Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金中不同区域电子结构及应力腐蚀机理分析

利用计算机编程建立了Al--Zn--Mg--Cu合金 (7175铝合金) 中α--Al, η相及α--Al大角度晶界原子集团模型, 采用递归法计算 合金中Zn, Mg, Cu和H的环境敏感镶嵌能、原子间相互作用能、Fermi能级和态密度等电子结构参数, 分析了合金的应力腐蚀机理. 计算 结果表明: Mg, Cu和H容易在晶界偏析. Mg对H具有吸引作用, 促进H在晶界偏析, 引起晶界氢脆; Zn增大晶界与晶内的电位差, 降低合 金抗腐蚀性; Cu能减小晶界与晶内Fermi能级差, 降低晶界与晶内的电位差, 具有减缓合金腐蚀的作用. 计算结果还表明: η相的Fermi能 级最高, 腐蚀过程中作为阳极优先溶解. 由于η相俘获H, 当晶界析出断续η相时可减弱晶界H的偏析, 提高抗腐蚀性; 但晶界连续分布η相则形成腐蚀通道, 加速腐蚀进程.     

镁合金应力腐蚀机理电子理论研究

利用大角重位点阵模型,建立了镁合金[0001]对称倾斜晶界原子集团,应用实空间的连分数方法计算了合金元素铝在晶界的偏聚能,晶界处铝原子间相互作用能和不同体系的费米能级,讨论了铝在晶界的偏聚行为,铝原子间的相互作用与有序化的关系及镁合金晶间应力腐蚀的物理本质。计算结果表明：铝原子偏聚于晶界,且主要偏聚于晶界的原子密集区;铝原子间相互排斥,因此在晶界区形成有序相;有序相的费米能级低于镁晶粒,其腐蚀电位较高,构成镁晶粒的腐蚀原电池的阴极,在应力作用下,使镁合金发生晶间应力腐蚀。     

ZA27合金晶间腐蚀电子理论研究

为从本质上了解杂质与稀土元素Y对锌铝合金晶间腐蚀的影响,探索抑制合金晶间腐蚀的有效途径,依据晶界的大角度重位点阵理论建立了含稀土、杂质及η相颗粒的α相大角度晶界原子集团模型,采用递归法计算了α相晶界间的电荷转移,由此讨论了杂质(Pb、Sn、Cd)及稀土元素Y对Zn、Al电极电位的影响。结果表明:杂质Pb、Sn、Cd增大原子间的电荷转移量,提高Zn、Al电极电位差,加速合金的腐蚀,稀土元素减小原子间的电荷转移量,降低Zn、Al电极电位差,具有抑制晶间腐蚀的作用。     

7050铝合金的力学性能及其电导率

<正>7050铝合金是美国Alcoa公司20世纪70年代研制的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的一种,通过调控7075铝合金成分发展而来。7050铝合金中的Zn和Mg可形成时效强化效果很强的Mg Zn2相,该相是高强度铝合金的主要强化相,使7050铝合金强度大大提高;Cu能降低晶界与晶内电位差,抑制其沿晶开裂趋势,且Cu能扩大G.P.区稳定温度范围,合金不易发生过时效;Zr对提高合金的再结晶温度、     

一种Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的均匀化处理

设计一种新型A1-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金,合金成分为Al-1.04Mg-0.85Si-0.018Cu(质量分数).采用金相观察、差热分析(DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)研究合金铸态与均匀化态的显微组织演化和成分分布.结果表明:新型A1-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的铸态组织枝晶偏析严重,合金元素Si、Mg和Fe在晶内及晶界分布不均匀;550℃×24h均匀化处理后,合金中非平衡低熔点共晶组织和Mg2Si相基本溶入基体,Fe元素偏析难以通过均匀化消除,均匀化后,晶界上部分β-A15FeSi相转变成α-Al8Fe2Si相;该合金的过烧温度为574.5℃,最佳均匀化制度为550℃×24h;合金铸态和均匀化后维氏硬度分别为58HV和78HV,比6061合金分别提高了20％和85％.     

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Er合金晶界相组成及生长方式

研究了Al-4.0Cu-0.45Mg-0.4Ag-0.25Er合金铸态晶界相的组成及其生长规律.结果表明:稀土Er在合金中主要以Al8Cu4Er相的形式存在,Mg和Ag固溶于α-Al.合金铸态组织由α-Al固溶体、Al8Cu4Er相和Al2Cu相组成.Al8Cu4Er相和Al2Cu相共生于α-Al固溶体晶界,形成离异型共晶组织.凝固过程中,Al8Cu4Er相优先依附于先共晶相α-Al形核,并且分别以枝晶生长和平面生长这2种方式有选择的进行生长,形成α-Al、Al8Cu4Er相和Al2Cu相的三元共晶组织.     

锌铝合金大角度晶界特性电子理论研究

    利用结构能和原子轨道自能差定义了原子的结合能和结合能差,并用递归法计算了ZA27合金中重位密度分别为1/5和1/9的α相大角度重位点阵晶界的电子结构.结果表明：重位密度越大,晶界结构能越低,从而越稳定.Fe,Y与晶界结合牢固,强化晶界,而Pb与晶界结合弱,降低晶界强度.合金元素或杂质容易偏聚在低重位密度晶界-即高指数晶界.重位密度大的晶界费米能级低于重位密度小的晶界,偏聚在晶界的杂质原子可以改变晶界的费米能级,影响晶界的电位, 进而影响合金的腐蚀性能.     

高锌Al-Zn-Cu合金中Zn的存在形式及其对力学性能的影响

采用熔铸法制备了Zn含量分别为12wt%、14wt%、16wt%和18wt%的4种高锌Al-Zn-Cu合金,并对合金的显微组织、相组成和力学性能进行了详细分析,重点探讨了合金中Zn的存在形式及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明,4种不同锌含量的合金均由花瓣状的α-Al枝晶和晶界相Al2Cu组成,尽管Zn含量的增加导致晶界Al2Cu相的数量增加以及α-Al枝晶的细化,但Zn主要以固溶形式存在于固溶体相α-Al中。Zn含量的增加显著提高Al-Zn-Cu合金的强度而明显降低塑性的主要原因可归于Zn对α-Al固溶体的固溶强化效应。Al-Zn-Cu合金的断裂由韧窝状断裂向解理断裂转变。     

Al-Cu-Li合金均匀化处理参数优化和微观组织演化（英文）

对Al-Cu-Li铸态合金进行单级和双级均匀化处理,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X衍射(XRD)和差热分析(DSC)研究合金元素分布和微观组织演化。结果表明:Al-Cu-Li合金铸态组织存在严重枝晶偏析,由晶内到晶界Cu元素分布十分不均匀,Mg、Zn、Mn和Ag变化不明显。晶界处存在大量的非平衡共晶相,主要包括Al_2Cu、含有少量Mg元素的Al_2Cu相,以及Al_2Cu Mg相。经双级均匀化(495℃/24 h+515℃/_24 h)处理后,大部分非平衡共晶相和部分第二相(Al_2Cu Mg和Al_2Cu Li)溶解到合金基体,但仍有部分富-Fe和富-Mn相残留在晶界不能回溶。Al_2Cu Mg相的熔点低于Al_2Cu相,两者分别在495和515℃先后溶解。通过均匀化动力学分析,确定Al-Cu-Li铝锂合金最佳的均匀化制度为495℃/24 h+515℃/24 h,该双级均匀化制度与动力学分析结果一致。     

Cu、Zn对Mg晶粒尺寸以及微观组织影响

通过向镁熔体中单独和复合添加一定量的Cu及Zn元素,探究了Cu、Zn对镁晶粒尺寸和微观组织的影响并阐释了其细化机理;同时深入表征了Cu、Zn单独及复合添加后合金的物相组成。结果表明：向纯Mg中加入Cu、Zn和Cu、Zn复合添加后,晶粒依次由柱状晶转变为等轴晶。单独加Cu、单独加Zn和Cu、Zn复合添加后,平均晶粒尺寸由纯Mg的1270μm分别减小至470、120和85μm。单独加Zn对Mg的晶粒细化机理主要为Zn元素的溶质效应;单独加Cu对Mg的晶粒细化机理主要为Cu元素的溶质效应和CuMg2相对晶界的钉扎作用;Cu、Zn复合添加后细化效果更好主要是因为Cu、Zn元素的复合溶质效应及第二相对晶界的钉扎作用更为强烈。此外,单独加Zn后,第二相呈颗粒状分布于基体中,合金中的物相组成为α-Mg+MgZn;单独加Cu后,第二相形貌呈网状,合金中的物相组成为α-Mg+CuMg2;Cu、Zn复合添加后,Mg-5Cu-3Zn晶界上的第二相呈现出两种不同的形貌,经鉴定,连续的块状第二相为CuMg2相,不连续的鱼骨状第二相为CuMgZn相。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.