磷矿伴生氟资源利用现状及氟资源利用率提升

湿法磷酸副产的氟硅酸可用做各种氟盐的原料,用途较广,但因其浓度低、杂质含量多,制约了它的应用范围,外排又会引起环境污染。根据氟硅酸的反应机理,氟硅酸中n(HF)/n(SiF_4)2时不会析出SiO_2,浓磷酸中w(P_2O_5)=50%～55%,H_2SiF_6的得率最高。据此提出提升湿法磷酸副产氟硅酸质量的措施是采用对萃取浓缩系统氟吸收改造,增加氟硅酸产量。加强氟盐生产管控,以及新技术的运行提升氟盐氟硅酸的利用效率,从而实现对氟资源的利用率提升。     

过磷酸钙生产中氟内循环工艺的改进

在过磷酸钙的氟内循环工艺生产中,因浓硫酸分解氟化钙,使氟再次逸出造成氟吸收系统负荷增加,管道易被硅胶堵塞,尾气不达标。提出单独用氟硅酸质量分数22%以上的氟硅酸废水直接分解磷矿粉,可生产出w(P2O5有效)10.3%～11.9%、w(H2O)23%～24%的过磷酸钙,可完全回收利用过磷酸钙生产中的氟硅酸和硅胶,该产品可与用硫酸分解磷矿粉的产品混合制得合格过磷酸钙产品。     

自动箱式压滤机在我厂的应用

在我厂磷肥生产中,每生产一吨过磷酸钙要产生250～300m~3氟气,其含氟在15～35g/m~3(相当含SiF_4 20.5～48g/m~3)之间,含氟气体是在有扬水轮的吸收室中用水吸收的,其反应式为:3SiF_4+3H_2O→2H_2SiF_6+H2SiO_3,其中SiF_4的90％以上被吸收为10％的氟硅酸(H_2SiF_6),同时有2.6％硅胶(H_2SiO_3)生成。氟硅酸中大量硅胶的存在给生产操作带来不便,如常因硅胶粘度大堵塞下水排放管道。为此,我     

氟硅酸钠生产提质降耗的途径

针对氟硅酸钠连续法生产工艺,以硫酸钠为钠原料,分析生产中原料(氟硅酸、硫酸钠)纯度及质量分数、盐与酸质量配比、料浆晶体洗涤分离、产品干燥等对产品质量及消耗的影响,提出提高产品质量、降低消耗的技术方法。装置实施改进后,产品品质得到提升,外观疏松不结块,产品w(Na_2SiF_4)均在99%以上,合格率≥98%,吨产品消耗氟硅酸(w(H_2SiF_6)100%)0.93 t、硫酸钠(w(Na_2SO_4)99%)1.05 t。     

高氮磷酸二铵的质量控制

对从选矿、磷酸到磷铵的生产过程工艺控制指标进行分析。结果表明,通过控制精矿浆w(P_2O_5)≥30%、w(MgO)≤1.0%、粒径≤0.074 mm的颗粒占比≥90%、w(固)≥60%,浓磷酸w(P_2O_5)≥46.0%、w(固)≤2.5%、MER≤0.082,磷酸二铵料浆中和度2.0、w(H_2O)2.0%,可生产w(N)≥18.0%的高氮磷酸二铵。     

氟硅酸钠及湿法磷酸生产污水在稀磷酸生产中的应用

将浓密机沉降后w(H_2O)33%的磷矿浆脱水处理至w(H_2O)13%,之后用氟硅酸钠及湿法磷酸生产污水将磷矿浆重新调浆至w(H_2O)33%,经预混反应后用于稀磷酸生产。该技术直接减少磨矿装置新鲜工业水消耗量164 m~3/h,消耗氟硅酸钠及湿法磷酸生产污水111.02 m~3/h,提高了磷矿转化率及洗涤率,磷石膏残磷值降低约0.2%。     

旋浮熔炼炉工艺参数控制对稀硫酸浓度的影响

通过对祥光铜业硫酸生产净化系统有关硫酸生产过程中的大量数据进行统计分析,探索了旋浮熔炼炉工艺操作参数的控制对稀酸酸浓的影响。结果表明,冰铜w(Cu)控制在66%~70%,w(S)/w(Cu)控制在0.25~0.40,SO_3发生率明显降低,稀酸w(H_2SO_4)可稳定在6%~8%,排烟设备腐蚀减缓,产生的废酸量也明显降低。     

利用普钙付产的硅胶生产白碳黑与水玻璃

普通过磷酸钙生产过程中逸出的四氟化硅气体被水吸收以后,水解析出大量的含结晶水的二氧化硅,即硅胶。其水解反应按下式进行: SiF_4 4H_2O=SiO_2·2H_2O 4HF↑……(1) 2HF SiF_4=H_2SiF_6 ……(2) 由于硅胶里面包含有大量的氟硅酸,日积月累,成为工厂中的一害。流入江河、农     

湿法磷酸尾气封闭循环工艺与氟回收技术开发

提出湿法磷酸尾气封闭循环工艺系统及其概念设计,并以强化尾气氟回收和废热回收的气相冷凝-闪蒸提浓、绝热蒸发-热泵升温高效利用等关键技术开发为重点,详细介绍在P_2O_530 kt/a半水湿法磷酸生产装置上的工业性试验结果。稳定实现了磷矿石酸解反应(95℃)尾气氟化物回收率98%、氟硅酸产品w(H_2SiF_6)15%、尾气ρ(F)8 mg/m~3,废热回收升温输出温度86℃、热泵性能系数6.0等核心技术指标,对同步提升湿法磷酸工业资源环境效益和经济效益具有重要意义。     

湿法磷酸中少量硅酸的比色测定

一、前言在湿法磷酸的生产过程中,当硫酸分解磷矿时,硅以两种形态存在于湿法磷酸中,一为氟硅酸,另一为硅酸。其反应过程如下: Ca_5F(PO_4)_3+5H_2SO_4+5nH_2O→3H_3PO_4+5CaSO_4·nH_2O↓+HF 产生的氟化氢继续与原料中的二氧化硅或其他含硅化合物作用,生成四氟化硅: 4HF+SiO_2→SiF_4+2H_2O 四氟化硅与水作用生成氟硅酸与硅酸:     

我国脂肪酸的生产和应用

简要介绍脂肪酸的分类、原料来源、生产工艺、品种以及用途。并对我国脂肪酸的生产现状进行了分析。重点介绍了脂肪酸在我国橡胶工业中、塑料助剂等领域的应用,脂肪酸甲酯作为表面活性剂在不同领域的广泛应用,最后还简述了癸二酸和改性醇酸树脂应用。     

酸液体系的研究现状分析和现场应用

酸化解堵与压裂改造相比,它具有施工相对简单和成本相对较低等特点,所以酸化解堵是一项各油田广泛使用的油气田增产技术。酸化解堵技术已有将近100历史,现已研制出具有不同特点的酸液体系,如乳化酸、泡沫酸、固体酸、多氢酸等,基本能满足复杂地质条件对酸液的要求。     

油酸的精制研究

油酸酰胺是一种很好的塑料添加剂 ,可用作塑料加工成型时的脱膜剂、润滑剂。油酸的原料来源很广 ,牛油、羊油、猪油等动物油油脂以及大豆油、花生油、棕榈油等植物油脂中都含有大量的油酸。由于油酸的来源和生产方法多种多样 ,因此其所含的脂肪酸种类及含量都不尽相同。除油酸外 ,还有亚油酸、亚麻酸等高不饱和脂肪酸。针对油酸中因含有大量的多不饱和组分如亚油酸、亚麻酸而容易产生氧化泛黄的问题 ,采取了尿素络合法对原料油酸进行精制 ,以减少原料中亚油酸、亚麻酸组分的含量。经气相色谱验证 ,产品达到了应用指标 ,提高了产品的抗氧性。     

The Growth‐Inhibiting Effects of Beef Fatty Acids on MCF‐7 Cells Are Influenced Mostly by the Depot Location and Inconsistently by the Biohydrogenation Intermediate Content

Biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are formed during ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminants. Although many studies have examined the anticarcinogenic effects of CLA, few studies have reported the anticarcinogenic properties of BHI in their natural form found in dairy and beef fats. The present study compared the growth‐inhibitory effects of fatty acids from beef perirenal fat (PRF) or subcutaneous fat (SCF) with low or high levels of BHI in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells. Cells were exposed for 72 h to media containing increasing doses (50 to 400 μM) of different beef fat treatments. Fatty‐acid analysis showed that BHI were readily incorporated into cell phospholipids (PL) in a treatment‐dependent manner, but higher BHI in PL did not consistently inhibit growth. Culturing with low‐BHI PRF or high‐BHI PRF did not lead to growth inhibition, but low‐BHI SCF inhibited growth, and inhibition was further increased by high‐BHI SCF. Other classes of fatty acids may, therefore, be interacting with BHI resulting in differential effects on growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells.     

磷钼杂多酸的合成研究

介绍了磷钼杂多酸的合成。通过正交试验探讨了反应物料量比、三氧化钼浓度、反应温度和反应时间对产物产率的影响。结果表明,最适宜的反应条件为:反应物量比n(三氧化钼)∶n(磷酸)=12∶1.0、反应温度t=70℃、反应时间7 h、三氧化钼与水的质量比1∶8。经红外光谱分析及熔点测定确定所得产品为磷钼杂多酸化合物。并以磷钼杂多酸取代硫酸作催化剂制备乙酸乙醋来研究其催化活性,并与硫酸做催化剂进行对比实验收率为70.75%,超过硫酸催化剂水平。     

Fatty Acid Profiles in Sunflower Grains During Storage in Different Environments

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profiles of sunflower oil extracted from hybrid grains produced and stored in different environments. The trials were conducted in Teresina (Piauí), Vilhena (Rondônia), and Jaguariúna (São Paulo) in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. After harvesting, grains from 1 high oleic and 3 traditional hybrids were packed in kraft paper bags and stored in a covered shed and in a cold chamber up to 12 months. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography after 0, 4, 8, and 12 months of storage. Analyses of variance were conducted in a split‐plot design, with hybrids being considered as whole plots and storage times as subplots. Tukey's test was performed to compare hybrids and regression analyses for storage times. The initial fatty acid profile of the grains of the same hybrid varied depending on the production location. The grain storage of high oleic and traditional sunflower hybrids during 12 months in covered shed and in cold chamber resulted in little changes in oil fatty acid profiles, regardless of the initial contents. These changes occurred only for linoleic and palmitic acids.     

Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil Obtained from Mid-Oleic Sunflowers Grown in Tropical Region

This study aimed to verify whether the fatty acid profiles of mid-oleic genotypes grown in the tropical region of Brazil fit the Codex Alimentarius and to examine the possibility of using traditional inbred lines to produce high-oleic hybrids. For this purpose, we assessed the fatty acid profile of six mid-oleic hybrids grown in environments with different minimum temperatures during oil formation in the achenes. The tests were conducted between 2015 and 2017 in an experimentally randomized complete block design with four replications. The oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acid contents were determined using gas chromatography. The mid-oleic hybrids presented varying levels of fatty acids, with oleic acid ranging between 43.6% and 84.6%, linoleic acid between 8.5% and 45.6%, palmitic acid between 3.9% and 5.7%, and stearic acid between 2.2% and 6.2%. Some of the fatty acid values were outside the ranges established by the CODEX STAN 210-1999 and were characteristic of high-oleic type sunflowers. This finding shows that we can take advantage of the potential of combining traditional inbred lines to produce high-oleic hybrids for faster and more economical breeding programs in these environments.     

Quality of Sunflower Oil Obtained in the Main Producing Region of Brazil: Adherence to the Codex Alimentarius

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the oil extracted from sunflower achenes grown in Campo Novo de Parecis, the main producing region of Brazil, to optimize its use by the processing and food industries. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of the oil were checked for their adherence to the CODEX STAN 210–1999. Traditional and high-oleic genotypes were grown between 2014 and 2017 during trials with a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications. The contents of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were determined using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles of traditional genotypes were observed to be outside the ranges established by the CODEX, with an oleic acid content above 39.4% and linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acid values lower than 48.3%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively, as well as high-oleic sunflower oil with a stearic acid content of less than 2.6%. The availability of this information can, on the one hand, positively impact industries and encourage the use of better quality raw materials that are more technologically and nutritionally adequate. On the other hand, the commercialization of sunflower oil with a fatty acid profile outside the ranges established by CODEX can be difficult, because the contents are out of specification due to the climatic conditions in the cropping region.     

质子酸催化合成α-氯代十二酸工艺研究

采用廉价的浓硫酸为催化剂,氧气为自由基捕集剂,以十二酸为原料,经氯化合成α-氯代十二酸。系统考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、氯气流量、氧氯比、反应时间等因素的影响,得到最佳工艺条件:十二酸20 g,在反应温度135℃、催化剂10%、氯气流量50 mL·min-1、vO2/vCl2=1∶2、反应时间3 h,可实现十二酸基本完全转化,目标产物α-氯代十二酸选择性达到94.5%。     

草酸作助剂磷钨酸催化H2O2氧化环己醇合成己二酸

在无有机溶剂、无相转移催化剂条件下,以草酸作助剂,采用磷钨酸催化过氧化氢氧化环己醇的方法来制备己二酸。考察了磷钨酸用量、反应时间、反应温度、过氧化氢用量及草酸用量对己二酸的分离产率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件,即环己醇10.51 mL、磷钨酸0.6 mmol/L、草酸1.0 mmol/L,H2O2(30%)70 mL,温度85℃、时间8 h,己二酸的最大分离产率为77.83%,纯度为99.9%。