优化结构有序建设积极促进橡胶工业全面协调和可持续发展

改革开放以来,我国橡胶工业的发展速度是前所未有的,其间有许多成功的经验,特别是入世后,在上世纪末全行业整体亏损的不利情况下,大家认识一致,认真对待,风雨同舟,趋利避害,经受住了考验,不仅行业经济全面复苏,而且取得新的发展。当前,全行业面对的是新一轮的竞争,而且更为激烈     

我的台湾工艺之旅

两期"台湾工艺之旅"圆满结束。对于文化艺术,无论是走马观花还是深度阅读,各人经历不同感悟也会不一样。你心目中的台湾,是什么样子呢?8天的旅程,累,却幸福着。忘不了,太鲁阁天然大理石岩的鬼斧神工,忘不了,清晨日月潭散发的柔美光辉,忘不了,黄安福大师表演玻璃技艺洒下的滴滴汗珠,忘不了,粘碧华大师的艺术之家和她亲切的笑容,忘不了,汉声巷黄永松老师挥手作别时眼里的殷殷期盼,忘不了,台北世界设计展上将书法创意延伸的"妙法自然"忘不了,中华手工电台带给我们的欢声和笑语,忘不了……黄永松老师说,这一代人需要觉醒,但觉醒的方向不要错,要回到文化的母土。或许你已留意到,     

半隐于郊 艺术之调

柳林小径深处,一扇木门掩映的白色建筑,即是王功新林天苗夫妇在宋庄的别墅。从大门进来,前方是白色的月亮门,像一道影壁墙,遮蔽外人的视线,经过一片水竹摇曳的甬道,才入院子。院内,三层小楼房顶上两层主体分别向两侧挑空,蜿蜒的池塘从花园延伸至室内,隔着一面大大的落地玻璃墙,恍惚间分不清哪里是室内,哪里是室外。更不可思议的是,池塘中间竟然是空的,下面就是那个巨大的工作室,鱼儿游过,涟漪荡漾开来,总担心这水会不会溢出……     

捕鸟蛛

凶悍的捕鸟蛛,已经抓住一只小鸟,正分泌毒液将猎物毒死,刚孵化的小鸟心有不甘,瞪大眼睛,却对身体的麻痹无可奈何,捕鸟蛛得意洋洋,八只毛茸茸的爪子渐渐放松,似乎要开始安心享用猎物。凶狠的捕杀场面,被作者处理得惟妙惟肖,全身长毛的蜘蛛、绝望的小鸟,让观者毛骨悚然。那么,请您猜猜看,这幅捕鸟蛛猎杀图,是用什么材质做成的呢?     

绽放你最灿烂的笑容

秋至过后,几场不经意的细雨飘来,将炎热一点点打退,正如人们所言"一场秋雨一场凉"。如果说春天把嫩绿给了三月,夏天把翠绿给了七月,冬天把洁白给了十二月,那么秋天,就把金色给了十月。十月,是花开飘香的季节。菊花开了,红的、黄的、白的,朵朵怒放着,风情万种、婀娜多姿;桂花开了,偶尔外出,惊奇的发现满枝的桂花把树木装扮的耀眼夺目,一阵微风吹过,阵阵清新淡雅香气飘来,沁人心脾。工作一天的烦躁情绪,在这别样的景象下瞬间被一扫而光。     

尾矿干式堆存在磷矿山选矿厂中的应用

0 引言 尾矿设施具有保护环境,充分利用水资源和保护矿产资源的作用,是矿山生产不可缺少的设施,但投资巨大,基建投资占矿山总投资的10%以上,占选矿厂投资的20%左右,有的几乎与选矿厂的投资一样多,甚至超过选矿厂.尾矿设施的运行成本也较高,有些矿山尾矿设施运行成本占选矿厂生产成本的30%以上.近年来,由于征购土地和搬迁农户的费用越来越高,因此建设尾矿设施的费用也越来越高.此外,尾矿库还是矿山生产的最大的危险源之一,一旦尾矿库失事,将给工农业生产及下游人民生命财产造成巨大损失.而若采用干式堆存尾矿,则可较大地缓解以上矛盾,因干式堆存的尾矿只含有11%～15%的水分,且可依地形而堆存,大大减少了占地面积,且不易垮落.贵州某一选矿厂利用脱水设备实现了尾矿的干式堆存,情况介绍如下.     

走在路上

<正>冬至已过,最近天气渐渐凉了,下班的路上每天必须走过一座高架桥,沿着楼梯爬上去,冷风吹过来,瞬间清醒,连一整天工作的疲惫也消失的无影无踪了。搬家过去的前几天,上下班从高架桥上爬上爬下,左手拎着饭盒,右手拎着刚从菜市场买的菜,炎热的盛夏令人无比烦躁,心想明明直线距离很短的,走个高架桥就绕好多路,可偏偏也没别的小道走,于是每天就当做锻炼身体,慢慢适应了上下班的节奏。     

浅谈王步青花艺术风格

在我国陶瓷美术发展史上,凡有所成就,有所作为的陶瓷美术家,不论哪个时代,哪个艺术院派,都离不开继承传统,吸取精华,并通过自己的长期实践,不断创新,才形成自己独有的艺术风格.景德镇陶瓷美术家王步先生创作的青花作品,以其笔简意骇,博大精深,水色莹澈,淋漓尽致的风格,为人们所称赞.本文试就他的艺术风格归纳为三个方面来简略论述.     

班级管理浅谈

管理是一门科学,更是一门艺术,班级足学校最基本单位.从某种意义上讲,班级管理工作的好坏,直接反映了一个学校的管理水平,如何使班级管理的科学性艺术性有机地统一起来,是我们每一位教师尤其是班主任老师值得深思的重大课题.我们必须清楚地认识到学生是班级的主体,班级管理必须认他们为中心来展开,民主化,科学化,人性化的班级管理是促进学生团结,锻炼学生能力,融洽师生关系的重要前提.只有这样,我们才能更好地促进学生全面发展,才能说是对学生、家长及社会负责,下面我就班级管理的民主化,科学化,人性化方面谈谈自己的一些看法与认识.     

3000算盘指间拨

正入花甲之年的葛新华,20年默默收藏3000多把老算盘,为的是让人们在被键盘和鼠标声占满的今天,还能记得算珠拨动的旋律。"打主意,秋千格。"打一物品是什么?在没有计算器和电脑的年岁,这个几乎存在每家每户的老物件,如今已经慢慢淡出了人们的视野。曾几何时,珠算课是小学里必修的课程,儿时背着算盘上学堂,算珠在背后摇得"噼里啪啦"响;账房里的老先生记账算数,加减乘除,样样离不开打算盘。然而,当算盘逐渐远去时,有一个人,仍然守护着算盘拨动的记忆,经历长长20个年头,默默收集3000多把老算盘,他最欣慰的,是成立了自己独具特色的家庭式收藏馆,他就是葛新华。这位热爱算盘如痴,喜爱"精打细算"的老者年纪60岁,在他的收藏馆里,可以看到琳琅满目的算盘世界。墙上歪歪斜斜不规则地挂着许多算盘,     

高压液氨泵并联运行流量脉动分析

通过对往复泵运动规律的分析,给出双泵并联运行累加流量和流量不均匀系数的计算公式,并利用Excel函数编程,对高压液氨泵并联运行累加流量进行模拟,探讨双泵并联运行在不同错相位角和转速下流量不均匀系数的变化规律,总结最佳操作工况,提出峰值分散技术应用的思路。     

Economic model predictive control of nonlinear process systems using Lyapunov techniques

In this work, we develop model predictive control (MPC) designs, which are capable of optimizing closed‐loop performance with respect to general economic considerations for a broad class of nonlinear process systems. Specifically, in the proposed designs, the economic MPC optimizes a cost function, which is related directly to desired economic considerations and is not necessarily dependent on a steady‐state—unlike conventional MPC designs. First, we consider nonlinear systems with synchronous measurement sampling and uncertain variables. The proposed economic MPC is designed via Lyapunov‐based techniques and has two different operation modes. The first operation mode corresponds to the period in which the cost function should be optimized (e.g., normal production period); and in this operation mode, the MPC maintains the closed‐loop system state within a predefined stability region and optimizes the cost function to its maximum extent. The second operation mode corresponds to operation in which the system is driven by the economic MPC to an appropriate steady‐state. In this operation mode, suitable Lyapunov‐based constraints are incorporated in the economic MPC design to guarantee that the closed‐loop system state is always bounded in the predefined stability region and is ultimately bounded in a small region containing the origin. Subsequently, we extend the results to nonlinear systems subject to asynchronous and delayed measurements and uncertain variables. Under the assumptions that there exist an upper bound on the interval between two consecutive asynchronous measurements and an upper bound on the maximum measurement delay, an economic MPC design which takes explicitly into account asynchronous and delayed measurements and enforces closed‐loop stability is proposed. All the proposed economic MPC designs are illustrated through a chemical process example and their performance and robustness are evaluated through simulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Biodegradation of High Strength Phenolic Wastewater in a Modified External Loop Inversed Fluidized Bed Airlift Bioreactor (EIFBAB)

An EIFBAB was modified with a mixed‐tank reactor placed in series to extend the phenol treatability range. Phenol degradation at high concentrations was investigated at recycle rates from the mixed‐tank reactor from 0 to 15 L/h under batch operation. With a total working volume of 10 L, the new setup could handle 3000 mg/L phenol at a comparable volumetric biodegradation rate of 9 mg/L·h at optimized operation of 5 L/h recycle rate, as the 11 mg/L‐h in the original EIFBAB. While the original EIFBAB could not handle phenol concentrations exceeding 3000 mg/L, continuous operation was ascertained in the modified EIFBAB for phenol degradation of up to 5000 mg/L phenol and feed flow rates up to 160 mL/h. The recoverability of the system under shock loading of phenol up to 5000 mg/L was also assessed.     

Anaerobic treatment of acidified and non‐acidified substrata in UASB reactors

The selection of a suitable sludge which will be the inoculum of the reactor is the first step in the start‐up procedure of an anaerobic reactor. The sludge selected (inoculum) for this study was obtained from a UASB (Up‐flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed) reactor used for the treatment of alcohol industry wastewaters. The industrial sludge was used in this work as the inoculum of two laboratory‐scale UASB anaerobic reactors, which were fed with different substrata. The feed for the first reactor was acidified substratum (volatile fatty acid) and the second reactor was fed with non‐acidified substratum (glucose). The purpose of this work was to study the effect of both substrata in regular operation and to analyse the flotation problem which arises when the reactor is fed with a non‐acidified substratum. Finally, the characteristics of the adapted sludge were studied and they were compared with the initial inolucum (sludge). The following observations were noted in relation to the evolution of the sludge during operation: density, TSS content and C, H and N contents remained similar, but the particle size and VSS/TSS increased. The settling volume index decreased and methanogenic and acidogenic activities increased during operation in both reactors. The reactor fed with volatile fatty acids was able to recover from unstable periods faster than the reactor fed with a non‐acidified substratum. The use of an acidified substratum avoided flotation, stabilised the system and reduced the solid content in the effluent. Moreover, it worked properly with partially acidified influents meaning a reduction in the chemical reactive expense required to control acid pH‐value throughout operation. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzymatic membrane reactors: the determining factors in two separate phase operations

A two separate phase‐enzymatic membrane reactor is an attractive process since it has a large interfacial area and exchange surfaces, simultaneous reaction and separation and other benefits. Many factors influence its successful operation, and these include characteristics of the enzyme, membrane, circulating fluids and reactor operations. Although the operating conditions are the main factor, other factors must be considered before, during or after its application. At the initial stage of reactor development, the solubility of substrates and products, type of operation, membrane material and size, enzyme preparation and loading procedure, and cleanliness of the recirculated fluids should be specified. The immobilization site, reactor arrangement, dissolved or no‐solvent operation, classic or emulsion operation and immobilized or suspended enzyme(s) are determined later. Some factors still need further studies. Utilization of the technology is described for use from multigram‐ to plant‐scale capacity to process racemic and achiral compounds. The racemates were resolved primarily by kinetic resolution, but dynamic kinetic resolution has been exploited. The technology focused on hydrolytic reactions, but esterification processes were also exploited. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

哈萨克斯坦SZK油田钻井液技术探索与实践

SZK油田位于滨里海盆地,该油田的钻井施工主要存在泥岩段阻卡、砂岩地层井径扩大、井漏、油气层污染等问题。针对该地区地层特点并结合实际钻井施工,制定了合理的钻井液体系及配套的技术措施,有效预防和减少了井漏等复杂情况的发生,提高了井眼质量,缩短了钻井周期,降低了开发成本。     

Secondary dopants modified PEDOT‐sulfonated poly(imide)s for high‐temperature range application

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was polymerized using sulfonated poly(amic acid)s templates (SPAA1 and SPAA2) by batch operation. The new method was invented to enhance conductivities (ca. 100 ‐ to 2000‐fold) and with less reaction time from previous work (7 days vs. 3 days). Moreover, to increase the conductivity, many dopants were introduced as secondary doping compared with DMF, D ‐sorbitol, and surfynol that were previously used. After annealing at 180°C for 10 min, PEDOT‐SPAA1 and PEDOT‐SPAA2 doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan and quinoxaline showed the increase in conductivity by higher percentage than any other systems, especially doped with D ‐sorbitol and surfynol. These showed the promising tendency to develop the annealing activated superior conductivity materials after further modifying the conducting film forming processes. However, PEDOT‐SPAAs doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan, imidazole and quinoxaline via annealed at 180°C for 10 min were found to be more conductive than doped with DMF, but still lower conductive than doped with D ‐sorbitol and surfynol. In terms of particle size, the stable aqueous dispersions of conducting polymers prepared were comparable to polystyrene sulfonate template. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Efficient solid‐phase synthesis of acetylated lignin and a comparison of the properties of different modified lignins

The chemical modification of lignin can greatly enhance its functionality and exploit its application areas. To avoid the difficulties of separation and environmental pollution in the traditional liquid‐phase method, we prepared acetylated lignin by a mechanical‐activation‐assisted solid‐phase synthesis (MASPS) technology with a customized stirring ball mill as a reactor and studied its structure and properties. Ultraviolet–visible analysis showed that the degree of esterification (DE) of the acetylated lignin produced by the MASPS technique was 77.59%, whereas the DEs of those produced by traditional liquid‐phase synthesis (LPS) and thermal solid‐phase synthesis (TSPS) were only 42.29 and 27.54%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR analyses indicated that both phenolic hydroxyls and aliphatic hydroxyls participated in the reaction, and the reactivity of the phenolic hydroxyls was higher than that of the aliphatic hydroxyl groups. The acetylation of aliphatic hydroxyl mainly happened at the γ of arylglycerol‐β‐aryl ether (β‐O‐4). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the acetylated lignins prepared by MASPS and TSPS were irregular blocks with coarse surfaces and loose structures, whereas the lignin prepared by LPS consisted mostly of regular balls with a smooth surface and a compact structure. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that the glass‐transition temperatures and thermal stability of the acetylated lignin increased by orders with the processing techniques of MASPS, TSPS, and LPS. MASPS integrated the activation and reaction in the same equipment without the use of a solvent and showed advantages of a high efficiency, environmental protection, and easy operation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44276.     

水煤浆气化操作的一些思路总结

根据实际操作经验,介绍德士古气化工艺中煤浆的制取,气化炉开车过程中升温、投料,日常操作中气化炉及相关后续设备的操作控制。     

Strength of Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Nickel oxide and yttria doped zirconia composite strength is crucial for anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells, especially during transient operation, but also for the initial stacking process, where cell curvature after sintering can cause problems. This work first compares tensile and ball‐on‐ring strength measurements of as‐sintered anodes support. Secondly, the strength of anode support sintered alone is compared to the strength of a co‐sintered anode support with anode and electrolyte layers. Finally, the orientation of the specimens to the bending axis of a co‐sintered half‐cell is investigated. Even though the electrolyte is to the tensile side, it is found that the anode support fails due to the thermo‐mechanical residual stresses.