广东省网EMS中状态估计可观测分析方法

介绍了成功应用于广东省网EMS状态估计中的可观测分析方法。该方法建立在快速解耦状态估计中雅可比矩阵运算可观测性分析原理基础上,以逻辑方法模拟雅可比矩阵消元可观测分析过程,把节点注入型量测转化为支路型潮流量测,能快速、准确地判断系统是否整体可观测。对于系统中不可观测部分以增加必要的注入伪量测形式使之观测,保证状态估计在各种量测条件下正常运行。文中所提算法直接对量测进行处理,分析直观,在广东省网实际应用中,取得较好效果,经多次测试和实际运行检验,其结果准确、可靠。     

Optimal meter placement for maintaining observability during singlebranch outages

This paper presents a method for designing measurement systems, that will not only make the systems observable, but also will maintain observability against loss of network branches. A linear programming based solution is proposed for choosing a measurement configuration that will make the system fully observable. Subsequently, a systematic method of appending a minimum number of additional measurements to ensure full observability against branch outages, is described. Contingencies considered in this paper relate to the loss of any single branch. However, the method can be extended to the case of multiple contingencies, provided the cost of adding more meters is financially justifiable. Numerical examples illustrating the proposed method, are given in the paper     

Numerical observability analysis based on network graph theory

This paper presents a numerical method for topological observability analysis of a measured power system. By floating-point operations on the echelon form of a rectangular test matrix, which is based on network graph properties, observability and maximal observable islands are determined. A minimal set of pseudo measurements, which make an unobservable network barely observable, is selected in a noniterative manner. The existing numerical methods are based on the number of zero pivots that may appear during the factorization of the measurement Jacobian or the gain matrix. Due to round-off errors, the zero pivots may be misclassified. The problem becomes more severe when the number of injection measurements is large, resulting in a great disparity of values in Jacobian or gain matrix. In the proposed method, the test matrix consists of +/-1 values, it is numerically better conditioned and zero pivots are identified more accurately. By topological processing of the flow measured branches and by removing the redundant injection measured nodes that are incident only to flow measured branches or branches which form loops with flow measured branches, a reduced test matrix is created with fewer nonzero elements than the Jacobian or the gain matrix, resulting in less computational effort. The method details are illustrated by various test systems.     

An integer-arithmetic algorithm for observability analysis of systems with SCADA and PMU measurements

This paper presents an efficient numerical method for observability analysis of systems including both conventional (SCADA) measurements and synchronized phasor (PMU) measurements, using integer preserving Gaussian elimination of integer coefficient matrices. The observable islands are identified in a noniterative manner, by performing backward substitutions on the integer triangular factors of the integer gain matrix. Multiple placement of conventional and phasor measurements for a system that is found to be unobservable is done by a direct method, using the integer triangular factors of a Gram matrix associated with a reduced size Jacobian matrix. Since all computations performed are exact, no round-off error, numerical instability, or zero identification problems occur. The IEEE 14-bus system is used to illustrate the steps of the proposed method. Test results for the IEEE 300-bus and the FRCC 3949-bus systems are provided to demonstrate the features of the proposed algorithms.     

A new method for redundancy analysis of measurements applied to three-phase state estimation

In this paper, a new method based on the properties of the Gram matrix is proposed to verify the redundancy of measurements in three-phase state estimation. The Gram matrix is constructed using rows of the measurement Jacobian matrix as vectors. The method can be used for measurement systems planning or updating of three-phase networks so that the overall system remain observable even under possible branch contingencies and loss of measurements. It is a fast and robust numerical method based on the Gram matrix factorization that is easy to implement. A small numerical example that shows the application of the method is presented.     

基于正交匹配追踪算法的谐波源定位方法

为了在系统非全局可观时,仍能对节点注入谐波电流进行估算,对电网中的谐波源进行有效定位,文章提出了一种基于正交匹配追踪算法的谐波源定位方法。提出方法根据已知量测量和量测矩阵,基于压缩感知理论中的正交匹配追踪算法对欠定的系统谐波状态方程进行求解,估算了节点注入谐波电流,实现了系统一定程度非全局可观时的谐波源有效定位。通过与其他方法的仿真对比分析,验证了在改变谐波源数目和位置以及考虑测量误差时,提出方法具有更好的定位效果,说明了提出方法具有较高的适用性和抗干扰能力。     

电网谐波状态估计中的可观性分析

谐波状态估计的一个难点,在于量测数目通常小于状态量数目,导致量测—状态方程欠定,系统不完全可观。针对该问题,进行了3个方面的研究:首先,结合数学分析和实际电网分析,从减少状态量的角度,实现方程由欠定变为恰定或超定,在保证系统状态完全可观的前提下,大大减少量测设备的数目;其次,将奇异值分解法(SVD)应用在系统可观部分的判断和计算中;然后,针对可观性分析中传统代数方法不足,结合矩阵条件数,提出一种实用的线性无关排序法,并将该方法用于指导不可观系统量测设备的调整和添加,实现系统良好的可观性。最后以菏泽—仿山220kV—110kV—35kV配电系统为例,对SVD和线性无关排序法进行说明,验证了方法的可行性。     

基于全景量测的聚合电网概念、调控方法及其应用

随着可再生能源发电大规模并入电网发输配用各个部分,为使源网荷在频率限定范围内最大限度地消纳可再生能源有功发电,需对其运行调控实施全局统筹。为此,在电网全景过程化量测条件下给出聚合电网调控方法。提出聚合电网、可观测点、可观测点的观测函数和调控函数的概念,在此基础上,给出聚合电网性能指标,提出可观测点、可观测点的观测函数和调控函数之间的互动关系,实现聚合电网渐进调控机制。在线调控算例对所提方法进行了验证。     

在线预决策紧急控制系统中的若干问题

探讨“在线预决策、实时匹配”暂态稳定紧急控制技术中的伪量测量设置问题和暂态后的静态安全分析问题。针对紧急控制系统的量测量有限的困难,利用EMS提供的信息和典型方式信息,采用二次规划法补充伪量测量。除了保证整个系统的暂态稳定性外,还考虑了系统在实施紧急控制后的静态安全性。这两种算法的可行性和有效性已在山东电网和广东韶关电网的在线预决策系统中得到工业验证。     

Fault location observability analysis and optimal meter placement based on voltage measurements

Various transmission line fault location algorithms have been proposed in the past depending on measurements available. These methods evince that if a sufficient number of meters are placed in a power network to record the fault measurements, then the fault location can be reliably estimated. A relevant question to ask may be: how many meters are sufficient in order to derive a reliable and unique fault location estimate for a given network? This paper addresses this question by defining and performing the fault location observability analysis. An optimal meter placement scheme is proposed for determining the optimal locations to place meters so as to make the system observable while minimizing the required number of meters to reduce costs. The proposed method is especially useful for power networks where digital relays have not yet been widely adopted and measuring devices such as digital fault recorders are deployed for monitoring purposes. A sample power network has been employed to illustrate the proposed method.     

电力系统PMU最优配置数字规划算法

随着相量量测装置(PMU)硬件技术的逐渐成熟和高速通信网络的发展,PMU在电力系统中的状态估计、动态监测和稳定控制等方面得到了广泛应用.为达到系统完全可观,在所有的节点上均装设PMU既不可能也没有必要.文中提出一种基于系统拓扑可观性理论的数字规划算法,利用PMU和系统提供的状态信息,最大限度地对网络拓扑约束方程式进行了简化,以配置PMU数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题,并采用禁忌搜索算法求解该问题.其突出优点是利用了系统混合测量集数据,即不仅考虑了PMU实测数据,同时计及了可用的潮流数据.在IEEE14节点和IEEE 118节点系统的仿真结果表明,与常规的PMU最优配置算法相比,所提出的数字规划算法可以实现安装较少数量的PMU而整个系统可观的目标.     

基于奇异值分解的电力系统谐波状态估计

用传统最小二乘法及其改进方法进行谐波状态估计时,大都是对谐波进行非同步测量,然后求解一个大型的超定线性方程组,其估计精度不足、计算量大、状态量测量数目多且费用昂贵。提出一种基于同步相量测量的谐波状态估计,并用复数奇异值分解求解病态线性复变量方程组的方法,可在系统状态非完全可观的情况下进行有效估计,降低了对测量冗余的要求。以IEEE30节点系统为例,采用同步测量方法测量支路的谐波电流和节点的谐波电压,分别用Matlab和基于奇异值分解(SVD)的最小二乘估计程序进行仿真。结果表明,用SVD算法对系统进行谐波状态估计时较为准确。     

基于广域测量系统的大区域电网负荷建模的研究

针对基于负荷特性测量装置量测的传统负荷建模方法在大区电网负荷建模过程中存在的问题,结合现阶段广域测量系统的特点,提出一种以相量测量单元可观测节点的局部电压直接量测或伪量测为基础的广域负荷建模方法.该方法在假设发电机模型、输电线路模型相对较为精确的前提下,通过进化算法和时域仿真计算逐步寻优的过程获得适应时变性的某种负荷模型.数字仿真结果表明,该负荷建模方法能够作为一种校正方法以较高的精度满足数字计算的需要,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

电力系统拓朴可观测性和量测量配置的辅助分析

本文提出了一种简便、有效的电力系统可观测性和量测量配置的计算机辅助分析算法。相应的辅助分析软件可以为电力系统调度中心的工作人员在进行电网量测量的合理配置,或者为在远动装置检修、更新时进行量测量的调整补充,提供辅助分析的手段。该方法可以从在线实时数据库获得系统结构,开关状态和量测系统信息,通过网络结线分析和网络可观测生成树分析网络可观测性,保证电力系统状态估计软件的正常运行。     

基于最小幅值搜索的电压暂降监测点优化配置

为实现全网任意位置电压暂降可观测,提出一种基于最小幅值搜索的电压暂降监测点优化配置方法。首先根据电压暂降幅值解析式,利用黄金分割法搜索故障位置在各线路变化时节点的最小暂降幅值;进而根据电压阈值确立可观测域,构建出计及各种短路故障情形的最恶劣可观测矩阵。最后以系统内监测点数目最少为目标,全网任意位置电压暂降可观测为约束,建立电压暂降监测点优化配置模型。在构造电压暂降可观测矩阵的计算中,考虑了系统最恶劣电压暂降情形,避免了监测盲区。并且通过对IEEE 30节点系统的仿真计算证明了该方法的有效性。     

WAMS中的PMU最优配置新方法

鉴于相量测量单元(phasor measurement unit,PMU)能够实时测量母线电压和相角,在传统监控和数据采集(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)量测系统的基础上,提出了一种选择PMU最优配置方案的新方法。该法在假定系统完全可观测的前提条件下,考虑不同量测噪声信号比的影响,采用直接替代(direct sub-stitution,DS)法、加权最小二乘(weighted least squares,WLS)法和扩展加权最小二乘(augmented weighted least squares,AWLS)法计算状态估计值,验证了量测噪声对选择PMU配置点没有影响这一结论,并最大限度地提高了状态估计的准确度。在IEEE9节点和IEEE14节点测试系统上验证了此方法的正确性和有效性。     

An efficient algebraic approach to observability analysis in state estimation

An efficient and compact algebraic approach to state estimation observability is proposed. It is based on transferring rows to columns and vice versa in the Jacobian measurement matrix. The proposed methodology provides a unified approach to observability checking, critical measurement identification, determination of observable islands, and selection of pseudo-measurements to restore observability. Additionally, the observability information obtained from a given set of measurements can provide directly the observability obtained from any subset of measurements of the given set. Several examples are used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology, and results from a large case study are presented to demonstrate the appropriate computational behavior of the proposed algorithms. Finally, some conclusions are drawn.     

Dielectric relaxation modeling in complex polymer systems

The dynamic Monte Carlo WO simulation using algorithms based on the cooperative motion algorithm (CMA) is presented in application to analysis of structure and dynamics of single complex macro-molecules. Linear chains, polymer rings and polymer stars are considered. Relations between details of molecular dynamics in such systems and quantities which can be considered as observable in the dielectric relaxation measurements are presented and discussed in comparison with the existing experimental evidence     

Transformer tap setting observability in state estimation

In conventional state estimation, transformer tap settings are treated as fixed network parameters. This may reduce the accuracy of state estimation algorithm, when a tap measurement is in error or an unmeasured tap is unknown. This paper presents a numerical observability analysis algorithm for a state estimation model which treats transformer tap settings as state variables and provides for turns ratio and phase-shift angle measurements. The proposed model is transformed to a conventional node frame of reference, by introducing one fictitious bus and one fictitious branch for each transformer with tap estimation enabled. For an unobservable system, observable islands are determined and additional measurements are directly provided for placement. Test results are presented.     

A distributed state estimation method for power systems incorporating linear and nonlinear models

High-voltage transmission networks are commonly equipped with phasor measurement units (PMU), and some of them are PMU observable. However, PMUs are seldom installed in distribution networks due to budget limitations. The state estimation equations of PMU observable areas are linear, while those of other areas remain nonlinear. This paper proposes a new distributed state estimation method for solving multi-area state estimation problems, in which linear models are used for high-voltage transmission network, while nonlinear models are adopted for other areas. In PMU observable area, we select coordinating variables as generalized cost functions which accurately represent the sensitivity between the linear SE objective function and boundary states. Consequently, SE results identical to a centralized estimator can be obtained without iterations at the coordination level. This paper presents the problem model and theoretical analysis of the proposed method, and shows its effectiveness by numerical tests.