液体射流的非轴对称破碎

本文分析粘性液体射流的线性稳定性问题，本文首次根据理论预测所确定的物理条件观察到了射流在各种非轴对称模式支配下的破碎情况，实验采用的是高速公路分幅激光全息技术，实验结果表明，液体射流结构遵守稳定性理论所预测的规律，实验还发现，液体射流的实际破碎尺寸要大于线性稳定必伯预测结果。     

受激液体射流的非轴对称模式

利用液体射流破碎的线性不稳定性理论，研究了受激液体射流特有的“局部频段非轴对称模式占优”现象，由一系列理论计算结果，得到了Re-We平面上的相应临界曲线，并根据这些曲线得出了受激液体射流出现非轴对称模式结构特征的物理条件。计算结果还表明，受激液体射流和自由液体射流的临界曲线有明显不同。初步的实验观察结果证实了理论的预测。     

高速液体射流初始阶段的破碎

采用激光分幅全息技术观察到了直径０．４ｍｍ液体射流上的表面波从小到大，最后导致液体破碎的发展过程，本所得的基本结论是：液体在雾化初始阶段的破腑起因于扰动波，扰动波由表及里，在周向与轴秒不断发展，首先将射流撕裂成大液滴，之后再进一步破碎成小液滴。液体射流破碎后的液滴尺寸往往大于初始扰动波长。     

高速粘性液体射流的不稳定模式

本利用线性不稳定性理论研究了高速粘液性射流的破碎问题，并利用先进的高速分幅全息摄影技术首次比较系统地观察了几种不稳定模式的表明形态，实验观察结果与理论预测基本一致。研究结果表明，在适当的条件下，非轴对称模式也有可能成为最不稳定模式，从而肯定了非轴对称模式在射流破碎中的重要作用。     

可压缩气体中的三维黏性液体射流雾化机理

建立了可压缩气体中的三维黏性液体射流雾化数学模型,在射流雾化过程中起控制作用的参数主要有气液速度、气液密度、气液界面表面张力、液体黏性、喷嘴直径及音速.采用线性空间稳定性分析方法详细分析了这些参数在高速射流雾化过程中不稳定性的作用.结果是：增加液体射流速度、气体密度及喷嘴直径;减少液体密度、液体黏性及表面张力,可使射流不稳定性增强.此外,当气流与液体射流反向时增加气体流速也可以使流动不稳定性增强,但当气流与液体射流同向时结果相反.气体可压缩性的增加使流动变得不稳定,但它的影响是很小的.     

同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流形态研究

采用射流线性稳定性分析方法,考虑液体黏性、周围气流的同轴旋转运动以及可压缩性的条件下,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流的数学模型,并进行了验证,研究了气流量纲为1旋转强度以及流体物性对液体射流不稳定形态的影响．研究表明：周围气流的旋转速度较小时,对射流起促稳作用,继续增大气流量纲为1旋转强度,开始对射流起促分裂作用;且随着气流旋转强度的增大,射流扰动沿周向方向发展,射流柱变的高度不对称．在研究参数范围内,气体可压缩性和气/液密度比均能促进射流的失稳,并会影响射流空间形态,尤其是在周向方向上能够改变射流的占优模式,增强射流的不对称性;液体黏性以及表面张力对射流均具有增强稳定性的作用．     

脉冲液体射流泵能量损失分析

研究了脉冲液体射流泵的能量损失与其基本方程式间的关系,给出了脉冲液体射流泵主要流动部件的能量损失压力比的表达式,系统分析了流动部件的能量转化与能量损失及其对脉冲液体射流泵基本性能的影响,并与恒定液体射流泵的基本性能进行了比较,沟通了两者间关系,分析了产生能量损失的主要因素,提出未来应深入研究优化脉冲液体射流泵参数.     

脉冲液体射流泵性能的研究

为获得脉冲液体射流泵性能方程中各参数对其性能的影响规律,用数值计算的方法对脉冲液体射流泵的基本性能方程进行了系统的研究,得出了脉冲射流主要是提高射流泵的卷吸率的结论。定量分析了喉管流速系数和喉管进口段的流速系数等参数的变化规律及其对性能的影响程度,进一步探明了其内部流动规律,对设计性能优良的射流泵具有理论指导意义。     

液体射流泵喷嘴长径比的数值分析

液体射流泵的工作喷嘴一般采用锥直形喷嘴,锥直形喷嘴出口直段的长度与喷嘴出口直径之比即喷嘴长径比,是射流泵的重要几何参数。为了研究喷嘴长径比对液体射流泵性能的影响,采用Realizableκ-ε模型对不同长径比的射流泵内部流动进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,在射流泵的流量比小于0.5时,不同喷嘴长径比所对应的射流泵效率曲线差别不大;在流量比大于0.5时,以射流泵效率为判据,喷嘴长径比范围为0.250～1.000的射流泵性能较好;不同喷嘴长径比对应的射流泵壁面剪切应力相差不大。从湍流耗散率、喷嘴出口断面收缩、核心区长度等方面考虑,喷嘴长径比范围为0.250～1.000的射流泵性能较好。     

气体旋转运动对环膜液体射流不稳定性影响的研究

环膜液体射流的破碎机理研究对于GDI汽油机的雾化过程具有重要的意义。利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体运动对低阶和高阶模式黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。对于色散方程的数值计算结果表明,无论是对称模式还是非对称模式,低阶模式的扰动增长率通常较之高阶模式要大得多,但较之低阶模式扰动,高阶模式对气体旋转运动更为敏感。研究结果同时表明,对于非对称模式,无论是低阶模式还是高阶模式的扰动,气体旋转运动都是液体破碎的失稳因素;对于对称模式,气体旋转运动是低阶模式扰动的促稳因素,然而却是高阶模式扰动的强烈的失稳因素。     

Theoretical Analysis of Hydraulic Jump on Extremely Small Size Liquid Jet Impingement

INTR0DUCTI0NWhenliquidjetsverticallyimpingeonahorizontalplane,theliquidspreadsoverthesurfaceasathinlayerboundedbyahydraulicjumpbeyondwhichthedepthoftheliquidismuchgreater.Totheauthor'sknowledge,thehydraulicjumphasbeenprovedtooc-curwheneverthefilmspreadsfarenough.Itischarac-terizedbyasignificantreductioninfilmaverageveloc-ityandacorrespondinglysharpincreaseintheliquidfilmthickness.Asinallconvectiveheattransfersituations,theflowfieldofanimpingingliquidjetcontrolstheheattransfercharacteristic…     

The effect of equivalence ratio,temperature and pressure on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air pre-mixture with turbulent jet induced by pre-chamber sparkplug

The pre-chamber sparkplug mode can increase the combustion velocity because it can induce the turbulent jet into the cylinder. Higher combustion velocity can increase the brake thermal efficiency and decrease the knock tendency for hydrogen engines. To explore the effect of pre-chamber sparkplug mode on the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen-air mixture, different equivalence ratios, initial pressures and temperatures were selected to study in a constant volume combustion chamber working with pre-chamber sparkplug mode and normal sparkplug mode. The results showed that the pre-chamber sparkplug mode can accelerate the combustion velocity, increase maximum combustion pressure and decrease the combustion duration at all initial conditions. The maximum combustion pressure of pre-chamber sparkplug mode occurred at the equivalence ratio of 1.0 while it occurred at the equivalence ratio of 1.2 with normal sparkplug mode, which means pre-chamber sparkplug mode can increase the higher brake thermal efficiency and power. The combustion intensity of pre-chamber sparkplug mode was bigger than 1 and the biggest value occurred at the equivalence ratio of 0.6. Moreover, the combustion intensity of pre-chamber sparkplug mode was higher with lean equivalence ratios than that of rich equivalence ratios. Increasing the initial pressure can increase maximum combustion pressure and combustion velocity obviously for pre-chamber sparkplug mode, which was different from the normal sparkplug mode. The initial temperatures had little impact on the combustion intensity. These results showed the pre-chamber sparkplug mode was more suitable to be used in the boosting hydrogen engines to improve the performance.     

Review of propane-air chemical kinetic mechanisms for a unique jet propulsion application

A review of available propane-air chemical kinetic mechanisms was undertaken to determine how best to computationally model the combustion of propane and air at standard sea level conditions inside a unique ramjet engine. The included review comprises a set of 35 distinct mechanisms covering more than 30 years of work intended to model different aspects of propane-air chemistry. A selection of the available mechanisms was compared using a calibrated and validated zero-dimensional constant volume simulation with mixture ignition delay as the primary metric. The most accurate version across a range of equivalence ratios and temperatures was the San Diego mechanism due to its continual evolution through the adjustment of the reactions forming hydroxyl radicals to match ignition data. Subsequently, a reduced form of this mechanism was generated for three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations by removing reactions that did not affect the ignition delay at the 1 ms level. A one-dimensional variable property reacting flow shock tube simulation illustrated that this reduced mechanism did lose some accuracy in predicting the ignition delay for a unique set of data. However, it worked effectively in conjunction with the CFD model to predict the unique operational characteristics of the acoustically-pressurized ramjet engine.     

A numerical study on the combustion limits of mesoscale methane jet flames with hydrogen addition

A meso-scale jet flame model was established for the flame ports of domestic gas stoves. The influences of hydrogen addition ratio (β = 0%–25%) on the combustion limits were explored. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, the blow-off limit increases obviously, while the extinction limit decreases slightly, namely, the combustible range expands significantly. Quantitative analysis was carried out in terms of chemical effect and thermal effect. It was found that hydrogen addition will reduce O₂ fraction in the pre-mixture for a constant equivalence ratio. Under near-extinction limit condition, since the flame is located at the nozzle exit, the external O₂ cannot be entrained into or diffuse into the upstream of the flame, which leads to the decrease of reaction rate. However, for the near-blow-off cases, the external O₂ can be entrained and diffuse into the flame, which compensates the difference of O₂ content in the pre-mixture. Therefore, the combustion reaction is enhanced by hydrogen addition because more H radicals can be produced. In addition, as the flame is located closer to the tube with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, heat transfer between flame and tube wall is augmented and the preheating of fresh mixture is strengthened by the inner tube wall. This heat recirculation effect becomes especially notable in low velocity cases. In conclusion, the extension of extinction limit by hydrogen addition is attributed to the thermal effect, while the increase of blow-off limit is mainly due to the intensification of chemical effect.     

往复炉启炉过程基本特征及节能初探

对间歇运行的往复炉启炉过程的燃烧工况及负荷工况进行了实测和曲线分析,将启炉过程划分为启炉、过渡和稳定三个阶段,分析了各阶段的基本特点,对提高锅炉的使用效果和节约能源乃至对间歇供热问题的研究都有重要意义。     

BH175F1涡流室式柴油机工作过程的数值模拟

为改善湖南新滨湖发动机有限公司的BH175F1型单缸风冷涡流室式柴油机的性能,利用AVL-FIRE程序对其缸内工作过程进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果揭示了燃烧室内的平均温度和压力的变化,涡流室内一次涡流、二次涡流的形态和位置等相关信息,以及燃油喷雾扩散和混合气形成过程的特点。此外,还探讨了油嘴安装角度对混合气形成及燃烧过程的影响,发现了油嘴安装角度偏离对称面可以获得更加均匀分布的混合气,确定了可以使燃烧持续期缩短将近5°CA的油嘴安装角度。     

预燃室氢射流火焰引燃氨预混气火焰发展及着火特性数值研究

基于计算流体平台CONVERGE,对化学当量比下H2射流火焰引燃NH3、空气预混气过程中射流火焰的发展历程、射流特性及主/预燃室物质场分布进行了数值仿真。结果表明：射流火焰发展历程可分为射流阶段、过渡阶段和热射流阶段三个阶段;射流火焰的前锋面移动距离的增长率受NH3火焰传播速度的制约而逐渐下降;随着射流引燃的进行,射流火焰温度场和物质浓度场呈现明显分层现象,NH2高浓度区经分离后分布在射流头部的NH3燃烧区及射流尾部的H2射流火焰区。     

Experimental study of turbulent jet induced by steam jet condensation through a hole in a water tank

A turbulent jet induced by steam jet condensation in a water pool was investigated experimentally. An experimental apparatus equipped with a steam boiler, a single-hole steam sparger, and a water pool, etc. was used. For the measurements, a pitot tube and thermocouples were used for turbulent flow velocity and temperatures, respectively. Overall flow shapes of the turbulent jet by the steam jet condensation are similar to those of axially symmetric turbulent jet flows. The angular coefficients of turbulent rays are quantitatively comparable between the traditional turbulent jet flows and the turbulent jet flows induced by the steam jet condensation in this work. Although the turbulent flows were induced by the steam jet condensation, general theory of turbulent jets was found to be applicable to the turbulent flows of this work.     

运行工况对基础燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在一台经改装的单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了不同辛烷值基础燃料下发动机转速对均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧特性、工况范围和排放特性影响的试验研究。研究结果表明：发动机转速升高,不同辛烷值燃料着火燃烧时刻推迟,以曲轴转角计算的燃烧持续期延长,高辛烷值燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和缸内温度降低;在中间转速,HCCI实现的最高平均指示压力最大,高转速工况,最高平均指示压力降低;对于低辛烷值燃料,转速对燃烧效率影响不大,转速升高,指示热效率增大;对于高辛烷值燃料,转速升高燃烧效率降低,指示热效率在中间转速最高,高转速降低。排放测试表明,转速升高使得HCCI运转的HC和CO排放都升高,NOx排放则逐渐降低。     

Numerical simulation on the behavior of a liquid jet into an air flow

A numerical simulation has been performed to clarify the effects of turbulence in a liquid on the deformation of the liquid jet surface into an air flow. The turbulences in the liquid jet were simulated by the Rankin vortices, and the liquid jet surface was tracked numerically by the volume of fluid method. By numerical simulations, the onset of the protrusions on the liquid jet surface is caused by the vortices in the liquid, and the surrounding air flow plays an important role in the amplification of the protrusions. The amplification rate of the trough displacement is proportional to the air‐to‐liquid velocity ratio. At large imposed vortex intensities, the trough displacement increases with the vortex intensity. On the other hand, at small imposed vortex intensities, the amplification of the trough displacement is also affected by factors other than vortex intensity. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 473–484, 2001