高压输气管道内裂纹相互作用的有限元数值分析

基于三维虚拟裂纹闭合技术（3D-VCCT）,利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对内表面含单条半椭圆裂纹的高压输气管道的应力强度因子进行计算,计算结果与已有结果具有相当好的一致性,并验证了该方法应用于薄壁管道计算的有效性。然后考虑了2条对称副裂纹的短半轴与长半轴的比值,主副裂纹的距离以及主副裂纹环向角度对主裂纹应力强度因子的影响,得到主裂纹应力强度因子的变化规律,并给出了主裂纹最深点和表面点应力强度因子的计算公式。提出的计算方法和结果对高压埋地输气管道的风险评估、设计和施工具有一定的参考价值。     

Stress intensity factors for elliptical arc through cracks in mechanical joints by virtual crack closure technique

The reliable stress intensity factor analysis is required for fracture mechanics design or safety evaluation of mechanical joints at which cracks often initiate and grow. It has been reported that cracks in mechanical joints usually nucleate as corner cracks at the faying surface of joints and grow as elliptical arc through cracks, In this paper, three dimensional finite element analyses are performed for elliptical arc through cracks in mechanical joints. Thereafter stress intensity factors along elliptical crack front including two surface points are determined by the virtual crack closure technique. Virtual crack closure technique is a method to calculate stress intensity factor using the finite element analysis and can be applied to non-orthogonal mesh. As a result, the effects of clearance on the stress intensity factor are investigated and crack shape are then predicted.     

受剪切应力作用的表面裂纹应力强度因子研究

应用改进的三维虚拟裂纹闭合方法研究了受远端剪切应力作用的有限大体半椭圆表面裂纹复合型应力强度因子分布,并讨论了整个裂纹前缘复合型应力强度因子分布随裂纹形状变化和结构参数变化的规律。研究发现在自由表面附近,Ⅲ型应力强度因子分布受角点应力奇异性影响较大,在自由表面附近出现转折,但转折现象与裂纹形状参数有关,当裂纹形状比a/c≤0.6时,应力强度因子分布曲线光滑,表现为经典的角点奇异性。     

含椭圆表面裂纹橡胶-钢球支座在扭转载荷下的断裂分析

通过非线性有限元方法对橡胶-钢球支座在扭转载荷作用下存在的椭圆表面裂纹情况进行了数值模拟,给出撕裂能与裂纹尺寸、载荷和橡胶层厚度的关系曲线．结果表明,对界面椭圆表面裂纹,同一裂纹深度,撕裂能随载荷的增加而增加,随橡胶层厚度的增加而减小．对橡胶层中间含椭圆表面裂纹,撕裂能随裂纹深度的增加而增加．最后,利用非线性回归工具得到撕裂能的经验计算式．     

含裂纹石油管道的工作寿命预测

以沿管道轴向扩展的疲劳裂纹扩展速率为基础，经过一定的修正，以此分析实际输油管加较常见的内表面半椭圆裂 扩展规律，从而预测出含此种裂纹的管道的工作寿命，解决了工程中的实际问题，为工程应用提供了可靠的理论依据。     

弹性半空间中平片裂纹问题的超奇异积分方程方法

使用边界积分方程方法,在有限部积分的意义下,将弹性半空间中垂于自边界面的平片裂纹归结为一组以裂纹面位移间数为示知函数的超奇异积仞氖限部积分蜞 建立了数值人出了用裂纹面位移间尖力强度因子的公式。通过对圆形、菜和矩形等贡型的平片裂纹问题的计算,分析了自由边界面对裂纹前沿应力强度因子的影响。     

Static behaviour of a shaft with an elliptical crack

Cracks in mechanical components produce changes in their behaviour like increases of displacements or decreases of frequencies due to the flexibility increase. Some works related to the analysis of the behaviour of cracked shafts consider the front of the transversal fatigue cracks to be straight, but experience says that the front of these kind of cracks is approximately elliptical. Many expressions have been given for the flexibility of a cracked shaft with a straight front whereas, for elliptical cracks, only an approximate expression for the flexibility has been found in the literature. In the present work, flexibility expressions for cracked shafts having elliptical cracks are obtained, based on the polynomial fitting of the stress intensity factors, taking into account the size and shape of the elliptical cracks showing results according with reality. The static displacements in bending of the shaft for different support conditions have been calculated. The comparisons between these results and those obtained by FEM analysis and by experimental tests show that the closed-form expressions for the flexibility give us a very good approximation to the behaviour of the cracked shaft.     

Fatigue growth simulation for cracks in notched and unnotched round bars

Fatigue crack growth for various cracks in both unnotched and notched round bars is directly modelled by using an automated numerical technique, which calculates the stress intensity factors at a set of points on the crack front through the three-dimensional finite element method and then applies an appropriate fatigue crack growth law to this set of points to obtain a new crack front. This technique also has the capability of automatic remeshing so that the crack propagation can conveniently be followed. The crack geometries modelled in the present paper include a small internal crack near the free boundary and several initially part-elliptical or irregular surface cracks in a smooth round bar under tension, a surface crack in different semi-circularly notched bars under both tension and bending, a surface crack initiated from the root of a V-notched bar and an initially twin crack configuration within a smooth tension bar. Some fatigue growth characteristics relevant to each type of cracks are also revealed. It is demonstrated that the fatigue growth analyses of various cracks commonly occurring in bars can reliably be made by using the automated finite element technique proposed.     

Growth simulation for 3D surface and through-thickness cracks using SGBEM-FEM alternating method

An SGBEM-FEM alternating method had been proposed by Nikishkov, Park and Atluri for the analysis of three-dimensional planar and non-planar cracks and their growth. The proposed method is an effective method for fatigue or stress corrosion crack growth simulation. During crack growth simulation, however, an oscillation phenomenon is observed in crack advance or stress intensity factor distribution. If oscillating amplitude in SIF or crack advance does not decrease during next increment steps, the crack growth simulation fails. In this paper several methods are examined to remove the oscillation phenomenon. As a result, it is found that smoothing in stress intensity factor distribution or in crack front geometry can remove or weaken the oscillation phenomenon. Using the smoothing techniques, stress corrosion crack growth simulation is performed for a semi-elliptical surface crack and a through-thickness crack embedded in a plate. Crack front shape and stress intensity factor distribution are obtained after each increment during the crack growth. And the depth and length of a crack are obtained as a function of time. It is noted that the SGBEM-FEM alternating method is a very effective method for SCC growth simulation for a surface crack and a through-thickness crack.     

10CrNiMo结构钢悬臂弯曲加载低周疲劳表面裂纹的扩展特性

通过COD位移规控制悬臂弯曲加载试样表面裂纹前缘的应变,采用逐级递增应变的试验方法,研究了10CrNiMo结构钢的低周疲劳表面裂纹的扩展特性,并用扫描电镜对断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:表面裂纹扩展速率与裂纹前缘总应变范围之间满足良好的幂律关系;裂纹源附近出现轮胎花样,裂纹扩展初期挤压严重,扩展中期发现较多的二次裂纹,扩展后期疲劳辉纹清晰可见,最后断裂区具有典型的韧窝;裂纹按照锐化-钝化机制扩展,最后断裂模式为韧性断裂。     

Exact solutions for piezoelectric materials with an elliptic hole or a crack under uniform internal pressure

The existing investigations on piezoelectric materials containing an elliptic hole or a crack mainly focus on remote uniform tensile loads.In order to have a better understanding for the fracture behavior of piezoelectric materials under different loading conditions,theoretical and numerical solutions are presented for an elliptic hole or a crack in transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials subjected to uniform internal pressure and remote electro-mechanical loads.On the basis of the complex variable approach,analytical solutions of the elastic and electric fields inside and outside the defect are derived by satisfying permeable electric boundary condition at the surface of the elliptical hole.As an example of PZT-4 ceramics,numerical results of electro-elastic fields inside and outside the crack under various electric boundary conditions and electro-mechanical loads are given,and graphs of the electro-elastic fields in the vicinity of the crack tip are presented.The non-singular term is compared to the asymptotic one in the figures.It is shown that the dielectric constant of the air in the crack has no effect on the electric displacement component perpendicular to the crack,and the stresses in the piezoelectric material depend on the material properties and the mechanical loads on the crack surface and at infinity,but not on the electric loads at infinity.The figures obtained are strikingly similar to the available results.Unlike the existing work,the existence of electric fields inside an elliptic hole or a crack is considered,and the piezoelectric solid is subjected to complicated electro-mechanical loads.     

Effects of crack geometries on reliabilities using probability theories

The methodologies to estimate the reliability of cracked structures using the fracture toughness and the SIF are developed. The probability theories such as the FORM and the SORM are utilized to calculate the failure probability. It is found that the failure probability increases with the increase of the crack size and the applied stress, and the decrease of the fracture toughness. It is also found that the failure probabilities obtained by the FORM and the SORM are similar each other for the through crack,the edge crack, and the single and the double crack emanated from a hole, and turn out different for the elliptical and semi-elliptical surface cracks. It is noted that the tensile stress affects significantly on the failure probability among the other random variables on the various crack geometries.     

Fracture behavior of two non-symmetrical collinear cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in a piezoelectric material

Based on the Stroh-type formalism and the technique of conformal mapping, the problem of two non-symmetrical collinear cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in a piezoelectric solid is investigated under remotely uniform in-plane electric loading and anti-plane mechanical loading, which allowed us to take the electric field inside the hole and cracks into account. The analytical solutions of the field intensity factors and the energy release rate are presented in closed-form, which includes the extreme cases for an impermeable crack and a permeable crack. Numerical results are then presented to reveal the effects of geometrical parameters, crack permeability and combined mechanical and electric loadings on the energy release rate.     

三维多裂纹应力强度因子的有限元分析

多处损伤和广泛分布疲劳损伤是影响军用老化飞机结构完整性的主要因素之一。三维裂纹前缘应力应变场很复杂 ,除个别理想情况外 ,绝大部分迄今为止无解析解。采用三维 2 0节点等参单元 ,运用ANSYS软件 ,对含半椭圆裂纹的半无限大体进行有限元分析 ,得到裂纹前缘各点的应力强度因子 ,通过对计算结果的分析 ,讨论裂纹长度、裂纹间距比、裂纹前缘位置对应力强度因子的影响以及多裂纹之间的相互影响 ,计算结果和手册的理论值比较表明 ,数值结果准确、方法可行     

Circumferentially notched pipe with an external surface crack under complex loading

The influence of a circular-arc circumferential notch in a pipe is analyzed. Firstly, the stress concentration factor (SCF) is determined. Then, an elliptical-arc external surface crack is assumed to exist at the notch root, and the stress-intensity factor (SIF) along the surface crack front is computed for four values of the dimensionless notch radius and for several opening stress distributions on the crack faces. The effect of stress concentration on the SIF values is discussed for both thick- and thin-walled pipes.     

点焊接头疲劳损伤过程中的固有频率变化特性研究

利用有限元模拟和动态响应实验对单点点焊接头的疲劳过程中固有频率变化的特性进行研究.结果表明,三维有限元模拟与实验结果相吻合,能较好地模拟点焊接头在两种疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的过程中频率的变化情况.并利用所模拟的裂纹长度和固有频率的关系,总结出最适宜对疲劳损伤进行研究的模态阶数.     

Fatigue crack initiation potential from defects in terms of local stress analysis

The competition of surface and subsurface crack initiation induced failure is critical to understand very high cycle fatigue（VHCF） behavior, which necessitates the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for the transition of crack initiation from surface to interior defects. Crack initiation potential in materials containing defects is investigated numerically by focusing on defect types, size, shape, location, and residual stress influences. Results show that the crack initiation potency is higher in case of serious property mismatching between matrix and defects, and higher strength materials are more sensitive to soft inclusions（elastic modulus lower than the matrix）. The stress localization around inclusions are correlated to interior crack initiation mechanisms in the VHCF regime such as inclusion-matrix debonding at soft inclusions and inclusion-cracking for hard inclusions（elastic modulus higher than the matrix）. It is easier to emanate cracks from the subsurface pores with the depth 0.7 times as large as their diameter. There exists an inclusion size independent region for crack incubation, outside which crack initiation will transfer from the subsurface soft inclusion to the interior larger one. As for elliptical inclusions, reducing the short-axis length can decrease the crack nucleation potential and promote the interior crack formation, whereas the long-axis length controls the site of peak stress concentration. The compressive residual stress at surface is helpful to shift crack initiation from surface to interior inclusions. Some relaxation of residual stress can not change the inherent crack initiation from interior inclusions in the VHCF regime. The work reveals the crack initiation potential and the transition among various defects under the influences of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the VHCF regime, and is helpful to understand the failure mechanism of materials containing defects under long-term cyclic loadings.     

Simulation of elliptical patterns based on grinding with wheel dressed by elliptical tool

Dressing is a sharpening operation aimed to produce a specific groove shape on the active surface of the wheel. The preparation of grinding tools in special way is the most important enabling factor in the grinding process. It greatly influences the subsequent geometry of the workpiece. As the groove shape of the wheel surface determines the shape of the surface patterns, therefore, it is essential to produce desired groove on the wheel cutting surface before grinding. Therefore, an elliptical groove surface pattern model is proposed based on grinding with dressed wheel. An elliptical tip tool is used for the dressing process to make grooves on the wheel instead of sharp tip tool or rounded tip tool in the previous work. The dressing tool passes helically over the surface of the grinding wheel for making grooves. After that, the grooved wheel passes over the flat surface to generate elliptical patterns. The results showed the three-dimensional geometry of the surface patterns with elliptical groove which are uniformly distributed on the workpiece. An experiment is carried out for the verification of the simulation results and it is revealed that the simulation results agreed well with the experiment.     

The initiation of wear cracks

The relevance of fracture mechanics to wear is briefly discussed and the stress-raising effect of second-phase particles is cited as a possible mechanism for crack initiation. It is assumed that any inclusions present are rigid and elliptical, so that they may be made to approximate several morphologies. It is shown that (i) subsurface initiation is to be expected, (ii) shakedown stresses reduce the local stress found at an inclusion and (iii) the worst orientation of flake-like inclusions is perpendicular to the surface.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律

研究奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9在高温(550℃)下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。测试采用标准CT(compact tension)试样,最大载荷范围为6.5 kN～14 kN,应力比为0.1(室温)和0.05(550℃)。裂纹扩展过程通过QUESTAR长焦距显微镜直接观测,同时采用COD(crack opening displacement)规记录加载线位移。由于在高温条件下,测试终止时试样的裂纹前缘呈明显弧形,故此给出实测表面处裂纹长度有效值的修正方法。对高温疲劳裂纹扩展问题,采用应力强度因子范围ΔK作为裂纹扩展驱动力参数,同时考虑高ΔK和低ΔK值对裂纹扩展规律的影响,得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢在550℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律表征模型,给出裂纹扩展率的上限结果。