Fabrication of blazed gratings used in ultraviolet region by holographic ion beam etching based on photoresist melting

A novel technology to manufacture holographic ion beam etched diffraction gratings based on surface therrnokinematics is presented. The surface roughness of photoresist gratings is solved by this technology. According to this technology, a holographic ion beam etched blazed grating of 1200 l/mm for use in the ultraviolet region is manufactured. The experimental results show that the grating has good surface quality, low stray light and high diffraction efficiency. In addition, the performance of thes gratings satisfies the operating requirements of ultraviolet spectrograph.     

一种波分解复用技术的实验研究

文章提出一种基于光折变晶体LiNbO3的波分解复用技术实验研究方法,研究了影响光栅衍射效率的重要因素.实验采用o光写入e光读出,写入光强比为1∶1.通过在同一位置由红光和绿光先后写入光栅(两光栅夹角为0.18°时不会发生串扰),并用耦合光读出,成功地进行了解复用实验.     

POLICRYPS switchable holographic grating: a promising grating electro-optical pixel for high resolution display application

POLICRYPS, an acronym of POlymer LIquid CRYstal Polymer Slices, is a structure made of perfectly aligned liquid crystal films separated by slices of almost pure polymer. Under suitable experimental and geometrical conditions, the structure is obtained by curing a homogeneous syrup of liquid crystal, monomer and curing agent molecules with a spatially modulated pattern of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. From an optical point of view, POLICRYPS is a holographic diffraction grating with a spatial periodicity that can be easily made of sub-micrometric scale, exhibiting diffraction efficiency values as high as 98%. Depending on the used geometry, the POLICRYPS grating can be utilized both in transmission or reflection, with negligible scattering losses, and can be switched ON and OFF by application of an external electric field of the order of few V//spl mu/m. In this paper, we review: 1) the "recipe" to fabricate POLICRYPS holographic gratings, along with their main optical and electro-optical properties; 2) a chemical-diffusive model that, taking into account sample temperature and intensity of the curing radiation, indicates the best conditions to fabricate these gratings; 3) a Kogelnik-like model that accounts for the dependence of the diffraction efficiency on material parameters, sample temperature, and applied electric field. Finally, we discuss the possibility of utilizing a micrometric sized POLICRYPS grating as a Grating Electro-Optical Pixel for high resolution display application.     

向列液晶中的光控永久光栅

液晶中的光折变光栅在数据存储、实时全息术、干涉测量、光放大、相位共轭、光学图像处理和光束操控等领域具有潜在的应用价值。通过二波耦合的方法在掺C60的向列液晶中记录了永久光栅,该光栅的衍射特性能够被外加直流电场或以任意角度入射的、与记录光强度相当的一束平面光波控制。为了进一步了解光栅建立的机制,研究了在恒定外加直流电场下的电流动态过程,从而证明该光栅源于表面电荷的光调制。     

45/spl deg/ slanted fibre Bragg grating design with prism coupled holographic exposure

A holographic technique for forming 45/spl deg/ tilted fibre gratings using two 45/spl deg/-90/spl deg/, -45/spl deg/ fused silica prisms is described. The technique reduces fringe distortion due to the lens effects of the fibre during exposure. Details of the experimental system and grating performance are given.     

Spectral Properties of High-Power Distributed Bragg Reflector Lasers

In this paper, spectral data of distributed Bragg reflector lasers emitting around 974 nm and 1084 nm are presented. The devices are fabricated by a single-growth molecular beam epitaxy step, and the gratings are defined by holographic interferometry. Spectral dependencies on the grating and gain section lengths are systematically investigated in the so-called cleaved-back experiments. Experimental data for the side-mode suppression ratio, mode spacing, and group refractive index are given for devices emitting around 974 nm. In addition, the coupling efficiency between the grating and gain section is derived experimentally for devices emitting around 1084 nm.      

双掺杂LiNbO3:Fe:Mn晶体局域光折变体全息光栅形成及衍射特性

将带输运模型与二维耦合波理论相结合,研究了双掺杂LiNbO3∶Fe∶Mn晶体中由两束有限宽度平面波干涉产生的局域光折变体全息的动力学机制及其衍射特性。采用三步法联立求解了双中心带输运物质波方程和二维耦合波方程。数值计算结果表明,局域光折变体全息光栅的空间电荷场在空间上呈不均匀分布。当光栅区域较小时空间电荷场较强,随着光栅区域的增大,空间电荷场急剧下降,并降低一个数量级。此外,在接近光束入射边界的区域,空间电荷场时空变化规律与一维无限大光折变体全息光栅的结果相似,随着光栅区域的扩大,边界效应对空间电荷场的影响越显著。研究还发现,局域光折变体全息光栅的衍射效率随光栅厚度的增加而增加。理论结果对于由局域光折变体全息光栅形成的光学器件与系统的设计和应用具有重要的参考意义。     

Generation of multiple-pitch gratings in WDM devices by using a single computer-generated phase mask

Use of a single computer-generated phase mask (CGPM) for monolithic fabrication of submicronmeter multiple-pitch gratings is proposed. The CGPM is a computer-generated Fourier hologram generating multiple diffracted beams with equal intensity from a single incident beam. The submicronmeter grating periods differing by as little as a few angstroms are estimated with basis of the multiple diffraction angles. As a result of preliminary experiment, an array of nine gratings has been achieved by using a CGPM with 2-/spl mu/m minimum feature size. Limit of the CGPM period due to increase in wavelength spacing of WDM devices is also discussed.     

体全息光栅偏移布拉格角读出时衍射角的测定

体全息光栅的读出偏离布拉格条件时,衍射光方向的确定是体光栅耦合波理论中的一个重要问题.前人(例如Kogelnik和Heaton)对此有两种不同的假设,基于这两种假设算出的衍射光方向有一定差别.我们设计实验,较精确地测量了透射式和反射式光栅在不同写入条件下衍射光方向随读出光角度变化的规律.实验结果表明,衍射光的方向并不是简单地符合某种假设,而是与两写入光的角度和光栅的倾斜度有很大关系.特别是对反射式全息图,光栅矢量的倾斜角越大,衍射光方向越接近于Kogelnik的假设.反之,衍射光方向越接近于Heaton等人的假设.     

Studies on strain and temperature characteristics of a slanted multimode fiber Bragg grating and its application in multiwavelength fiber Raman ring laser

Detailed strain and temperature characteristics of a 2/spl deg/ slanted multimode fiber Bragg grating (MFBG) are developed theoretically and observed experimentally. Results show that the strain and temperature sensitivities are almost the same for different transmission dips of the 2/spl deg/ slanted MFBG. Utilizing two characteristics of the 2/spl deg/ slanted MFBG, namely 1) resonant wavelength intensities strongly affected by excited mode propagating before the grating and 2) uniform strain sensitivities of different resonant wavelengths, a switchable and tunable multiwavelength fiber Raman ring laser is realized. The configuration is simple and multipurpose. Results show that the laser can generate single-, dual-, three-, four-, and five-wavelength lasing by switching between each operation if a mode scrambler (MS) that is inserted in front of the slanted MFBG is adjusted; furthermore, a 4.2-nm continuous wavelength-tuning range is achieved by straining the slanted MFBG when the MS is fixed.     

Distributed feedback surface-emitting laser with air/semiconductor gratings embedded by mass-transport assisted wafer fusion technique

We report on a distributed feedback InGaAsP MQW laser with air/semiconductor gratings embedded by wafer-fusion technique with the assistance of mass-transport phenomenon for the first time. The air/semiconductor gratings with 0.4-/spl mu/m period and 0.2-/spl mu/m depth are successfully fabricated inside the device, and a single longitudinal mode oscillation at about 1.28 /spl mu/m is demonstrated under pulsed condition at room temperature. The threshold current density is estimated to be about 1.4 kA/cm/sup 2/. It is also shown that the device has a surface-emitting function since it has a low loss multiquantum-well waveguide with grating output coupler.     

增益光栅在全息激光振荡器中的应用

增益光栅作为一种动态衍射元件,可构成一种环形腔,只需一束光波即可形成光栅并产生位相共轭波,因此该现象被称为自泵位相共轭(SPPC)。SPPC环形谐振腔具有修正位相失真的功能。由于其具有远大于1的反射率,用一个部分反射器取代输入光束,则系统就成为自启动的。在增益介质中写入体积增益光栅可用于高功率激光系统中光束质量的控制。本文综述了增益光栅的瞬态动力学特性和频谱滤波特性以及各种类型光栅在自启动全息激光振荡器中的贡献。     

High-Throughput Continuous Beam Steering Using Rotating Polarization Gratings

A new beam steering concept comprising independently rotating, inline polarization gratings (PGs) is experimentally demonstrated. The approach, which we term Risley gratings, achieves high steering throughput within a large field-of-regard (FOR) in a fashion similar to Risley prisms, composed of wedged prisms. However, because PGs are patterned in thin liquid crystal layers, they enable a system with far less thickness, weight, and beam walk-off. Furthermore, large apertures are feasible and wavelengths from visible to infrared can be chosen. Any direction within a solid angle defined by twice the diffraction angle of each PG can be addressed mechanically. Here we demonstrate a Risley grating system with a 62 $^{circ}$ FOR and 89%–92% transmittance at 1550-nm wavelength, using two PGs with 6- $muhbox{m}$ grating period.      

体光栅的垂直选择角和光栅简并

从理论和实验上探讨了体光栅在垂直方向的角度选择性，根据ｋ矢量球与参考点源平面上的对应关系，导出了垂直方向的选择角，并得到光栅简并线方程。实验结果表明体光栅在垂直方向具有有限的选择角     

Single-frequency 1310-nm AlGaInAs-InP grating-outcoupled surface-emitting lasers

Single-frequency 1310-nm grating-outcoupled surface-emitting (GSE) semiconductor lasers with output slope efficiencies exceeding 0.1 mW/mA into multimode fibers, threshold currents below 22 mA, and >30-dB sidemode suppression ratios are reported. These GSE lasers consist of 500-/spl mu/m-long active ridges that excite one end of surface-emitting second-order outcoupling gratings with 200-/spl mu/m-long first-order distributed Bragg reflector gratings terminating the laser cavities at both ends. The grating outcouplers range from 10 to 50 /spl mu/m in length. These lasers have an open eye pattern for nonreturn-to-zero signals at 2.5 Gb/s into single-mode fibers. The full-width half-maximum far-field beam divergences range from 1.5/spl deg/ /spl times/ 8/spl deg/ to 5/spl deg/ /spl times/ 8/spl deg/.     

A novel device for detecting the polarization direction of linear polarized light using integrated subwavelength gratings and photodetectors

A solid-state device that can be used to detect the polarization direction of linear polarized light is proposed. The device consists of six transmission gratings with periods in the subwavelength region of the incident light and six photodetectors integrated separately underneath each grating. A variable, defined through the photocurrent ratios of the grating-photodetector pairs, shows a one-to one correspondence with the angle between the electric vector of the incident linear polarized light and the orientation of the gratings' fingers, which is therefore used to determine the polarization direction. An angular resolution of 0.2/spl deg/ can be achieved.     

体光栅二维耦合波方程解析解的再探讨

针对完全重叠型的体光栅,在布拉格衍射范畴内给出二维耦合波方程的完整推导,并给出方程组的闭形式解析解.该解析解能够解决完全重叠型的均匀光栅的普遍衍射问题.研究了二维有限尺寸体光栅的衍射性质特别是衍射效率与光栅二维尺寸及介质吸收系数之间的关系.对于无吸收的光栅,参考光束相对物光束越宽,衍射效率将越高.当介质的吸收不可忽略时,对于耦合较强的光栅,参考光尺寸的增大反而会引起衍射效率的下降.为了获得最优的衍射效率,应当根据介质的吸收率合理地设计光栅的几何尺寸.     

光致变色俘精酸酐用于可擦写全息图像存储的研究

对一种新型可擦重写有机光致变色材料——俘精酸酐／聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA)薄膜的光致变色双稳态吸收光谱进行了测量，呈色态的吸收峰在513nm，无色态的吸收峰在370nm。利用该双稳态特性，在10μm俘精酸酐／PMMA薄膜上进行全息图像光存储。实验用氩离子激光器514．5nm波长作为记录光源，测量了衍射效率与曝光量的关系，最大衍射效率约为1％．最佳曝光量约1J／cm^2。获得了存储于样品上的全息干涉条纹和参考光再现的衍射像，分析了影响衍射图像像质的因素。记录在样品上的全息图在室温下黑暗处可以保存一年以上，用紫外光可以擦除记录的全息图．进行多次记录、读出和擦除操作。结果表明，俘精酸酐可以作为一种性能优良的可擦写全息光存储材料。     

向列相液晶中高阶衍射图像的特性

研究了垂直排列C60掺杂的向列相液晶(5CB)记录光折变光栅衍射像的特性。利用二波耦合实验,以较小入射角的信号光束与参考光束在样品中干涉并形成光折变光栅。在远离样品的观察屏上可观察到高阶衍射像。对衍射像进行分析发现,信号光一侧的二阶衍射像被放大,而在参考光一侧的负一阶衍射虽没放大,但产生了180°旋转,理论分析与实验观察结果非常吻合。     

全息拼接光栅的误差研究

为了制作大面积拼接光栅,对全息光栅拼接误差进行了分析。利用参考光栅与光场光栅形成的莫尔条纹来控制拼接光栅位置和误差,确定了参考光栅莫尔条纹间距、倾斜度及相位与拼接光栅位置之间的关系。研究了参考光栅面和拼接光栅基片不平行时莫尔条纹与拼接光栅条纹的相位一致性,计算了光程差漂移对拼接光栅相位对准误差的影响,分析了工作平台移动对光栅拼接误差的影响。得出光栅拼接总误差为0.15λ,该误差接近光栅拼接精度要求,通过实验验证了全息光栅拼接误差分析的正确性。结果表明,利用参考光栅进行全息光栅拼接是可行的。全息拼接光栅的误差分析为制作米量级高精度拼接光栅提供了理论支持。