A practical quadratic residues based scheme for authentication and privacy in mobile RFID systems

In this paper we propose a novel approach to authentication and privacy in mobile RFID systems based on quadratic residues and in conformance to EPC Class-1 Gen-2 specifications. Recently, Chen et al. (2008) [10] and Yeh et al. (2011) [11] have both proposed authentication schemes for RFID systems based on quadratic residues. However, these schemes are not suitable for implementation on low-cost passive RFID tags as they require the implementation of hash functions on the tags. Consequently, both of these current methods do not conform to the EPC Class-1 Gen-2 standard for passive RFID tags which from a security perspective requires tags to only implement cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) and pseudo-random number generators (PRNG) leaving about 2.5k–5k gates available for any other security operations. Further, due to secure channel assumptions both schemes are not suited for mobile/wireless reader applications. We present the collaborative authentication scheme suitable for mobile/wireless reader RFID systems where the security of the server–reader channel cannot be guaranteed. Our schemes achieves authentication of the tag, reader and back-end server in the RFID system and protects the privacy of the communication without the need for tags to implement expensive hash functions. Our scheme is the first quadratic residues based scheme to achieve compliance to EPC Class-1 Gen-2 specifications. Through detailed security analysis we show that the collaborative authentication scheme achieves the required security properties of tag anonymity, reader anonymity, reader privacy, tag untraceability and forward secrecy. In addition, it is resistant to replay, impersonation and desynchronisation attacks. We also show through strand space analysis that the proposed approach achieves the required properties of agreement, originality and secrecy between the tag and the server.     

Integrating RFID and WLAN for indoor positioning and IP movement detection

Location awareness in an indoor environment and wireless access to Internet applications are major research areas towards the overwhelming success of wireless and mobile communications. However, the unpredictable indoor radio propagation and handover latency due to node mobility are the main challenging issues that need to be addressed. For tackling efficiently both problems of indoor localization and handover management, we propose combining key benefits of two outstanding wireless technologies, i.e. radio frequency identification (RFID) and a wireless local area network (WLAN) infrastructure. WLANs, such as IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), are now very common in many indoor environments for providing wireless communication among WiFi-enabled devices by accessing an Access Point (infrastructure mode) or through peer to peer connections (ad hoc mode). However, the small cell size of the Access Points (APs) in a WiFi-based network drives the need for frequent handovers leading to increased latency. RFID is an emerging technology consisting of two basic components, a tag and a reader, and its main purpose is the automatic identification of tagged objects by a reader. However, in the presence of multiple readers, RFID suffers from the so-called reader collision problem, mainly due to the inability for direct communication among them. In this paper, we propose a hybrid RFID and WLAN system; the RFID technology is employed for collecting information that is used for both localization and handover management within the WLAN, whereas the WLAN itself is utilized for controlling and coordinating the RFID reading process. In our system architecture, tag IDs of a RFID tag deployment are correlated with both location and topology information in order to determine the position and predict the next subnetwork of a Mobile Node (MN) with a reader attached to its mobile device. The role of the WLAN is to coordinate the readers when accessing the RFID channel for retrieving tags?? IDs, hence compensating the persisting RFID collision problem among multiple readers. Numerical results based on extensive simulations validate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid system in providing accurate and time efficient localization and reducing the IP handover latency.     

基于改进粒子滤波的RFID室内目标定位算法

针对于LANDMARC算法的RFID室内定位精度受传输路径影响严重,直接采用粒子滤波自适应性差的问题,提出一种基于改进粒子滤波的RFID室内定位算法。该算法首先利用极限学习机(ELM)拟合阅读器接收信号强度与标签距离之间的非线性关系,构建信号传输模型,筛选邻近标签集;然后采用自适应学习因子优化粒子滤波过程,提高粒子全局寻优能力和收敛速度。仿真实验结果表明,该算法能够有效实现待测标签的RFID室内定位,且定位精度较高,收敛速度较快。     

基于差分进化算法的RFID定位

针对传统射频识别(RFID)定位过程繁琐,系统定位精确度低以及计算较为复杂的问题,提出一种利用差分进化(DE)算法优化RFID定位精确度的方法。该方法首先随机初始参考标签的位置坐标,通过接收信号强度(RSS)值计算出阅读器与标签之间的测量距离,再通过优化阅读器与参考标签和待测标签之间的距离误差,估计出离待测标签最近的位置坐标,最后与经典LANDMARC定位系统做比较。仿真结果表明,经典LANDMARC定位系统的平均定位误差为1.115 8 m,而利用差分进化算法优化后的系统平均定位误差为0.001 2 m,从而证明利用差分进化算法优化RFID定位的方法是有效的。     

射频识别动态定位方法

提出一种新型的通过参考标签和移动RFID射频读写器进行定位的方法。该定位方法的主要优点是不需要记录任何测量信息如TOA、RSSI等,而是通过移动读写器,不断对目标标签和参考标签进行读取,经椭圆还原算法对读区域进行还原,最终以交集计算实现定位。该方法思路简单,但实现了较高精度的RFID室内定位。实验结果表明,该定位方法的精度可在最小的参考标签单元格内（可到达数十厘米级）。同时建立的原型定位系统具有成本低、易于部署等特点,存在应用于大规模RFID仓储定位管理的可行性。     

RFID-based localization with Non-Blocking tag scanning

The simple and cheap passive RFID tag systems have recently been used for efficient localization of indoor mobile robots, where each RFID tag stores its own absolute position and the mobile robot carrying an RFID reader scans the RFID tags to localize itself. The available localization schemes using passive RFID systems do not consider the scanning delay which may cause location estimation error, especially when the robot moves at a high speed. In this paper, a new Non-Blocking scanning (reading) scheme is proposed to avoid collisions so that the scanning delay, and consequently the localization error, can be reduced. This scheme avoids collisions among tag replies by assigning tag IDs based on the FCA coloring scheme. Theoretical and simulation studies indicate that the new Non-Blocking scheme combined with the new tag arrangement pattern can achieve a good RFID localization performance in terms of both estimation error and scanning delay with reduction of tag/reader required complexities.     

Performance Analysis of Tags Collection Time on A New Architecture of 2.4 GHz Embedded Active RFID System for Indoor and Outdoor Tracking and Monitoring Applications Based on IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

This paper focuses on the analysis of tags collection time of 2.4 GHz embedded active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for indoor and outdoor real-time tracking and monitoring applications based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The main novelty of the system is the implementation of the communication method in order to provide Machine to Machine (M2M) communication and automated switching mechanism between indoor and outdoor location by utilizing active RFID, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Global Positioning System (GPS) and mobile communication on a single platform. In this work, GPS receiver covers outdoor location tracking, while active RFID provides identification and Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) reading for each tag holder to cover indoor location tracking especially near or inside building where location information is not detected by GPS. Several experiments were conducted on three different RFID tags which were active RFID tag embedded with GPS and GSM (ERFIDG2), active RFID tag embedded with GPS (ERFIDG) and standalone RFID tag communicating with the same active RFID reader. The experiment was done to evaluate the communication performance of the active RFID in terms of tags collection time using Transparent (AT) and Application Programming Interface (API) mode. The experiment was extended to measure tags collection time in single hop and multi hops communication for Tag Talk First (TTF) and Reader Talk First (RTF) protocols. The results show that the proposed active RFID system (ERFIDG2) is better than the standalone and ERFIDG systems. The in-depth research done in this work is to study the experience and identify the challenges that will be faced in the development and implementation of a wireless RFID-based system for tracking and monitoring applications.     

一种基于无源射频识别标签的消防员室内定位系统

消防员在地下建筑、无窗建筑、大型建筑物内,执行火情控制与人员搜救时,不可避免会遇到浓烟、黑暗、高温、陌生等情况,因此就需要精确的室内定位系统支持,已有的室内定位技术无法满足定位精度和长期部署的需求.本文提出了一种基于无源射频识别（RFID）标签的消防员室内定位系统,通过在消防员头盔内安装可变功率的RFID读写器,并将建筑物内读取的已经过精确标定的RFID标签信息回传到远程服务器进行计算处理,可实现建筑物外指挥员对室内消防员的实时精准定位和指挥功能.     

基于WiFi的RFID可扩展AMR车位检测系统

为了实现停车场车位检测的实时性和准确性,采用wiFi技术与RFID技术相结合的方法,给出车住检测系统的网络结构、AMR传感器节点和RFID读写器电路;在停车场中做了系统车位检测实时性和准确性实验,获得系统时延小于3s和车位检测正确率不低于95％以及车位检测器可快速扩展的结果,得到基于WiFi的RFID可扩展AMR车位检测系统满足车位检测实时性和高准确性的结论,系统具有实时性和高准确性特点。     

无后台服务器的射频识别标签安全查询协议

在许多射频识别(RFID)应用中,经常需要在多个标签中确定某个特定标签是否存在。在这种环境下,标签查询协议必不可少。然而,已有的协议要么存在安全漏洞,要么查询效率低下。利用Hash函数和时间戳,提出一个无后台服务器的RFID标签查询协议。GNY逻辑被用于证明新协议的正确性。分析显示提出的协议可以高效的实现特定标签的查询,且能够抵抗一些主要攻击,实现对标签隐私的保护。     

Objects tracking in a dense reader environment utilising grids of RFID antenna positioning

One of the fundamental constraints in radio frequency identification (RFID) large scale deployment, such as in warehouse RFID deployment, is the positioning of RFID reader antennas to efficiently locate all the tagged objects distributed in a dense RFID reader environment. For tracking the tagged objects in a dense RFID deployment, the required number of reader antennas must be optimised in order to reduce the overall cost. This study proposes highly accurate square and hexagonal grid-based positioning and tracking techniques mainly for use indoors and includes performance comparison of both of these grids. The study involves the design of the square and hexagonal grid reader antenna networks and position calculation using a diffusion algorithm. Both of these grids of RFID antenna positioning present a solution for the problem of the placement pattern of RFID reader antennas in a dense reader environment, hence an optimal number of required reader antennas and guaranteed coverage can be achieved. This study also presents a path loss model that can be applied to predict the radio signal strength information at a certain distance. The proposed diffusion algorithm estimates RFID tag position by using distance information between the reader and the tag. The obtained results show that a square grid can yield higher positioning accuracy compared to the hexagonal grid. The obtained results further show that the proposed tracking techniques can achieve an average positioning error below 1 m, which is 85% better in some cases than the results obtained by other known methods.     

Evaluating the energy consumption of the RFID tag collision resolution protocols

RFID technology acts as a bridge to connect the physical world with the digital space, and RFID system is pervading our daily life in the last few years. The energy consumed by the reader and a tag in resolving the collisions caused by multiple tags is a key issue that affects life time of mobile reader and active tags, as well as the identification accuracy of passive tags. In this paper, the energy consumed by the reader and a tag in resolving the tag collision is examined for the commonly used RFID tag collision resolution protocols, including the frame slotted ALOHA based and the binary query tree based protocols. Numeric evaluation is also performed and the result verifies that regarding to energy consumption, the dynamic frame slotted ALOHA protocol for the Class-1 RFID system performs best among the frame slotted ALOHA protocols, and the modified binary query tree protocol also performs better than the standard binary query tree protocols.     

基于牛顿插值的RFID室内定位算法

随着近年无线网络的发展,出现了多种与室内定位相关的技术与应用。文中提出了一种基于牛顿插值的室内定位算法。该算法主要是基于射频识别技术(RFID)并结合Larndmarc系统利用插值求解虚拟的标签,从而对待测标签得到更精确地定位。实验证明,与k邻域算法相比,该算法在定位精度上得到了显著提高。     

Tracking via Square Grid of RFID Reader Positioning and Diffusion Algorithm

The study and analysis of RFID (radio frequency identification) reader positioning is important for RFID large-scale deployment. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the art of RFID reader positioning in order to develop a highly accurate positioning and tracking system for usage inside a building and also to optimize the tracking performance that can be applied to different active and passive RFID standards. This study involves design of square grid RFID reader network and position calculation using diffusion algorithm. Square grid network presents the solution of placement pattern of RFID readers, hence optimal number of required readers and guaranteed coverage can be achieved. The proposed diffusion algorithm makes use of distance information between the reader and the tag to estimate the RFID tag position. This study has also introduced a probabilistic mathematical model to maintain coverage of the unit square region and to ensure connectivity of the proposed square grid network. The effectiveness of the diffusion algorithm is evaluated in this study and the obtained results show satisfactory performance. The obtained results show that the proposed positioning system can achieve average positioning error below 1 m with different RFID reading ranges and in some cases accuracy improvement of about 65% can be reached than the results obtained by known positioning system. It is also found that the proposed diffusion algorithm together with square grid can bring approximately 50–85% improvement on raw accuracy provided by only square grid method.     

捕获效应下RFID标签的CATPE防冲突协议

在被动式RFID系统中,当多个标签同时向阅读器发射信号时,捕获效应能使阅读器成功接收其中一个标签信号。为提高捕获效应下的识别效率,本文提出一种名为CATPE (capture-aware and tag-population estimation)的RFID标签防冲突协议。该协议可同时估计标签数和捕获效应的发生概率,并在非等长时隙下设置最优帧长。CATPE协议的优点在于不需搜索极值,仅一步计算就能完成估计,从而降低了计算复杂度。计算机仿真显示,该协议与已有协议的识别效率相近,但计算复杂度得到了降低。     

一种基于RFID和ZigBee技术的局域定位系统

介绍了一种基于RFID和ZigBee技术的室内定位系统的设计。该设计以第二代片上系统CC2530为核心,配合RFID阅读器和标签、以及一些外围电路构成了硬件定位系统。采用基于接收信号强度值(RSSI)的定位技术和最大似然估计的计算方法进行定位。重点阐述了该定位系统的结构和硬件电路设计,分析了定位系统的工作原理、软件流程和定位算法的实现。实验证明该定位系统能够实现室内局域定位的功能。     

位屏蔽多叉树搜索射频识别防碰撞算法

针对RFID树型防碰撞算法中时隙数多、数据通行量大等问题,提出了一种改进的多叉树防碰撞算法,阅读器准确检测碰撞位并向标签反馈碰撞位信息,标签对阅读器已知的ID位进行屏蔽,把ID号转换成连续碰撞的序列号.阅读器利用屏蔽位信息和标签返回的碰撞位编码信息,对标签进行分层分类搜索.通过对标签ID进行屏蔽,阅读器和标签间仅发送对方不知道的碰撞位信息.该算法减少了碰撞时隙和识别时隙,避免了空闲时隙,减少了阅读器和标签间的数据通信量.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法减少了系统的时隙总数和数据通信量,提高了阅读器的识别效率.     

RFHUI: an RFID based human-unmanned aerial vehicle interaction system in an indoor environment

In this paper, we present an RFID based human and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Interaction system, termed RFHUI, to provide an intuitive and easy-to-operate method to navigate a UAV in an indoor environment. It relies on the passive Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology to precisely track the pose of a handheld controller, and then transfer the pose information to navigate the UAV. A prototype of the handheld controller is created by attaching three or more Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tags to a board. A Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) RFID reader with multiple antennas is deployed to collect the observations of the tags. First, the precise positions of all the tags can be obtained by our proposed method, which leverages a Bayesian filter and Channel State Information (CSI) phase measurements collected from the RFID reader. Second, we introduce a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based approach to obtain a 6-DoF (Degrees of Freedom) pose of the controller from estimated positions of the tags. Furthermore, the pose of the controller can be precisely tracked in a real-time manner, while the user moves the controller. Finally, control commands will be generated from the controller's pose and sent to the UAV for navigation. The performance of the RFHUI is evaluated by several experiments. The results show that it provides precise poses with 0.045 m mean error in position and 2.5^∘ mean error in orientation for the controller, and enables the controller to precisely and intuitively navigate the UAV in an indoor environment.     

自适应维分编码RFID防碰撞算法研究及优化

首先提出MDDC（multi-dimension division code）维分编码的算法。该算法在阅读器范围内标签碰撞较多时,阅读器呼叫每个标签的平均次数C(n)趋近4/3,呼叫每个标签所传输的数据量趋近于一个较小的常数。MDDC维分编码算法在碰撞次数较少时的平均呼叫次数、平均发送数据量相对较大,又提出自适应MDDC维分编码及其优化算法。阅读器根据范围内的标签数目自适应地降低维分编码的维数并对标签重新编码,大大降低了搜素较少标签时的平均呼叫次数和平均数据量。因此,自适应 MDDC 维分编码及优化算法无论在标签较多碰撞和较少碰撞时,都能很好地提高搜索的效率。     

基于LTE-A的大规模物流系统中射频识别标签处理算法的研究(英文)

The Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and Internet of Things (IoT) are two of the most popular topics that receive vast attentions in the filed of information technologies. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) greatly pushes IoT forward to practical utilization. In RFID system, one of the key issues is the collision among tags when reader tries to identify several of them simultaneously. In this paper, the authors proposed a RFID tag management scheme for cargo identification and tracking based on the L...