位置轨迹相关性差分隐私保护技术研究与进展

随着移动互联网、智能终端设备和GPS定位技术的普及应用,产生了大量轨迹数据以应用于基于位置的服务.然而,具有时空相关性的行动轨迹可以体现或泄露单用户的个人信息或多用户之间的某些社会关系信息,进一步导致严重的隐私泄露.这些位置轨迹数据的共享和发布离不开隐私保护技术的支持,而大多数隐私保护模型的安全性是基于一定的背景知识,若背景知识已被攻击者掌握,则无法提供完善的隐私保护.差分隐私技术有效弥补这一缺陷,并广泛应用于位置轨迹数据相关性隐私保护领域中.本文首先介绍差分隐私、全局敏感度、噪声机制以及组合性质等相关概念;其次系统地对基于差分隐私的位置轨迹相关性隐私保护技术进行了研究与分析,进一步地详细阐述了差分隐私模型下单条轨迹内相关性保护、两条不同轨迹之间相关性保护以及多条不同轨迹之间相关性保护在时间、空间以及时空方面的隐私保护方法;最后,在对现有方法对比分析的基础上,提出了位置轨迹相关性隐私保护未来的重点研究发展方向.     

基于用户相关性的差分隐私轨迹隐私保护方案

在使用位置查询服务时需要提供用户真实位置信息,导致用户信息泄露。大部分研究只针对单个用户的隐私保护,而忽略了多用户之间的相关性。针对轨迹隐私保护中多用户相关性的问题,提出了一种基于用户相关性的差分隐私轨迹隐私保护方案。首先,构建历史轨迹树,利用变阶马尔可夫模型预测用户轨迹,从轨迹集合中生成一组高可用性的轨迹数据集;其次,根据用户轨迹之间的相关性获取一组关联性较低的预测轨迹集;最后,通过自定义隐私预算的方法,根据用户不同的隐私需求动态调整每个位置点的隐私预算并为发布轨迹添加拉普拉斯噪声。实验结果表明：与LPADP算法相比,该算法的执行效率提升了10%~15.9%;与PTPP和LPADP算法相比,该算法的数据可用性提升了11%~16.1%,同时提升了隐私保护程度。     

基于语义的位置隐私保护综述

5G时代的到来使基于位置的服务（LBS）应用更加广泛，但用户在享受LBS带来的巨大便利时，也会面对由位置服务引发的诸多隐私泄露问题。为了加强匿名的安全性，提高数据效用，对抗拥有一定背景知识的攻击以及保护用户的敏感信息，研究者们提出了基于语义的位置隐私保护机制。首先，对位置隐私保护系统结构和传统的保护技术进行介绍；其次，分析了基于语义的隐私泄露和攻击方式，给出了结合语义的位置隐私保护需求，重点从单点位置隐私保护和轨迹隐私保护两个方面综述了基于语义的位置隐私保护研究中最新的关键技术和成果；最后，对未来技术发展趋势和下一步研究工作进行展望。     

位置隐私保护技术研究进展

移动通信和移动定位技术的快速发展促进了一个新的研究领域--基于位置的服务(LBSs).基于位置的数据的隐私保护已经成为基于位置的服务中的研究热点.在基于位置的服务被广泛使用的今天,位置隐私保护的重要性已经被充分地认识到.位置k-匿名[25] 是最早提出的用来保护位置隐私的技术,它是在用于保护关系数据记录隐私的k-匿名方法的基础上扩展而来的.目前,关于基于位置服务中的隐私保护的研究已经取得了一定的成果.然而,在基于位置的服务中,服务的质量与用户的隐私是一对矛盾,如何更好地平衡两者之间的矛盾也是研究的重点.另一方面,对用户的隐私进行保护而引发的一系列问题将对服务器处理能力提出新的挑战,例如如何对服务器端的不确定数据进行高效的查询处理等.因此,基于位置服务中的位置隐私保护不仅仅只关注如何保护用户的隐私,还需要关注隐私保护带来的一系列相关问题.本文初步讨论了当前位置隐私保护的方法及有待解决的问题.     

面向轨迹数据发布的个性化差分隐私保护机制

移动互联网和智能手机的普及大大方便了人们的生活,并由此产生了大量的轨迹数据.通过对发布的轨迹数据进行分析,能够有效提高基于位置服务的质量,进而推动智慧城市相关应用的发展,例如智能交通管理、基础设计规划以及道路拥塞预警与检测.然而,由于轨迹数据中包含用户的敏感信息,直接发布原始的轨迹数据会对个人隐私造成严重威胁.差分隐私作为一种具备严格形式化定义、强隐私性保证的安全机制,已经被广泛应用于轨迹数据的发布中.但是,现有的方法假定用户具有相同的隐私偏好,并且为所有用户提供相同级别的隐私保护,这会导致对某些用户提供的隐私保护级别不足,而某些用户则获得过多的隐私保护.为满足不同用户的隐私保护需求,提高数据可用性,本文假设用户具备不同的隐私需求,提出了一种面向轨迹数据的个性化差分隐私发布机制.该机制利用Hilbert曲线提取轨迹数据在各个时刻的分布特征,生成位置聚簇,使用抽样机制和指数机制选择各个位置聚簇的代表元,进而利用位置代表元对原始轨迹数据进行泛化,从而生成待发布轨迹数据.在真实轨迹数据集上的实验表明,与基于标准差分隐私的方法相比,本文提出的机制在隐私保护和数据可用性之间提供了更好的平衡.     

连续空间查询的位置隐私保护综述

在移动互联网中,移动用户把个人位置信息发送到位置服务提供者并通过空间查询获取兴趣点数据;在连续空间查询中,用户沿着轨迹提交多个位置信息,这导致了严重的用户隐私风险。近年来,连续空间查询的位置隐私保护技术成为无线网络安全和隐私领域的研究热点。首先介绍了位置服务中的空间查询和隐私威胁;归纳了连续空间查询的隐私保护模型,并比较了对应的隐私保护方法。最后介绍了发展趋势并指明了未来的研究方向。     

基于LBS系统的位置轨迹隐私保护技术综述

基于位置的服务（LBS）方式为用户生活带来了便捷,同时也存在着位置轨迹隐私泄露的风险。如何对这些隐私数据加以保护,成为目前研究者的研究热点。对现有的隐私保护方法系统架构进行总结,对位置隐私保护技术和轨迹隐私保护技术进行综述,分类介绍了基于扭曲技术、加密技术、匿名技术以及差分隐私技术的隐私保护方法,对各种隐私保护技术下的最新算法进行整理归纳。根据对已有技术的了解,提出了现有研究中存在的不足以及未来研究的方向。     

面向位置推荐的差分隐私保护方法

位置推荐服务能使用户更容易地获得周边的兴趣点信息,但也会带来用户位置隐私泄露的风险。为了避免位置隐私泄露带来的不利影响,提出一种面向位置推荐服务的差分隐私保护方法。在保持用户位置轨迹与签到频率特征的前提下,基于路径前缀树及其平衡程度采用均匀分配和几何分配两种方式进行隐私预算分配,然后根据隐私预算分配结果添加满足差分隐私的Laplace噪音。实验结果表明该方法能有效保护用户位置隐私,同时通过合理的隐私预算分配能减少差分隐私噪音对推荐质量的影响。     

融合隐私保护的车辆轨迹数据停留点挖掘方法

随着车载GPS定位设备的普及, 产生了大量的车辆轨迹数据和位置信息, 各种轨迹挖掘技术也应运而生. 然而, 现有的轨迹挖掘技术较少考虑用户的隐私泄露问题, 因此, 本文提出了一种融合隐私保护的车辆轨迹数据停留点挖掘方法. 在该算法中, 首先通过密度聚类筛选出轨迹停留点, 其次结合差分隐私技术对停留点进行隐私保护. 通过实验验证, 该方法不仅能有效识别出停留点的位置, 还能保护其隐私不被泄露.     

轨迹隐私保护技术研究

随着移动设备和定位技术的发展,产生了大量的移动对象轨迹数据.轨迹数据含有丰富的时空信息,对其分析和挖掘可以支持多种与移动对象相关的应用.然而,针对轨迹数据的攻击性推理可能导致个人的兴趣爱好、行为模式、社会习惯等隐私信息暴露.另一方面,在基于位置的服务中,由于现有位置隐私保护技术并不能解决轨迹隐私泄露的问题,移动对象的个...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.