varieties of card6n dato (Stenocereus griseus). We developed the formulations of the marmalades and evaluated their stability during three months of storage at room temperature. As first step, we characterized the fruits of the two color varieties, observing that despite the considerable difference between both color varieties, there were no significant differences in average weight, dimensions and proportion of pulp, skin and seeds. The pulp of the two color types had high pH (5.2) values and low contents of reductor sugars (3.59 g/ 100 g white variety 2.23 g/ 100 g red variety), non reductor sugars (0.75 g/ 100 g white variety and 2.03 g/ 100 g red variety), pectin (0.14 g/ 100 g white variety and 0.23 g/ 100 g red variety) and acids (7.67 g/ 100 g white variety and 0.15 g/ 100 g red variety). It is needed to include sugar, pectin, and citric acid in the marmalade formula. The first marmalades produced were gummy, a problem that we solved adding the acid from the beginning of the making process. During the three months of storage, the marmalades had good acceptance by the evaluators, this despite slight fluctuations observed in pH, solid contents, and acidity.     

三倍体漆树良种大红袍繁育技术

三倍体漆树良种大红袍是大巴山区优良漆树品种,具备生长快、产漆量高等特性,具有很高的推广价值。本文在介绍大红袍特性的基础上,详细描述了大红袍的埋根育苗的技术关键,为在漆树适宜生境广泛推广该品种提供苗木培育方面的技术支持,以提高我国漆树生产中良种的使用率。     

Options available in the Solinox vent gas purification process

Vent gases from different operations may contain a wide variety of compounds. Environmental considerations require they be removed down to different levels. To optimize this task a variety of processes has to be applied, or, alternatively, Solinox.     

Ability of honeybee,Apis mellifera,to detect and discriminate odors of varieties of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) use odors to identify and discriminate among flowers during foraging. This series of experiments examined the ability of bees to detect and discriminate among the floral odors of different varieties of two species of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and also among three varieties of snapdragons (Antirhinnum majus). Individual worker honeybees were trained using a proboscis extension assay. The ability of bees to distinguish a floral odor from an air stimulus during training increased as the number of flowers used during training increased. Bees conditioned to the odor of one variety of flower were asked to discriminate it from the odors of other flowers in two different training assays. Bees were unable to discriminate among flowers at the level of variety in a randomized presentation of a reinforced floral odor and an unreinforced floral odor. In the second type of assay, bees were trained with one floral variety for 40 trials without reinforcement and then tested with the same variety or with other varieties and species. If a bee had been trained with a variety of canola, it was unable to differentiate the odor of one canola flower from the odor of other canola flowers, but it could differentiate canola from the odor of a snapdragon flower. Bees trained with the odor of snapdragon flowers readily differentiated the odor of one variety of a snapdragon from the odor of other varieties of snapdragons and also canola flowers. Our study suggests that both intensity and odor quality affect the ability of honeybees to differentiate among floral perfumes.     

Factors Affecting the Ability of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Meal to Form Stable Meal-Water Suspensions

Six varieties of linseed were grown at six locations in western Canada for one to three years to determine the effect of variety, location and years on the suspension value or mucilage-forming ability of the meal. All factors were significant, with Locations ranging from a mean of 66 to 85%, and varieties from 47 to 96%. The variety “Bison” consistently averaged more than 95%, whereas “Raja” averaged less than 55%. Although the variety × year and variety × location interactions were significant, heritability appears sufficiently high to warrant selecting for high suspension values. Wet weather during harvest was found to be a major factor responsible for low suspension values. However, because of the mixing that occurs during handling and transportation of the seed, it would only be in unusual years that individual cargos would produce meal with reduced suspension values.     

新疆薰衣草规模化生产中的主要问题及应对策略

在简单介绍新疆薰衣草引种栽培历程的基础上,从栽培技术的运用和良种筛选培育的角度阐述新疆在薰衣草规模化生产中存在的问题,并针对性地提出了应对策略.指出在当前生产中存在的种子繁殖效率低、定植密度的确定缺乏品种针对性,以及冬前修剪、水分调控及中耕不到位等栽培技术问题.同时指出品种退化、良种筛选缺乏、育种滞后和品种混杂等问题,...     

浅谈建筑UPVC排水管的应用

由于国内经济建设的持续稳定发展,各种建筑小区、各种高中档次的高层、多层民用住宅、各种型式别墅的建设,各种多功能、大体量的公共建筑的问市,对建筑排水的要求越来越高,本文剖析了UPVC排水管在设计施工中发生的一些常见问题以及容易造成的严重后果,并对这些问题的解决方法进行了探讨,以提高建筑排水工程的设计施工质量,保证其使用的安全性和稳定性。     

Fermentation of wheat and triticale hydrolysates: A comparative study

In bioethanol production four wheat varieties were investigated: NS 40S, Renesansa, Rapsodija and Dragana, as well as four triticale varieties: Oganj, Jutro, Odisej and NST 21/06. The samples were grinded and mixed with water under conditions prescribed for bioethanol processing. Liquefaction of wheat samples was conducted at 65 °C and 60 °C for triticale samples. All the investigated samples were prepared with or without the addition of technical enzymes: thermostable α-amylase (Thermamyl SC) and glucoamylase (SAN Super 360 L). After liquefaction and saccharification, the samples were subjected to fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (dry active instant yeast). After the fermentation step ended, ethanol content was determined, and autoamylolytical quotient was calculated. The following values of autoamylolytical quotient were obtained: 71.79% for variety NS 40S; 72.22% for variety Dragana; 62.15% for variety Rapsodija and 81.46% for variety Renesansa. The obtained results revealed that Renesansa is the most suitable wheat variety for bioethanol production due to the largest amount of its native amylolytical enzymes. The following autoamylolytical quotients were obtained for triticale: 99.30% for variety Oganj; 98.65% for variety Jutro; 99.55% for variety Odisej and 94.24% for variety NST 21/06. The results implied that, in the case of triticale, technical enzymes were not needed for starch degradation. It is possible to conduct preparation of triticale at 60 °C.     

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Preliminary Biological Characterization of Organotin Polyethers Derived from Hydroquinone and Substituted Hydroquinones

A variety of dibutyltin polyethers have been synthesized employing the interfacial polymerization technique. The products are polymers with degrees of polymerization ranging from 60 to 390. Infrared spectral and mass spectral results are consistent with the proposed structure. The products show good inhibition of a variety of cancer cells including those associated with bone, breast, prostrate, and lung cancers. Some also show good viral inhibition of the HSV-1 (herpes simplex) and Vaccina (small pox) viruses with those derived from electron rich hydroquinone derivative being most active. Hydroquinone-derived polymers containing electron withdrawing groups exhibit inhibition of a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.     

Carbonization and graphitization

A review is made of recent electron microscope observations relating to the carbonization and graphitization of a variety of carbonaceous precursors. The different behaviors of graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons are elucidated, and the effect of sulphur as a cross-linker is determined. The resulting processes are shown to apply to a wide variety of materials ranging from cokes to carbon fibers.     

A review of spreadsheet usage in chemical engineering calculations

The use of the electronic spreadsheet to carry out a variety of routine chemical engineering calculations in process design and project engineering is reviewed. Some possible formats for carrying out these calculations are demonstrated. The limitations and advantages of the spreadsheet are discussed with respect to a variety of its potential uses.     

HOT AIR AND MICROWAVE DRYING OF ONIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

This comparative study of conventional (hot air) drying and microwave drying of the onion was carried out on a hot air pilot plant drier for conventional drying where all characteristics (temperature, humidity, and velocity) could be adjusted and controlled. A data logger connected to a computer captured all data. And for microwave drying, a drying tunnel Fitted with a forward/backward movement was used. Mass loss and product surface temperature were monitored for both processing. Factors controlled where: frequency of movement, microwave power, air extraction rate. Other elements included shape (slices/pieces) and variety of product

Drying duration and maximum drying rate constituted comparative criterion for the processes. Quality was measured by the reducing sugars and polyfructans content. Analysis of variance for the microwave drying process suggests that the effective factors were microwave power followed by onion variety and shape respectively. For quality criterion by far the most effective was variety, followed by the interaction of shape and the forward-backward movement of the conveyor. For conventional drying the most effective factor was air temperature for drying duration, and variety for maximum drying rate.     

Effect of Varietal Differences on Composition and Thermal Characteristics of Avocado Oil

A study was carried out to compare the characteristics of oils from three Malaysian avocado (Persea americana) cultivars with those of the oil from the Australian Hass avocado variety. Oil samples extracted from matured-avocado fruits were assessed for basic physico-chemical parameters, fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, and melting and solidification characteristics. In comparison to Hass variety, the oil contents of the local avocado cultivars were significantly lower and found to be mostly in semisolid form. As a common feature, oils of both local cultivars and Hass variety are found to have oleic acid as the most dominant fatty acid. However, there are differences between them with regard to the proportional distributions of palmitic and linoleic acids. While the major TAG of local avocado cultivars were POO, followed by POL, OOO and PPO, the dominant TAG of Hass variety were OOO, followed by PPO, OOL and POL. Due to these differences in fatty acid and TAG distributional patterns, the oils of local avocado cultivars are found to possess iodine value, slip melting point, melting and solidification characteristics, which are completely different from those of the imported Hass avocado variety.     

优势渗流通道综合研究

本次研究以胡12断块中渗非均质为例,运用多种手段对油藏优势渗流通道的影响因素及形成机理进行全方位地研究,识别优势渗流通道,描述定性、定量和半定量需要很多方法去实现,并可以指导剩余油分布规律及剩余油挖潜工作。     

弱近红外光诱导LN晶体光折变现象调制度的实验研究

利用毫瓦级的近红外光辐照掺铟铁铌酸锂晶体,在晶体中发生了光折变效应,通过单马赫-曾德干涉仪的条纹摆动幅度测得了掺铟铁铌酸锂晶体的变化量△n可以达到10-4数量级,并对实验数据进行了数值模拟,得到了折射率变化图;在理论上,利用倍频理论成功的解释了近红外光折变现象,并对折射率变化量进行了数值模拟。可以发现,实验和理论得到了很好的符合。     

Ultraviolet depolymerization of photoresist polymers

A new method for removal of thin films of photoresist polymers has been found. When polymeric films are exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of air, the material can be removed leaving an extremely clean surface, free of carbonaceous material. This process has been examined for a variety of photoresist polymers as well as on nonphotoresist polymers and on a variety of substrates. The process offers a new method of photoresist removal.     

Effect of Variety on Drying Characteristics and Selected Quality Attributes of Dried Carrots

The effects of variety on drying characteristics, color, and water absorption of carrots were investigated. Six different varieties of carrots, viz. Kazan, Maxima, Nandor, Nektarina, Simba, and Tito were evaluated. The hot air drying characteristics of carrot cubes dried under forced convection conditions were determined and drying data were analyzed to obtain parameters of Page and first-order kinetic models as well as moisture diffusivity. Color characteristics were determined for fresh, dried, and dehydrated samples by measuring lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*). Water absorption data were analyzed for ground samples. It was observed that drying characteristics, such as color and water absorption were significantly influenced by variety. The varieties of Kazan and Nektarina were found to be characterized by highest and lowest moisture diffusivity of 7.52 × 10^?9 and 3.31 × 10^?9m²/s respectively. Kazan variety was also characterized by shortest drying time. The lowest changes in color caused by drying were observed for Tito variety. The variety of Kazan was characterized by the highest resistances to color changes affected by drying followed by rehydration. Nandor and Tito varieties displayed the highest water absorption near to 560 g/100 g. The best drying characteristics and good water absorption accompanied by the high color attributes of dried and rehydrated samples implies that Kazan variety is expected to be the most useful to drying industry.     

HOT AIR AND MICROWAVE DRYING OF ONIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

ABSTRACT

This comparative study of conventional (hot air) drying and microwave drying of the onion was carried out on a hot air pilot plant drier for conventional drying where all characteristics (temperature, humidity, and velocity) could be adjusted and controlled. A data logger connected to a computer captured all data. And for microwave drying, a drying tunnel Fitted with a forward/backward movement was used. Mass loss and product surface temperature were monitored for both processing. Factors controlled where: frequency of movement, microwave power, air extraction rate. Other elements included shape (slices/pieces) and variety of product

Drying duration and maximum drying rate constituted comparative criterion for the processes. Quality was measured by the reducing sugars and polyfructans content. Analysis of variance for the microwave drying process suggests that the effective factors were microwave power followed by onion variety and shape respectively. For quality criterion by far the most effective was variety, followed by the interaction of shape and the forward-backward movement of the conveyor. For conventional drying the most effective factor was air temperature for drying duration, and variety for maximum drying rate.