A true ZCZVT commutation cell for PWM converters

This paper introduces a true zero-current and zero-voltage transition (ZCZVT) commutation cell for DC-DC pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters operating with an input voltage less than half the output voltage. It provides zero-current switching (ZCS) and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) simultaneously, at both turn on and turn off of the main switch and ZVS for the main diode. The proposed soft-switching technique is suitable for both minority and majority carrier semiconductor devices and can be implemented in several DC-DC PWM converters. The ZCZVT commutation cell is placed out of the power path, and, therefore, there are no voltage stresses on power semiconductor devices. The commutation cell consists of a few auxiliary devices, rated at low power, and it is only activated during the main switch commutations. The ZCZVT commutation cell, applied to a boost converter, has been analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. A 1 kW boost converter operating at 40 kHz with an efficiency of 97.9% demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed commutation cell     

基于LM5117P的降压型直流开关稳压电源设计

降压型直流开关稳压电源是一种单向DC-DC变换器,实现稳定直流降压功能.本系统采用同步降压控制器LM5117P作为电路控制核心,以同步Buck电路作为降压主电路,通过闭环回路反馈设计以及芯片本身的精准采样,将输入电压16V降为5V恒压输出.     

Bidirectional phase-shifted DC-DC converter

A novel ZVS phase-shifted DC-DC converter is proposed. The converter operates at a constant switching frequency and the voltage conversion ratio is regulated by phase-shift control. It has bidirectional power flow capability and synchronous rectification, hence the on-state voltage drop of the devices is small. This is an ideal candidate for electric vehicles (EVs)     

Design and Implementation of an Accurately Regulated Multiple Output ZVS DC–DC Converter

An accurately regulated multiple-output zero-voltage switching (ZVS) DC-DC converter is proposed. The converter is composed of three outputs altogether. The first and second outputs are regulated through the duty cycle control of two asymmetrical half bridge converters, while the third output is regulated through the phase shift of the two asymmetrical half bridge converters. The characteristic of this multiple-output dc-dc converter is analyzed and design process is investigated. ZVS is realized for all the main switches. Therefore this multiple-output dc-dc converter can operate with higher efficiency at higher switching frequency. The operation stages, ZVS condition and control detail are also presented. A 400 V input, 48 V/10 A, 5 V/20 A, 12 V/5 A outputs prototype is built to verify the design. The efficiency at rated input voltage full load is 93.36%.     

An Analysis of the ZVS Two-Inductor Boost Converter under Variable Frequency Operation

The two-inductor boost converter has been previously presented in a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) form where the transformer leakage inductance and the MOSFET output capacitance can be utilized as part of the resonant elements. In many applications, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in grid interactive photovoltaic systems, the resonant two-inductor boost converter is required to operate with variable input output voltage ratios. This paper studies the variable frequency operation of the ZVS two-inductor boost converter to secure an adjustable output voltage range while maintaining the resonant switching transitions. The design method of the resonant converter is thoroughly investigated and explicit control functions relating the circuit timing factors and the voltage gain for a 200-W converter are established. The converter has an input voltage of 20V and is able to produce a variable output voltage from 169V to 340V while retaining ZVS with a frequency variation of 1MHz to 407kHz. Five sets of theoretical, simulation and experimental waveforms are provided for the selected operating points over the variable load range at the end of the paper and they agree reasonably well. The converter has achieved part load efficiencies above 92% and an efficiency of 89.6% at the maximum power of 200W     

一种具有快速瞬态负载响应的DC-DC变换器

分析了开关电源瞬态负载的基本原理、输出电压跌落幅度与电源环路之间的相互关系,比较了减小输出电压跌落幅度的几种控制方式,提出了采用数字非线性控制方式提升瞬态负载响应的方法.基于以上分析,全面评估了环路带宽、整流方式、非线性控制对开关电源瞬态响应的影响.最后采用非线性控制方法,设计了一种具有快速瞬态负载响应的DC-DC变换...     

Load-Independent Control of Switching DC-DC Converters With Freewheeling Current Feedback

A new control scheme of freewheeling current control is proposed for switching DC-DC converters. The output voltage is regulated by a comparator operation, and in the main current loop, the freewheeling current is feedback-controlled to a reference level in average. The converter control loop is no longer dependent on the values of the inductor, output capacitor, or the load equivalent resistance. The design of a loop compensator is therefore greatly simplified and the loop response can be very fast approaching that of a hysteresis converter. As an example, a single-inductor bipolar-output DC-DC converter with the proposed freewheeling current control is implemented in a 0.5 $mu{hbox{m}}$ BiCMOS process. The converter has one positive output of 4 V and one negative output of $-$4.8 V. A maximum efficiency of 81% is achieved at a total output power of 250 mW with a switching frequency of 800 kHz.      

A new family of ZVS-PWM active-clamping DC-to-DC boost converters:analysis, design, and experimentation

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new family of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) pulse-width modulation (PWM) active-clamping DC-to-DC boost power converters. This technique presents ZVS commutation without additional voltage stress and a significant increase in the circulating reactive energy throughout the power converters. So, the efficiency and the power density become advantages when compared to the hard-switching boost power converter. Thus, these power converters may become very attractive in power factor correction applications. In this paper, the complete family of boost power converters is shown, and one particular circuit, taken as an example, is analyzed, simulated and experimented. Experimental results are presented, taken from a laboratory prototype rated at 1600 W, input voltage of 300 V, output voltage of 400 V, and operating at 100 kHz. The measured efficiency at full load was 98%, and the power converter kept an efficiency up to 95% from 17% to 100% of full load, without additional voltage and current stresses     

一种宽输入电压范围软开关电流型DC/DC转换器

针对太阳能光伏及燃料电池等领域电源需要较宽输入电压范围的需求,提出一种通用的具有较宽输入电压范围的软开关电流型DC/DC转换器。该转换器采用了固定频率混合调制设计,可以在所有工作条件下实现半导体器件的软开关工作,并采用电流馈电技术以便适用于低电压高电流的电源。相较于传统转换器,该转换器更为通用,能够实现零电压开关和零电流开关,并且能够在输入电压和负载变化出现较大变化时控制输出电压。实验结果显示,在20-60V输入电压范围内且负载出现变化时,该转换器均表现出良好的性能。     

A zero-voltage transition boost converter using a zero-voltage switching auxiliary circuit

A soft switching boost converter with zero-voltage transition (ZVT) main switch using zero-voltage switching (ZVS) auxiliary switches is proposed. Various operating intervals of the converter are presented and analyzed. Design considerations are discussed. A design example with experimental results obtained from a 300-W, 250-kHz, 300-V output DC-DC converter is presented. A modified gating scheme to utilize the auxiliary switch in the main power processing is discussed. A 600-W, 100-kHz, 380 V output, 90-250 V AC, power factor corrected, AC-to-DC, boost converter with the modified gating scheme is presented. Results show that the main switch maintains ZVT while auxiliary switches retain ZVS for the complete specified line and load conditions. Parasitic oscillations existing in the converters proposed in the literature are completely removed.     

A dual VCDL DLL based gate driver for zero-voltage-switching DC-DC converter

This paper presents a dual voltage-controlled-delay-line(VCDL) delay-lock-loop(DLL) based gate driver for a zero-voltage-switching(ZVS) DC-DC converter.Using the delay difference of two VCDLs for the dead time control,the dual VCDL DLL is able to implement ZVS control with high accuracy while keeping good linearity performance of the DLL and low power consumption.The design is implemented in the CSM 2P4M 0.35μm CMOS process.The measurement results indicate that an efficiency improvement of 2%-4%is achiev...     

A novel zero-Voltage-switching PWM boost rectifier with high power factor and low conduction losses

This paper proposes a new single-phase high-power-factor rectifier, which features regulation by conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM), soft commutation, and instantaneous average line current control. A new zero-voltage-switching PWM (ZVS-PWM) auxiliary circuit is configured in the presented ZVS-PWM rectifier to perform ZVS in the main switches and the passive switches, and zero-current switching in the auxiliary switch. Furthermore, soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current stress by the presented ZVS-PWM auxiliary circuit. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path, and the proposed rectifier uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. Nine transition states for describing the behavior of the ZVS-PWM rectifier in one switching period are described. A prototype rated at 1 kW, operating 80 kHz, with an input ac voltage of 220 V/sub rms/ and an output voltage of 400 V/sub dc/ has been implemented in the laboratory. An efficiency of 96.7% and power factor over 0.99 has been measured. Analysis, design, and the control circuitry are also presented in this paper.     

应用于升压型DC-DC的新颖软启动电路的设计

提出了一种新颖的软启动电路,实现了输出电压无过冲平滑启动。该电路有效抑制了DC-DC开关电源上电启动过程出现的浪涌电流和输出电压的过冲,同时该软启动电路克服了传统软启动电路无法带载启动的缺点。电路完全集成在芯片内部,避免了使用额外电容而占用过多面积。利用Cadence Spectre仿真平台对电路进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,在输入电压为2.4~4.2 V的同步升压DC-DC芯片中,负载在0~2.1 A范围内启动,均未出现电感电流和输出电压的过冲。     

A voltage mode buck DC–DC converter with automatic PWM/PSM mode switching by detecting the transient inductor current

This paper presents a voltage mode buck DC–DC converter that integrates pulse-width modulation (PWM) and pulse-skipping modulation (PSM) to achieve high efficiency under heavy and light load conditions, respectively. Automatic mode-switching is implemented simply by detecting the voltage drop of high-side power switch when it is on, which indicates the transient current flowing through the inductor. Unlike other methods based on average current sensing, the proposed auto-mode switching scheme is implemented based on voltage comparison and simple control logic circuit. In order to avoid unstable mode switching near the load condition boundary, the mode switching threshold voltage is set differently in PWM and PSM mode. Besides, a 16-cycle counter is also used to ensure correct detection of the change in the load condition and fast response of the converter. In addition, a dual-path error amplifier with clamp circuit is also adopted to realize loop compensation and ensure 100 % duty cycle operation. Fabricated in a 0.18-μm standard CMOS technology, the DC–DC converter is able to operate under supply voltage from 2.8 to 5.5 V with 3-MHz clock frequency. Measurement results show that the converter achieves a peak efficiency of 93 %, and an output voltage ripple of less than 40 mV, while the chip area is 1.02 mm².     

Analysis and Implementation of a ZVS-PWM Converter With Series-Connected Transformers

This brief presents the analysis, design, and implementation of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) active clamp converter with series-connected transformer. A family of isolated ZVS active clamp converters is introduced. The technique of the adopted ZVS commutation will not increase additional voltage stress of switching devices. In the adopted converter with series-connected transformer, each transformer can be operated as an inductor or a transformer. Therefore, no output inductor is needed. To reduce the voltage stress of the switching device in the conventional forward converter, the active clamp technique is used to recycle the energy stored in the transformer leakage back into the input dc source. Finally, experimental results are presented taken from a laboratory prototype with 100-W rated power, input voltage of 155 V, output voltage of 5 V, and operating at 150 kHz. [All rights reserved Elsevier].     

增强升压型DC-DC瞬态响应的电路设计

设计了一种增强升压型DC-DC转换器瞬态响应电路,该电路通过检测负载跳变条件下输出电压的变化,调节误差放大器的跨导和补偿电阻,提高升压DC-DC转换器环路带宽,加快系统的瞬态响应。同时将该电路应用于一款输入电压＜至1.4 V,输出电压2.5～6.5 V的同步升压型DC-DC转换器中,其在0.25 μm CMOS 工艺条件下,芯片仿真结果表明,在500 mA~2 A的负载跳变条件下,与传统同步升压DC-DC转换器相比,芯片的响应恢复时间减小了45%,输出电压的下降和过冲值减少了35%。     

High-power-factor electronic ballast with constant DC-link voltage

This paper presents a high-power-factor (HPF) electronic ballast based on a single power processing stage with constant DC-link voltage. The switching frequency is controlled to maintain the DC-link voltage and the voltage across the switches constant, independently of changes in the AC-input voltage. This control method assures zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for the specified AC-input-voltage range. Besides, with an appropriate design of the fluorescent lamps' drive circuit, the lamps' power can be kept close to the rated value. The power-factor-correction (PFC) stage is formed by a boost power converter operating in the discontinuous conduction mode, which naturally provides HPF to the utility line. The fluorescent lamps are driven by an unmodulated sine-wave current generated from an LC parallel resonant power converter which operates above the resonant frequency to perform ZVS. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented for two series-connected 40 W fluorescent lamps operating from 127 V -15% to +10% 60 Hz utility line. The switching frequency is changed from 25 to 45 kHz to maintain the DC-link voltage regulated at 410 V, which leads to a constant output power. The experimental results confirm the high efficiency and HPF of this electronic ballast     

Single switch dual output DC-DC converter performance

The performance of the single-switch dual-output DC-DC converter is evaluated. This converter regulates two independent DC outputs supplied from a single DC voltage source using a power semiconductor switch. Two discrete proportional feedback control loops regulate the duration of on switching and off switching. The duty cycle of the switch controls one output voltage, supplied from a low-pass filter, while the switching frequency regulates the other output voltage, supplied from a higher-frequency bandpass filter. The control algorithm is implemented with an Intel 8096 microcontroller. The experimental data demonstrate the actual circuit performance and confirm the simulation results. Both experiments and simulation show that an increase in the load current on the 12 V output results in an increase in the duty cycle, whereas an increase in the load current on the 5 V output results in a change in the switching frequency. The experimental prototype demonstrates operation over a load current range from about 40% to 100% with a ±25% variation in the 24 V input. Full load currents are 12 A and 2.5 A on the 12 V and 5 V outputs, respectively. The switching frequency ranged from approximately 29 kHz to 264 kHz, and the duty cycle ranged from 0.35 to 0.72     

基于ATMEGA16的开关电源设计与制作

电源广泛应用于各种电子设备及电子电路中。以ATMEGA16单片机为控制核心,设计并制作了具有输出电压步进可调的开关电源。其硬件由整流、滤波、单片机供电电源、DC-DC变换及LED显示组成。经实验测定,输出电压0～9.9V步进0.1V可调,输出电流1.5A,当输出电压9V、输出电流1.5 A时,电压调整率小于0.67%,效率可达78.78%。     

基于模糊自适应控制的数字电源设计与实现

为使电源输出纹波小、效率高,设计了以DC-DC变换电路串联LDO电路构成数字式直流稳压电源,将开关电源和线性电源结合起来,兼顾两者的优点。采用模糊自适应PID控制算法对DC-DC变换电路和LDO电路进行控制,得到了满意效果。实验表明,该系统具有输出稳定性好、精度高、效率高等特点,具有较好的实用价值。