智能交通系统车道保持纵横向耦合控制

考虑车辆纵横向运动之间的相互影响,采用位置预瞄和固定车辆间距跟随策略,对基于一列车队的自动化公路系统车道保持纵横向耦合控制进行了研究.利用车载前后双位置传感器检测车辆位置偏差,基于车辆纵横向动力学耦合模型,推导了基于预瞄的车道保持控制系统数学模型;采用非奇异的终端滑模控制技术,设计了车道保持纵横向耦合控制规律.通过构造李雅普诺夫函数,结合相平面方法,分析了控制系统的有限时间收敛性.采用6车辆编队,通过计算机仿真,对文中设计的控制规律进行了验证.仿真结果显示,车队中每个被控车辆在纵向上跟随期望状态的同时能够实现对期望车道轨迹的理想跟踪,跟踪误差精度不超过0.05 m.     

车队控制中的一种通用可变时距策略

针对当前交通拥堵现状,考虑车辆间通信受限或故障条件下,基于现有路侧设施以及邻车相对位置、相对速度提出一种车队控制的通用可变时距策略（Variable time headway policy,VTHP）.通过选择可变行驶时间距离参数,建立形式统一的车间距策略及其误差模型,并根据单车、队列以及交通流稳定性分析,综合设计控制器,同时将分析方法推广到固定间距策略（Constant spacing policy,CSP）与固定时距策略（Constant time headway policy,CTHP）中.依据上述稳定性结果给出一种物理意义明确的可变行驶时距计算方法,并得到该时距的变化界限,从而更准确快速地控制车距安全.仿真结果表明,本文提出的通用可变时距策略及相关计算方法,不但可实现车队与交通流的稳定控制,而且可改善车队综合性能.     

基于模型预测控制的电动车辆队列控制研究

针对车辆队列建模时参数不确定导致控制存在误差的问题,以及队列中跟随车辆稳定性问题,分析车辆纵向动力学,设计一个鲁棒MPC控制器和滑移率控制器来提高队列车辆的控制精度和稳定性.首先对纵向MPC控制器进行改进,提高车辆队列控制精度；同时为防止跟随车辆的轮胎打滑,设计一个MPC滑移率控制器对跟随车辆的轮胎滑移率进行控制约束,保证了跟随车辆的纵向稳定性.最后,进行仿真实验验证其有效性.仿真实验结果表明,与传统的LQR、MPC控制器相比,改进的鲁棒MPC纵向控制器控制精度更高,同时MPC滑移率控制器可防止跟随车辆的轮胎打滑,保证了跟随车辆的纵向稳定性.     

通信延时环境下异质网联车辆队列非线性纵向控制

针对通信延时环境下的异质车辆队列控制问题, 本文提出了一种基于三阶模型的分布式非线性车辆队列纵向控制器. 首先, 基于三阶动力学模型描述了车辆的异质特性. 考虑车辆跟驰行为以及异质通信延时, 提出一种通信延时环境下的异质车辆队列非线性控制器. 所提控制器不仅可以在通信延时以及车辆异质特性的影响下实现队列中车辆的位置、速度以及加速度的一致性, 而且可以有效避免负的车辆间距和不合理的加/减速度, 保证车辆的运动行为符合交通流理论. 然后, 利用Lyapunov-Krasovskii定理对车辆队列的稳定性进行分析, 得出车辆队列的稳定性条件和通信延时上界. 最后, 所提控制器的有效性和稳定性通过数值仿真得到验证.     

含时延的车辆队列事件触发一致性控制研究

为应对通信过程中的传输时延以及车辆间连续信息交互带来的信息冗余、资源浪费,提出一种基于事件触发机制的车辆队列一致性策略,以保证车辆队列能够稳定运行;为此,构建一个考虑车辆间的跟驰行为和通信时延的三阶异质车辆队列动力学模型,提出一种基于事件触发的一致性车辆队列控制器的设计方法;在此基础上,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论和代数图论,对车辆队列的稳定性进行分析,得出了使车辆队列稳定的事件触发条件和通信时延的上界;在MATLAB平台上进行仿真实验,验证了所提车辆队列控制方法的有效性。     

空气流动阻力下非线性车辆队列最优能耗控制方法

为了优化车辆队列在长距离行驶过程中的能源消耗,对空气流动阻力下车辆队列能耗优化间距策略以及相应的队列控制方法进行了研究;首先根据车辆队列在行驶过程中受到的空气流动阻力,建立基于异构风阻系数的车辆动力学模型;其次,设计基于滑模控制的非线性车辆队列控制方法,使其能够在不同风阻系数下稳定地收敛到期望的车辆队列;在此基础上,构建稳态下车辆队列能量消耗评价模型,并通过优化分析,计算能量消耗最优下的车辆队列期望车间距;最后通过数值仿真的手段验证所提控制方法的有效性与可行性;该结果表明:所设计的控制器能够使整个车辆队列达到期望的控制效果;得到的最优车间距能够使得特定条件下车辆队列稳态能量消耗降低。     

Transients of platoons with asymmetric and different Laplacians

We consider an asymmetric control of platoons of identical vehicles with nearest-neighbor interaction. Recent results show that if the vehicle uses different asymmetries for position and velocity errors, the platoon has a short transient and low overshoots. In this paper we investigate the properties of vehicles with friction. To achieve consensus, an integral part is added to the controller, making the vehicle a third-order system. We show that the parameters can be chosen so that the platoon behaves as a wave equation with different wave velocities. Simulations suggest that our system has a better performance than other nearest-neighbor scenarios. Moreover, an optimization-based procedure is used to find the controller properties.     

Data-iteration cooperative adaptive cruise control of mixed heterogeneous vehicle platoons with unknown dynamic characteristics

This paper considers the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) problem of mixed heterogeneous vehicle platoons composed of human-driven and CACC vehicles with unknown dynamic characteristics and an alternative to CACC for platooning of the heterogeneous vehicle platoon is presented. Adaptive dynamic programming is firstly used to learn the dynamic characteristics of acceleration of vehicles from the sampled data. Then the data-iteration optimal CACC controller is computed to ensure that each CACC vehicle can reach a desired inter-vehicle distance and desired common velocity with no prior knowledge of the dynamics of vehicles in the mixed platoon. Moreover, the string stability of the mixed vehicle platoon is derived by establishing some sufficient conditions on the acceleration transfer function of adjacent vehicles. Two simulation experiments of a six-vehicle mixed platoon are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed CACC method.     

混合交通环境车辆队列协同控制

车辆队列在提高驾驶安全性、提升交通流量、改善燃油经济性方面具有巨大潜力,但现有研究多针对完全由智能网联车辆组成的队列,难以适用于现实中的混合交通环境.为此,文章研究了人工驾驶车辆与智能网联车辆的混合队列协同控制方法,在智能网联车辆控制设计中引入后车信息,并分析了其对队列稳定性、跟踪性能、燃油经济性的影响.首先构建了一种...     

A centralized control system for ecological vehicle platooning using linear quadratic regulator theory

This paper presents an ecological vehicle platooning control system that aims in reducing overall fuel consumption of the vehicles in a platoon. A centralized linear quadratic regulator system for controlling the vehicles in the platoon has been developed considering the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle and the resistance due to the road slope. The proposed control system is simulated on a highway with up?Cdown slopes for high speed driving. Its fuel saving performance is compared with a conventional decentralized vehicle platooning control system. Computer simulation results reveal the significant improvement in fuel economy by the proposed control system.     

Mistuning-Based Control Design to Improve Closed-Loop Stability Margin of Vehicular Platoons

We consider a decentralized bidirectional control of a platoon of N identical vehicles moving in a straight line. The control objective is for each vehicle to maintain a constant velocity and inter-vehicular separation using only the local information from itself and its two nearest neighbors. Each vehicle is modeled as a double integrator. To aid the analysis, we use continuous approximation to derive a partial differential equation (PDE) approximation of the discrete platoon dynamics. The PDE model is used to explain the progressive loss of closed-loop stability with increasing number of vehicles, and to devise ways to combat this loss of stability. If every vehicle uses the same controller, we show that the least stable closed-loop eigenvalue approaches zero as O(1/N²) in the limit of a large number (N) of vehicles. We then show how to ameliorate this loss of stability by small amounts of "mistuning", i.e., changing the controller gains from their nominal values. We prove that with arbitrary small amounts of mistuning, the asymptotic behavior of the least stable closed loop eigenvalue can be improved to O(1/N). All the conclusions drawn from analysis of the PDE model are corroborated via numerical calculations of the state-space platoon model.     

马尔科夫链通信拓扑下的车辆队列最优能耗控制

针对马尔科夫链通信拓扑下的车辆队列控制问题,综合考虑车辆队列的非线性动力学模型和行驶能耗优化目标,提出一种基于分布式状态观测器的车辆队列能耗优化控制方法.由于在马尔科夫链通信拓扑下,部分车辆获取的邻居车辆信息具有动态切换特性,严重影响了车辆队列控制算法的有效性和稳定性.鉴于此,首先,设计一种用于估计领航车辆状态信息的状态观测器,有效避免通讯拓扑切换对队列控制系统造成的干扰;然后,结合车辆的非线性动力学模型与队列优化目标,构建一种基于指数折扣函数的车辆队列能耗优化框架,将车辆队列的能耗优化问题转化为Riccati方程的求解问题,进而得到车辆队列的最优能耗控制输入,在此基础上,通过构造动态通信拓扑下的李雅普诺夫函数,分析车辆队列控制系统的稳定性条件,即只要每个可能的通信拓扑均需包含一个以领航车辆为根的有向生成树,就可使得该车辆队列控制系统满足稳定性和队列稳定性;最后,通过数值仿真验证所提出控制算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于信息一致性的自主车辆变车距队列控制}%页眉设置

针对目前自主车辆队列控制中采用的间距策略存在间距调节灵活性不足、道路利用率欠佳等问题,提出一种基于信息一致性的自主车辆变车距队列控制方法.首先,结合车速与车辆制动时间的动态关系,设计一种变时间间隔策略.在此基础上,基于信息一致性理论,提出一种车间距可随车速自适应变化的自主车辆队列控制算法.仿真结果表明,所提算法不仅可以实现自主车辆的变车距队列控制,且车间距离的调节具有较好的灵活性,尤其在低速行驶时,可有效减少道路占用量,提高道路利用率.     

Ring-coupled unicycles: Boundedness, convergence, and control

In cyclic pursuit a platoon of vehicles are coupled in a unidirectional ring at the interaction level according to some control scheme. In the paper, a new cyclic pursuit control law is proposed, where each vehicle’s linear speed and angular speed are proportional to the projection of its prey’s position on its forward direction and lateral direction respectively. Through these interactions a cooperative behavior emerges and vehicles in the platoon eventually move at a constant speed on a circle with constant inter-vehicle spacings. The control scheme ensures ultimate boundedness and leads to only two stable equilibrium polygons. This contrasts with other cyclic pursuit control schemes, where vehicles may diverge to infinity and there are more stable equilibrium polygons as the total number of vehicles increases. For this control scheme, ultimate boundedness is proved using the pseudo-linearization technique. Possible equilibrium polygons are analyzed and stability and convergence properties are established through root locus analysis of a complex characteristic polynomial. Design rules are discussed, showing how the radius of the circle they converge to is controlled by an appropriate choice of control parameters.     

基于事件触发机制的自主车辆队列协同控制

为应对通信过程存在的扰动以及减少自主车辆队列控制中的信息冗余、资源浪费,提出了一种基于事件触发机制的自主车辆队列协同控制算法,保证自主车辆队列的稳定运行。首先,针对有向通信拓扑结构下的自主车辆队列设计基于事件触发机制的协同控制算法,即使存在扰动约束,自主车辆也可以在该算法的控制下有效跟随领航车辆的速度,且与相邻车辆保持期望的安全距离。其次,通过设计Lyapunov函数以及分析Zeno行为,证明算法的有效性和安全性。最后,通过MATLAB仿真验证了控制算法的正确性。     

Wheeled Mobile Robots Control in a Linear Platoon

Future transportation systems will require a number of drastic measures, mostly to lower traffic jams and air pollution in urban areas. Automatically guided vehicles capable of driving in a platoon fashion will represent an important feature of such systems. Platooning of a group of automated wheeled mobile robots relying on relative sensor information only is addressed in this paper. Each vehicle in the platoon must precisely follow the path of the vehicle in front of it and maintain the desired safety distance to that same vehicle. Vehicles have only distance and azimuth information to the preceding vehicle where no inter-vehicle communication is available. Following vehicles determine their reference positions and orientations based on estimated paths of the vehicles in front of them. Vehicles in the platoon are then controlled to follow the estimated trajectories. Then presented platooning control strategies are experimentally validated by experiments on a group of small-sized mobile robots and on a Pioneer 3AT mobile robot. The results and robustness analysis show the proposed platooning approach applicability.     

自主车辆队列控制系统的稳定性分析

车辆队列控制可提升交通容量与安全性、降低燃油消耗,但车辆通信过程中时延不可避免;为此,针对含通信时延的车辆队列系统,开展内部稳定性和队列稳定性分析研究;首先,利用矩阵相似变换,将高维车辆队列闭环控制系统降维拆分为若干等价的低维子系统,极大地降低了内部稳定性分析的解析难度和运算量;在此基础上,利用直接法求解了车辆队列子系统特征方程的临界虚根,从而推导了准确的时延边界,获得了车辆队列系统内部稳定的充要条件;然后,为了保证干扰沿车辆队列向后传播时不扩散,通过频域分析车辆间误差传递函数,给出了系统的队列稳定性条件,以及时延和控制器参数的指导原则;最后,通过仿真验证了所提稳定性分析方法的有效性。     

协同自适应巡航控制车队仿真

如何评估道路环境等外部条件变化对协同自适应巡航控制（Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC）车队行驶安全性的影响,对于保障道路交通安全尤为重要。为此,结合Matlab/Simulink和CarSim搭建车辆-环境仿真平台研究道路环境对车队行驶安全性的影响。利用美国NGSIM车辆轨迹数据对平台采用的校正的预瞄驾驶员模型、加速度控制模型、节气门控制模型和制动器控制模型的控制器进行验证;利用平台开展红灯状态、隧道行驶和匝道行驶三种道路环境对车队行驶状态影响的仿真实验。仿真结果表明：车队可以顺利通过路口红绿灯;在安全车速范围内车队进出隧道口时方向控制良好;匝道坡度主要影响车辆加速度和车间距,坡度分别为3%和5%时,车队均保持稳定车间距安全行驶。     

传感器测量误差下的非线性车辆队列控制

传感器测量误差对车辆队列的有效控制与稳定性造成了较大的影响;通常情况下,大多研究成果将传感器测量误差设定为分布规律已知的随机数列(如高斯分布,泊松分布等),以便采用特定的数理方法消除误差影响;然而对于控制系统中仅满足有界条件的测量误差,仍需开展进一步的深入研究;针对此类现状,以非线性车辆队列控制为研究对象,综合考虑车载传感器的有界测量误差与车辆之间的有向通信拓扑,设计一种基于滑模的车辆队列控制方法;该方法能有效解决有界传感器测量误差下的车辆队列控制问题;此外,在控制过程中利用预设性能控制(PPC,prescribed performance control)理论,进一步约束车辆队列跟踪误差,确保车辆队列的队列稳定性;最后,通过数值仿真的方式验证本文所提出控制算法的有效性和可行性。     

Fuel efficiency‐oriented platooning control of connected nonlinear vehicles: A distributed economic MPC approach

This paper considers the fuel efficiency‐oriented platooning control problem of connected vehicles. We present a novel distributed economic model predictive control (EMPC) approach to solve the problem of the vehicle platoon subject to nonlinear dynamics and safety constraints. In order to improve fuel economy of the whole vehicle platoon, the fuel consumption criterion is used to design the distributed EMPC strategy for the platoon. Meanwhile, the car‐tracking performance is exploited to guarantee stability and string stability of the platoon. Then the fuel efficiency control problem of the platoon is formulated as a distributed dual‐layer economic optimal control problem, which is solved in a fashion of receding horizon. It is proved that the proposed strategy guarantees asymptotic stability and predecessor‐follower string stability as well as fuel economy of the whole platoon by minimizing the fuel consumption cost. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is highlighted by comparing its performance with that of the traditional distributed MPC strategy in numerical simulations.