Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services

An empirical formula for propagation loss is derived from Okumura's report in order to put his propagation prediction method to computational use. The propagation loss in an urban area is presented in a simple form: A + B log10R, where A and B are frequency and antenna height functions and R is the distance. The introduced formula is applicable to system designs for UHF and VHF land mobile radio services, with a small formulation error, under the following conditions: frequency range 100-1500 MHz, distance 1-20 km, base station antenna height 30-200 m, and vehicular antenna height 1-10 m.     

基于3D电子地图和信道实测数据的市区路径损耗机器学习模型研究

随着5G移动通信系统的发展部署以及网络性能的优化,高精度和低复杂度的路径损耗预测模型尤为重要。该文针对大型城市场景,使用目前5G热点频段700 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz的实测数据,将收发端位置、3维距离、相对余隙、建筑物密度、平均高度等作为环境特征,建立了基于3D电子地图的机器学习路径损耗预测模型,结果表明在复杂城市环境下,该文方法因其预测精度高而优于传统的基于收发端距离的路径损耗模型。另外,该文提出了基于频率迁移学习的路径损耗预测模型,并用均方误差、平均绝对百分比误差、均方根误差、决定系数等指标对其性能进行评估。该文方法可以解决建筑物遮挡严重的复杂城市环境以及在无大量测试数据的路径损耗预测问题,精确地预测城市环境中视距非视距混合信道的路径损耗值。     

A stochastic model of the temporal and azimuthal dispersion seen atthe base station in outdoor propagation environments

A simple statistical model of azimuthal and temporal dispersion in mobile radio channels is proposed. The model includes the probability density function (PDF) of the delay and azimuth of the impinging waves as well as their expected power conditioned on the delay and azimuth. The statistical properties are extracted from macrocellular measurements conducted in a variety of urban environments. It is found that in typical urban environments the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is accurately described by a Laplacian function, while a Gaussian PDF matches the azimuth PDF. Moreover, the power delay spectrum (PDS) and the delay PDF are accurately modeled by an exponential decaying function. In bad urban environments, channel dispersion is better characterized by a multicluster model, where the PAS and PDS are modeled as a sum of Laplacian functions and exponential decaying functions, respectively     

一种改进的道路行车密度峰值模糊聚类算法

为解决城市道路中相邻车辆聚类精度低的问题,本文提出了一种改进的密度峰值模糊聚类算法。首先,该算法使用自适应椭圆距离代替欧式距离,并在决策图中引入指数函数曲线选择密度峰值点,以确定初始聚类中心和聚类数目;接着,将初始信息代入模糊C均值(FCM)聚类算法中,经迭代计算取得一次聚类结果;最后,根据雷达数据中同一辆车的数据点速度差值极小、不同车辆的速度差值相对较大这一特征,引入和速度相关的目标函数,并通过迭代计算取得最终的聚类结果,以对一次聚类结果进行修正。根据真实道路测量数据的实验证明,本文提出的聚类算法精度高、鲁棒性好,能正确聚类城市道路中相邻的车辆目标,具有更好的聚类效果。为道路中车辆的跟踪、交通状态预估等处理提供可靠、准确的目标信息,大大减少后续工程的计算量。     

小缓冲容量时N＊Burst／D／1／K服务系统丢失率

Ｎ＊Ｂｕｒｓｔ／Ｄ／１／Ｋ随机服务系统，是在研究ＡＴＭ网络中的流量控制问题时被广泛采用的排队模型。该排队模型手丢失率了缓冲容量改变而变化的曲线可以用一个负指数函来描述。     

Characterization of slice-based H.264/AVC encoded video traffic using token buckets

An explicit slice-based mode type selection scheme for use in H.264/AVC has recently been developed, which reduces the burstiness effect of standard frame-based H.264/AVC by breaking up the Group of Picture structure. In this paper, slice-based encoded video streams are characterized using the token bucket traffic model and compared to standard frame-based encoded streams. Both lossless, loss bounded and delay bounded token bucket models are investigated and the high quantiles are found for the amount of loss. Loss above the amount given by the high quantiles will happen only with a very small probability. It is shown that the reduced burstiness for the slice-based video encoding leads to lower token bucket parameters compared to frame-based video encoding for a stream without scene changes, and a larger reduction in the token bucket parameters compared to the frame-based video encoding when a small amount of delay or loss is allowed for the stream with scene changes. Next, reshuffling of the frames of the video streams with scene changes is employed to better understand the effects of long-range dependence on the token bucket parameters. Only small effects are found from reshuffling the scenes, but reshuffling of the frames inside the scenes leads to lower token bucket parameters. Finally, an approach to estimate the parameters for the token bucket model using simple characteristics of the slice-based stream is developed.     

基于LED的小目标主动式三角对焦技术研究

主动式三角对焦法因其结构简单、测试速度快、使用方便灵活等优点,在自动化生产、工业测量等领域有着的巨大应用价值而受到广泛关注。但是在面对小目标被测物体或具有如曲率较大等非常规表面的物体时存在可能丢失目标的问题。针对这一问题,综合LED具有大照明视场的特点,本文提出了一种基于LED的小目标主动式三角对焦方法,从理论和实验两方面对该方法测量小目标和非常规表面物体距离的能力进行了验证。实验结果表明,该模型的实际测试值与理论分析值基本吻合,证明了该模型的实用性,拓宽了激光三角测距技术的应用范围。     

Distribution of Path Loss for Wireless Personal Networks Operating in a Square Region

Path loss plays fundamental roles in system design, spectrum management, and performance evaluation. The traditional path loss model has a slight inconvenience; it depends on the unknown distance. In this letter, we explore the probability distribution function (PDF) of path loss in an indoor office environment by randomizing out the distance variable. It is shown that the resulting PDF is not Gaussian‐like but is skewed to the right, and both the PDF and the moments are related to the size of the office instead of the unknown distance. To be specific, we incorporate the IEEE 802.15.4a channel parameters into our model and tabulate the cumulative distribution function with respect to different room sizes. Through a simple example, we show how our model helps a cognitive spectrum user to infer path loss information of primary users without necessarily knowing their transmitter‐receiver distance.     

Unequal loss protection: graceful degradation of image quality overpacket erasure channels through forward error correction

We present the unequal loss protection (ULP) framework in which unequal amounts of forward error correction are applied to progressive data to provide graceful degradation of image quality as packet losses increase. We develop a simple algorithm that can find a good assignment within the ULP framework. We use the set partitioning in hierarchical trees coder in this work, but our algorithm can protect any progressive compression scheme. In addition, we promote the use of a PMF of expected channel conditions so that our system can work with almost any model or estimate of packet losses. We find that when optimizing for an exponential packet loss model with a mean loss rate of 20% and using a total rate of 0.2 bits per pixel on the Lenna image, good image quality can be obtained even when 40% of transmitted packets are lost     

The Propagation Characteristics of Radio Frequency Signals for Wireless Sensor Networks in Large-Scale Farmland

For configuring wireless sensor network and deploying nodes, the propagation characteristics of wireless channel at frequency of 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz are investigated. Through the analysis of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet loss rate (PLR), we find that the RSSI (PLR) decreases (increases) as the transceiver nodes distance increases. It is also found that the path loss decreases with the antenna height increasing, and the path loss at 2.4 GHz is more serious than that at 433 MHz. Through the regression analysis in Matlab, we find that the optimal fitting model is the parametric exponential decay (OFPED) model, and the second-best is the linear logarithmic model. For OFPED model, the values of R² vary from 0.9347 to 0.9893, and the values of root mean square error (RMSE) range from 0.7469 to 2.243 at frequency of 433 MHz; while at frequency of 2.4 GHz, the values of R² change from 0.9612 to 0.9857, and the values of RMSE range from 1.375 to 3.181. Moreover, we make a comparison analysis with several modified exponential decay (MED) models, and the validation results show that the MED models can be used as conservative upper and lower bounds of path loss, at least for wheat field.     

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC ON AN INTEGRATED NETWORK LINK WITH FINITE WAITING ROOM AND ANTICIPATED-RELEASE RESERVATION POLICY

We consider a system where the superposition of two heterogeneous Poisson traffic streams is offered to an integrated network link in synchronous transfer mode, where one stream follows the blocked-and-cleared mode (‘loss’ mode) and the other can wait (finitely) if bandwidth is not available for connection at the time of arrival (‘hold’ mode). We assume that each stream has different bandwidth requirements per call. A reservation scheme, called anticipated-release policy, is introduced where an arrival is accepted into a waiting room only if the amount of time this customer is expected to wait is within acceptable limits. For such a loss/hold system, we provide analytical performance models for exponential service time distributions for both streams as well as for the non-exponential service time distribution case for the traffic stream in ‘hold’ mode. We also present a method on how to model the waiting time distribution of the traffic stream with ‘hold’ mode. From numerical studies, we observe that blocking can be reduced considerably for both services just by introducing a small waiting room for one traffic class compared to ‘loss’ mode for both traffic classes. Furthermore, this holds true for the case when a maximum tolerable time limit is imposed on the waiting. Finally, our results indicate that this loss/hold scenario with limited waiting room appears to be virtually insensitive to the service time distribution of the ‘hold’ mode traffic.     

基于最小模型组最优模型扩展的机动目标跟踪方法

针对变结构多模型算法中模型集自适应较复杂,且模型扩展受模型结构限制等问题,提出了一种最小模型组最优模型扩展的机动目标跟踪算法。该算法以最小模型组作为基础有效模型集,采用模型组切换方法进行模型组自适应;并根据Kullback-Leibler距离准则在连续的模型空间中对基础模型组进行最优模型扩展。因此,该算法具有模型集自适应简单、模型激活不受模型结构的限制等优点。多组实验仿真结果表明:该算法既可以对相同结构的模型进行激活,也可以对不同结构的模型进行激活;在没有明显增加计算量的同时,提高了目标的跟踪精度,具有较好的跟踪效果。     

Prediction of outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor coverage in urban areasat 1.8 GHz

A run-time efficient three-dimensional radio propagation prediction model is presented. The model allows mobile network operators to predict the outdoor and the outdoor-to-indoor coverage in dense urban areas using one general prediction model. It integrates almost all relevant propagation phenomena in dense urban areas with an accuracy comparable to the results of dedicated prediction models. The required high resolution building data is stored in vector as well as raster format. Depending on the terrain processing task, the format resulting in the shorter run-time is employed. A huge amount of measurements from the Global System for Mobile Communications 1800 network of E-Plus have been used to derive the heuristics and empirical correction factors included in the model. It is shown that the prediction accuracy can be improved significantly by considering vegetation effects and multipath propagation. Measurements justify multipath propagation only up to a distance of measurements from the base stations (BSs) in an dense urban environment. This is another source of significant run-time savings. Consequently, the prediction time of large areas decreases dramatically by neglecting multipath effects at these distances. A semiempirical building penetration extension is used to derive indoor predictions for each floor based on outdoor predictions at ground-level combined with a height gain model. An additional deterministic component is incorporated in case the BS and (parts of) the building are in line of sight. Preliminary tests show a sufficient match between the measurements and the outdoor as well as the outdoor-to-indoor predictions     

On the wideband EMI response of a rotationally symmetric permeableand conducting target

A simple and accurate model is presented for computation of the electromagnetic induction (EMI) resonant frequencies of canonical conducting and ferrous targets, in particular, finite-length cylinders and rings. The imaginary resonant frequencies correspond to the well known exponential decay constants of interest for time-domain EMI interaction with conducting and ferrous targets. The results of the simple model are compared to data computed numerically, via method-of-moments (MoM) and finite-element models. Moreover, the simple model is used to fit measured wideband EMI data from ferrous cylindrical targets (in terms of a small number of parameters). It is also demonstrated that the general model for the magnetic-dipole magnetization, in terms of a frequency-dependent diagonal dyadic, is applicable to general rotationally symmetric targets (not just cylinders and rings)     

Relationship between the slowing and loss in optical delay lines

In this paper, we demonstrate the relation between the amount of slowing and the amount of insertion loss in an optical slow wave structure when the material used has finite absorption. The delay properties are calculated as a function of wavelength for a single Fabry-Perot resonator and a delay line consisting of multiple coupled resonators. In all of these delay lines, if the amount of delay increases, the insertion loss of the line likewise increases. For low material loss, the normalized increase in delay is equal to the normalized increase in insertion loss. We also compare a coupled resonator delay line to a simple waveguide made of the same material and with the same amount of delay. The simple waveguide always has less insertion loss than the coupled resonator line because of the unavoidable reflection from the coupled resonator line. Even in the case of an asymmetric mirror delay line with zero reflection at the input, the simple waveguide has less insertion loss.     

Multipath propagation model of spatio-temporal dispersion observed at base station in urban areas

This paper presents a multipath propagation model for microcells in urban areas. The proposed model is a statistical geometric model that describes the propagation characteristics for propagation loss, power delay profiles, and power azimuth spectra. The applicable target of the proposed model is long-term characteristics such as the characteristics that depend on the height of a base station (BS) and the distance between the BS and a mobile station. Calculated power delay profiles and power azimuth spectra based on the model are similar to those of the power function. In order to verify the validity of the model, the power delay profiles and power azimuth spectra are measured. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results based on the model and the validity of the model is confirmed.     

Helix Leaky Waveguide

The propagation characteristics of leaky waves in a helix waveguide covered with a slitted cylinder are presented by a method of transverse network representation. The main interest is in helix waveguides with small pitch angles, characterized by a hybrid mode consisting of TE/sub 01/, and a small amount of TM/sub 01/ modes. The leaky wave discussed in this paper may then be regarded as a perturbation of the TM/sub 01/ wave by the slitted cylinder outside the helix. The radiation, metal, and dielectric losses are calculated numerically at a frequency of 50 GHz. The relation between the radiation loss and aperture angle of slit is very different from that of an ordinary leaky waveguide composed of a slitted cylinder without helix, especially when the distance between the helix and shield cylinder is about a quarter of the radial wavelength. The metal and dielectric losses are the same order as radiation loss, however the dielectric loss decreases as the power factor /spl epsiv/"/ /spl epsiv/' increases. The measured total attenuation constant averages about 5 dB/km, almost twice the theoretical value.     

A Dynamic Packet Recovery Mechanism for Realtime Service in Mobile Computing Environments

This paper analyzes the characteristics of packet losses in mobile computing environments based on the Gilbert model and then describes a mechanism that can recover the lost audio packets using redundant data. Using information periodically reported by a receiver, the sender dynamically adjusts the amount and offset values of redundant data with the constraint of minimizing the bandwidth consumption of wireless links. Since mobile computing environments can be often characterized by frequent and consecutive packet losses, loss recovery mechanisms need to deal efficiently with both random and consecutive packet losses. To achieve this, the suggested mechanism uses relatively large, discontinuous exponential offset values. That gives the same effect as using both the sequential and interleaving redundant information. To verify the effectiveness of the mechanism, we extended and implemented RTP/RTCP and applications. The experimental results show that our mechanism, with an exponential offset, achieves a remarkably low complete packet loss rate and adapts dynamically to the fluctuation of the packet loss pattern in mobile computing environments.     

Coverage and Energy Modeling of HetNet Under Base Station On‐Off Model

Small cell networks, as an important evolution path for next‐generation cellular networks, have drawn much attention. Different from the traditional base stations (BSs) always‐on model, we proposed a BSs on‐off model, where a new, simple expression for the probabilities of active BSs in a heterogeneous network is derived. This model is more suitable for application in practical networks. Based on this, we develop an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of small cell networks, adopting stochastic geometry theory. We derive the system coverage probability; average energy efficiency (AEE) and average uplink power consumption (AUPC) for different association strategies; maximum biased received power (MaBRP); and minimum association distance (MiAD). It is analytically shown that MaBRP is beneficial for coverage but will have some loss in energy saving. On the contrary, MiAD is not advocated from the point of coverage but is more energy efficient. The simulation results show that the use of range expansion in MaBRP helps to save energy but that this is not so in MiAD. Furthermore, we can achieve an optimal AEE by establishing an appropriate density of small cells.     

一种优化孪生网络的小样本辐射源个体识别方法

针对信号辐射源个体识别小样本难以稳定收敛、识别准确率不足的问题,提出了一种基于优化孪生网络模型进行小样本辐射源个体识别的方法,分析了通过孪生网络实现不同类别样本对特征向量距离增大、相同类别样本对特征向量距离减小的弹簧模型,达到小样本训练损失函数的快速收敛的目的,并结合交叉熵实现损失函数优化,从而提升了小样本个体识别的准确率和稳定性。试验结果表明,针对每类不大于10个训练样本集的通信电台所提方法能够达到88%以上个体识别准确率。